The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Annual Report 2003

03 the bank of sweden tercentenary foundation annual report 2003

Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond

7 managing director’s comments 57 nils erik villstrand: the finnish and swedish languages as mouth, brain 13 activities in support of research and heart 14 Procedure new research projects in 2003 15 Follow-up and evaluation 65 Project follow-up 15 68 The Bank of Sweden Donation 19 Report on longitudinal studies of health 91 The Humanities and Social Sciences science Donation 20 Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden 96 Infrastructural Support Tercentenary Foundation 105 statistical information on 21 Grants for research projects and infra- research grants structural support 107 The Bank of Sweden Donation 22 Grants to initiate research 112 The Humanities and Social Sciences Nobel Symposiums 26 Donation Scholarships 26 115 Infrastructural Support 28 Graduate schools Graduate School in Modern Languages 28 117 annual report Graduate School in Mathematics with an The aims of the Foundation 117 emphasis on teaching methods 28 The year’s activities 118 The Swedish School of Advanced Asia-Pacific Evaluation 119 Studies – SSAAPS 29 Result and ﬁnancial status 120 Graduate School for Museum Officials 31 Financial result 124 32 Sector committees 125 Financial operations – five-year summary The Sector Committee for Research on 126 Table 1: Financial result Knowledge and Society 32 127 Income Statement The Sector Committee for Research on Culture, Security and Sustainable Social 128 Balance sheet Development 33 130 Cash flow statement The Sector Committee for Research on Civil 131 Accounting and valuation principles Society 38 136 Notes A new sector committee 39 151 Auditor’s report for the Bank of Sweden 40 Co-operation with the Riksdag Tercentenary Foundation The role of the Speaker 40 152 Audit Report Women and power 41 154 donations at market value Anders Chydenius 41 The Foundation Creative Man 42 157 Publications by the Foundation 43 International commitments 159 Board of Trustees The European Foundation Centre 43 159 Advisory Committee A European Research Council 43 159 Finance Committee Collaboration with Institutes of Advanced 159 Auditors Studies 49 159 Preparatory Committees 2003–2004 Interaction across the Gulf of Bothnia 50 161 Sector Committees Project 2005 52 162 Graduate Schools Cultural-political research 53 163 Secretariat 165 Picture captions 101 Bergman Interface Managing Director’s Comments

n 2005 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation will have completed its 40th year of operations. Its birth may be closely related to the time when the Swedish welfare system was in a process of rapid and qualita- Itive expansion. An efﬁcient research council system was complemented by needs-motivated research being developed sector by sector. Since the middle of the 1960s the universities have also experienced a very strong quantitative expansion while the resources for needs-motivated research have decreased and been concentrated in fewer areas. Research work at the universities, as far as basic grants are concerned, is mainly directed towards training new generations of researchers. There has been a parallel development in many countries in Europe. The Nordic Council of Ministers has carried out a survey of state grants to R&D in the Nordic countries during the years 1991–2003. An analysis supports the claim that state support for research during this period had a considerably lower rate of growth in Sweden than in the other Nordic countries. Until 1996 Sweden had the highest percentage of state research support per capita. By 2003 both Iceland and Norway had overtaken Sweden, and Finland had drawn level with a very large increase (25%) in public funds for R&D during 1996–1999. This relative weakening of state support has only to a small extent been balanced by the support given by research foundations. Even if the government and the Riksdag were to approve 100 per cent of the applications for grants amounting to SEK 7.5 billion that were recently presented to the government by the research councils, universities, university colleges and academies, it would not be possible for Sweden to regain the position it held in the Nordic countries only ten years ago. However, Sweden still retains a leading position in

7 8 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

respect of support for research to universities and university colleges chan- nelled through the research council system. The competition for public funds has increased dramatically in recent years, not only in Sweden and the Nordic countries but in the whole of the OECD area. This means that the demands for better and more selective control of the funds available have also increased greatly, which raises the question of how it will be possible to provide guarantees that the resources will be allocated to the best-qualiﬁed researchers in Sweden, in the Nordic countries and in Europe. This important question has now become a burn- ing issue in the debate on research policy. It is evident that there is a great need for rules that above all support qualitative development in basic research. On account of the growing competition, universities and university colleges will receive increased basic resources only if they are able to attract external resources for research. It may even be questioned whether the division between basic resources and external resources for research is any longer relevant since external grants are to a large extent now used as support for the basic infrastructure of universities and university colleges. Many countries have now changed their research support systems in accordance with this selective ﬁnancing model. From 2005 the Nordic Council of Ministers will mainly support centres of excellence through the new research and innovation council (NORIA). The recently presented Managing Director’s Comments 9

proposal for a European Research Council (ERC), which, it may be hoped, will be realised within the scope of the seventh framework program, will have a similar aim; this means that support will be given to researchers and research groups only on the basis of qualitative criteria. (For further details, see the section entitled “A European Research Council”.) It is against this backdrop that the Board of the Foundation has carried out thorough evaluations of both the Foundation’s financial management and its research- supporting activities. On the basis of these reports and other information a new strategy for financial management has already been formulated and a decision in principle has been taken on a new course for its research-supporting activities after the Foundation’s 40th anniversary in 2005. The increasing number of applications to the Foundation is primarily a consequence of education at the university level having expanded very considerably while the resources for scientifically-motivated research have not developed at all in the same way. This is illustrated as far as the Foundation is concerned by the fact that only eight of 275 applications (2.9%) for grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation could be approved for 2004. This was the lowest percentage in the history of the Foundation. The Board therefore decided that funds for new research projects from this donation should not be announced for 2004. The Board wanted to create a necessary breathing space for the Foundation so as to be able to formulate new guidelines for future research support in the light of the evaluations mentioned above. Thus, on the basis of the Foundation’s present statutes the Board has established a number of basic principles that will be presented in greater detail during 2004. This work will be carried out along the following guidelines:

One-time grants All support from the Foundation will be in the form of one-time grants. This will facilitate both internal financial planning and relations with the researchers concerned and the institutions that administer the grants. One- time grants will formally cover the whole of the relevant project period but will be complemented with special regulations for payment and scientific and financial follow-up.

Large and long-term This means that research programs/projects can be allocated a total of SEK research grants 30–50 million over a period of 6–8 years. These programs/projects are to consist of senior researchers, post-doctors and in certain cases postgraduate students who are in the ﬁnal stage of their doctoral course.

Post-doctoral grants Special post-doctoral support can comprise the following components: • “Small projects” aimed particularly at young researchers. • Individual post-doctoral scholarships, including work abroad, where the four-year Pro-Futura program in memory of Torgny Segerstedt will play an important part. 75 In the aftermath of the ‘Döda fallet disaster’: conceptions of catastrophes, nature and justice Managing Director’s Comments 11

• Individual grants to future research leaders which will be aimed at young researchers at the assistant professor level. • Specially tailored post-doctoral programs. In addition, the Foundation will, of course, maintain the special forms of support for Infrastructure and Initiating Research. The contacts and collaboration with international research that have increased over the past few years will also receive further support. At the time of writing the spring solstice has just come to our dark part of the world and we are happy to be moving once more towards brighter times. On the ﬁnancial markets, too, there seem to be signs of a somewhat brighter future after a couple of really dark years. Now that it is time to sum up the past year and to make a few guesses about the future, one feels a growing optimism about the continuing potential of a research foundation like the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation to contribute over the long term to the development of quality in research in the humanities and social sciences.

dan brändström 78 Medialisation of young people’s lives Activities in support of research

he Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (the Foundation) provides support for advanced scientific research in the form of project grants to individual researchers or research groups that T apply for grants. The Foundation is actively engaged in broad fields of scientific research, which is reflected in the range of expertise among the researchers on the Board of Trustees and in the preparatory committees. In addition, the Board also comprises individuals with specialist economic and political knowledge. This means that the Foundation represents a broad field of experience, thereby giving it a unique position as an all-round liaison organisation between different areas of research as well as between research and other central interests in society. Ever since the inception of the Foundation a certain preference has been given to research in the social sciences and the humanities, including law and theology. During recent years very substantial contributions have been made to research in the humanities. The aim of the Foundation is to support the humanities and the social sciences to equal extents. Medical research receives support from the Erik Rönnberg Donations. Sociomedical research is supported by grants from both the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. The natural sciences and technology are supported to a lesser extent through projects within the humanities and the social sciences. The Foundation is also interested in supporting interdisciplinary research projects in which researchers from different fields, faculties, places or countries collaborate. A review of the Foundation’s grants awarded to date reveals many such research projects, especially within the scope of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation.

13 14 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Procedure Decisions about the grants to be awarded by the Foundation are made by the Board of Trustees. Prior to this, incoming applications are assessed and ranked in order of priority in one or usually more than one preparatory committee. Permanent and deputy board members (researchers and member of the Riksdag), together with a number of external scientific experts, from both Sweden and abroad, serve on each of these committees. As a rule, the applications are also assessed in the second round of the application procedure by three external experts in Sweden or abroad. Each application is assessed in accordance with international standards and in relation to criteria of both scientific quality and social relevance. Decisions about new projects are taken in two stages: 1) Assessments in the first stage are based on brief, overall applications, project outlines. The preparatory committees select the applications they consider to be of the highest scientific quality and which have been drawn up by researchers who are judged to be competent and suitable to carry out the project concerned. These researchers are then given the opportunity to submit more extensive applications. All other applications are rejected. 2) In the second stage, complete applications are assessed and ranked in order of priority (as a rule after examination by external specialists) before the final decisions are made by the Board. Since 2002, applications to the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are made via the Internet, which has reduced paper work to a minimum. Not only the applicants send in their project applications electronically; the member of the Foundation’s preparatory committees and the external experts also work via the Foundation’s home page. Where applications relate to research that is ethically questionable, the proposals are evaluated according to the same criteria and in the same way as in the Swedish Research Council. Applications for grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation are assessed in accordance with the criteria in the instructions issued by the Foundation, which means that the projects are subjected to special scrutiny with reference to their interdisciplinary nature, i.e. how the various research disciplines, institutions, faculties or universities intend to collaborate across their boundaries. Priority is also given to projects in which postgraduates are to participate. In certain fields that are regarded as important but have not been given enough attention, the Foundation sometimes appoints special “sector committees”, whose task is to review research needs and encourage scientific research and the exchange of information. These committees consist of researchers from disciplines of importance for the field, together with representatives of important and relevant social interests. The committees’ activities may be described as advanced preparatory work. They come to an end when sufficient attention has been gained from the research communi- Activities in support of research 15

ty and/or from the authorities responsible for providing permanent resources for the ﬁeld in question. In 1997 the Board decided to set up a sector committee for research into the knowledge society and in 2000 a sector committee was set up for research into culture, security and sustainable social development. A new sector committee for research into the civil society has begun its work during this year. Another group will begin its work during 2004. The work of these committees will be described later in this report.

Follow-up and evaluation Project follow-up The regular follow-up and evaluation of ongoing and recently completed projects has meant that 23 projects (14 from the Bank of Sweden Donation and 9 from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation) have been the object of special scrutiny in 2003. The aim of the follow-up has been to examine the scientific results and assess the structure and resource allocation of the projects. An additional aim has been to ascertain, by means of con- versations with vice chancellors, deans, researchers and postgraduate students, existing and future conditions for the advancement of knowledge in the faculty area concerned. During the year project leaders at the universities of Uppsala, Lund, Stockholm and Gothenburg and at the Stockholm School of Economics were contacted and asked the following questions, which were answered in writing and commented on orally at the project visits: 1) What scientific publications has the project generated? 2) Has the project generated ideas for new research (applies particularly to completed projects)? 3) Have those engaged in the project contributed papers at national or international symposiums? If so, what papers? 4) Has the project resulted in an invitation to yourself or any of your col- leagues to visit any other seat of learning as a visiting researcher? It would also be of interest to know whether the work carried out on the project has prompted an invitation from your department to guest researchers. 5) What educational effects have arisen from the project? For example, have postgraduate students participated? If so, please give their names and ages. It should also be stated whether special teaching material has been produced as a result of the project. 6) What activities concerning information about the research work have been carried out during the project and/or after its completion? Finally, a request was made for a financial report on the use of the project funds for salaries, equipment, travel, local overheads (premises, institutional and university costs) and any other costs. 16 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Preparatory Committee 1 visited Lund University Preparatory Committee 2 visited Uppsala on 7 November 2003. The following three projects University on 10 October 2003. The following were selected for review: three projects were selected for review:

Fredrik Nilsson, PhD – J2001-0264 Patrik Juslin, PhD – K2000-5193 investing in shares – a new popular new methods for teaching the com- movement? an ethnological investi- munication of feelings in musical gation of the motives, manifestation performances and communities of this form of Department of Psychology investment Grant until 2003 Department of Ethnology Total grant: SEK 6,000,000 Grant until 2004-03-02 Total grant: SEK 1,930,000 Professor Bo Ekehammar – J2000-0282 stereotypes and prejudices: auto- matic and controlled components Professor Björn Hansson – J1998-0196 factors explaining the expected Department of Psychology return in the Swedish share market, Grant until 2004 1945–1996 Total grant: SEK 2,150,000 Department of Political Science Professor Per-Olow Sjödén – J1994-0039 Grant until 2001 a longitudinal study of risk and Total grant: SEK 2,445,000 protective factors to the development of eating disorders in girls Ass. Professor Kerstin Cederlund – K1998-5073 the regional roles of the universi- Department of Public Health and Caring ties swedish education, research Sciences and regional development in an Grant until 2001 international perspective Total grant: SEK 4,805,000 Department of Social and Economic Geography Grant until 2001 Total grant: SEK 4,200,000 Activities in support of research 17

Marta Edling, PhD – J1999-0413 colleges of fine arts as educators: a study of various attitudes to Preparatory Committee 3 visited Uppsala higher visual art education in University on 10 November 2003. The following sweden in the 20th century three projects were selected for review: Department of the History of Art Grant until 2001 Total grant: SEK 1,400,000 Professor Sverker Gustavsson – J2001-0683 strategies for reforming Anders Olsson, PhD – J2000-0107 the european union the poetic fragment in modern Department of Political Science swedish poetry Grant until 2004-03-02 Department of Comparative Literature Total grant: SEK 1,395,000 Grant until 2003 Total grant: SEK 1,850,000 Professor Lena Marcusson – J1998-0331 examinations at universities from a legal point of view Preparatory Committee 5 visited Lund University Department of Law on 27 November 2003. The following five projects Grant until 2002 Total grant: SEK 1,715,000 were selected for review:

Professor Rolf Larsson – J2001-0522 Professor Ella Johansson – K1997-5008 co-integration analysis flexibility as tradition - cultural of panel data patterns and occupations in forest Department of Information Science districts of norrland over a period Grant until 2004 of 1,000 years Total grant: SEK 2,630,000 Department of Ethnology Grant until 2002 Total grant: SEK 17,249,500 Preparatory Committee 4 visited Stockholm University on 17 November 2003. The following Charlotte Merton, PhD – J1999-0211 the missing link: the court as an three projects were selected for review: arena for the elite of sweden, 1500–1800 Professor Olle Engstrand – K1997-5066 phonetics and phonology of Department of History swedish dialects in 2000 Grant until 2002 (swedia 2000) Total grant: SEK 4,112,000 Department of Linguistics Ass. Professor Jakob Christensson – J1999-0197 Grant until 2003 biography of sven nilsson (1787–1883) Total grant: SEK 26,000,000 – a contribution to the understanding of 19th-century scientific Anders Hallengren, PhD – J1999-0413 interpretation and impact: the culture swedish reception of the sage of Department of Cultural Sciences america Grant until 2002 Department of Comparative Literature Total grant: SEK 1,580,000 Grant until 2001 Total grant: SEK 405,000 18 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Dr Martin Bergman, DD – J2000-0096 Sverker Jullander, PhD – In2002-0294 the form and meaning of commu- a national organ and keyboard nion in the present-day swedish research centre church centre for theology and Göteborg Organ Art Center divinity Grant until 2003 Grant until 2004 Grant up to now: SEK 31,475,000 Total grant: SEK 3,455,000 Professor Anita Göransson – K1999-5131 gender and reproduction among the Eva Svensson, PhD – J2000-0096 human practice in different social elite in a comparative perspective environments in the middle ages Department of Work Science Department of Archaeology Grant until 2004 Grant until 2004 Total up to now: SEK 14,200,000 Total grant: SEK 3,074,860 Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson – K2000-5068 validation of the admissions system for higher education (valuta) Preparatory Committee 6 (Humanities and Social Department of Education Sciences Donation) paid a short visit on 9 April Grant until 2004 2003. Grant up to now: SEK 20,000,000

Professor Sven-Erik Sjöstrand – K1998-5150 Professor Dag Westerståhl – K2001-0789 fields of flow. art and business, relativism aestetics, technology and manage- Department of Philosophy ment Grant until 2004 Stockholm School of Economics Grant up to now: SEK 12,000,000 Grant until 2005 Grant up to now: SEK 25,800,000

On 20–21 November the Committee visited Göteborg University and Chalmers University and also devoted a day to strategic discussions concerning the Foundation’s future. The following four projects were selected for review:

Professor Hans Davidsson – K1994-5131 changing processes in north European organ art 1600–1700: integrated studies on performance practice and instrument construction

Professor Hans Davidsson – In1997-7017 organ research 2000

Professor Hans Davidsson – K2000-2004:5 the organ as a culture bearer – a national organ research institute Activities in support of research 19

Report on longitudinal studies of health science

As early as the 1960s two major longitudinal projects on public health were launched, the Gothenburg and Malmö Studies. The Gothenburg study was started before the establishment of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Lars Werkö, Lars Wilhelmsen and Gösta Tibblin began a study in 1963 of men born in 1913 that attracted international attention. This study focused on a number of factors that led to a risk of heart infarct. The second Gothenburg study was started in 1970 under the heading “Try to stop heart attacks”. This project received support from the Foundation for 14 years. In 1967 the Foundation granted funds to a joint project at Malmö General Hospital between the Departments of Clinical Physiology, Social Medicine and Pathology entitled “Epidemiological studies of heart, vascu- lar and lung diseases in Malmö”, which, however, was soon renamed “Men born in 1914 in Malmö”. Those in charge of the Malmö project were Professors Sven-Olof Isacsson, Lars Janzon, Sven-Erik Lindell and Bertil Steen. The last-mentioned subsequently, in his capacity as Professor of Geriatrics at Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, summarised the gerontological and geriatric population studies in Göteborg H70, 1971- 2002. This book, Growing Old, was also published in the early autumn of 2003. Many of these studies received grants from the Foundation. The first results were published in 1972 in a thesis by Sven-Olof Isacsson (Venous occlusion plethysmography in 55-year-old men. A population study in Malmö, Sweden). This was probably the first epidemiological study in the world in which the degree of arteriosclerosis in the legs was measured by an objective, non-invasive method. The thesis received international attention. The results clearly showed a relationship between the amount of tobacco consumption and the size of blood flow in the arteries of the legs, as well as a relationship between blood flow, the level of blood fat and the levels of blood pressure. This cohort was then followed with repeated examinations up to the present Thanks to a special grant from the Foundation, these studies were summarised, in collaboration with the medical faculty at Lund, at a major international seminar at Malmö General Hospital on 10–12 June 2003. The person responsible for planning and running this seminar “Epidemiology and aprognostic significance of symptomatic arteriosclerosis. The ’Men born in 1914’ study in retrospect and scientific issues and non-invasive methods for future cohort studies” was Professor Sven-Olof Isacsson. The Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Professor Jan Nilsson, and the Managing Director of the Foundation, Professor Dan Brändström, held the introductory and welcoming speeches. A very large number of doctoral theses and scientific reports have been presented during the past years as a result of these grants to projects initiated in 1960. In these fields Swedish researchers, supported by the 20 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Foundation, have contributed new knowledge that has been a necessary condition for therapeutic progress in the care of age-related diseases.

Evaluation of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation As reported in the previous year’s annual report, the Board of Trustees of the Foundation decided on 21 March 2002 to evaluate the whole of its activities. The reason was that the Foundation had not been properly evaluated since its inception in 1962; the first allocation of grants was made in 1965. This point in time was chosen because it will be ten years in 2004 since the Foundation received the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation through the parliamentary decision to transfer the Employees’ Investment Funds, when a large number of new research foundations were established. The foundations concerned and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation agreed at New Year 2002 to analyse the new research financiers’ role in Swedish research financing within the framework of a larger, jointly-financed project. Thus, this decision by the Board of Trustees comprised (1) a broad analysis and assessment of the Foundation’s work in supporting research, (2) the financial activities of the Foundation and (3) part-financing of Foundation Project 2004, which focuses on the role of the foundations in the national system for research and higher education. Evaluation of the Foundation is to be carried out by Professor Bengt Stenlund, former Vice Chancellor of Åbo Academy University as Chairman, Professor Margareta Bertilsson, Copenhagen University, and Professor Francis Sejersted, Oslo University. The Secretary will be Professor Thorsten Nybom, Örebro University. Research Secretary Anna-Lena Winberg from the Foundation’s Secretariat will assist. The evaluation process got properly under way in 2003. The Chairman and the Secretary have carried out a large number of interviews with researchers, leading officials at universities and university colleges such as vice chancellors, administrative managers and deans, representatives of other research financiers, former members of the Board of Trustees and the staff at the Foundation’s Secretariat. Professor Stenlund took part in preparatory committee meetings both in the spring and in the autumn, committee meetings, the Board Conference on 13–14 February and a meeting with the Executive Committee. Professors Stenlund and Nybom, either together or separately, took part in the project visits made to the universities of Stockholm, Uppsala, Gothenburg and Lund in October and November 2003. In addition, Professors Stenlund, Nybom and Bertilsson took part in a planning conference with the Preparatory Committee for the Humanities and Social Sciences about the Foundation’s future financing of research at Gunnebo House, Gothenburg, on 20 November 2003. Professor Stenlund also participated in two of the conferences arranged by the Foundation during the year. Activities in support of research 21

Directors Lennart Nilsson and Claes de Neergaard have carried out the evaluation of the Foundation’s financial activities and financial management. Their brief also included an examination of previous and present steering mechanisms for these activities and an attempt to assess how the investments were managed, for example in relation to investment policy. Lennart Nilsson and Claes de Neergaard presented their report to the Board at its meeting on 27 March. Their main finding was that the Foundation had succeeded very well in its management. However, there were a few minor remarks that were taken into account when the Foundation later revised its investment policy. The Foundation’s revised investment policy was adopted by the Board on 22 May. The evaluation of the Foundation will be completed in the spring of 2004 and its report will be co-ordinated in time with the completion of Foundation Project 2004.

Grants for research projects and infrastructural support During the past year the Foundation has granted just over SEK 280 m for research purposes, as presented in the Tables entitled “Research grants in 2003 by Donation” (p. 106) and “Statistical data on grants for research” (p. 105 ff.). The budgeted level of grants was unchanged in relation to last year. New grants awarded from the Bank of Sweden Donation and the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (including infrastructural support) are presented on p. 65–103. The pressure of applications is very high, a total of 840 new applications were made during the year, which is 17 more than the previous year. The Bank of Sweden Donation received 493 applications, 41 of which were approved. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation received 274 applications, 9 of which were finally approved. Infrastructural support is given in the form of a one-time grant and is intended for work whose purpose is to promote future research. In the budget for 2003, SEK 5 m was allocated from the Bank of Sweden Donation and SEK 10 m from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation for this purpose. A total of 73 applications were received, 13 of which were approved. In the previous year 22 of 87 applications were approved. The percentage of new applications approved (13%) in relation to the total number approved (that is, including continuation applications) is at a considerably lower level than the previous year (26%). The total share of approved research projects from women who are main applicants compared with the previous year (32%) is higher, about 40 per cent. The total number of women researchers participating in the Foundation’s projects is somewhat higher, about 45 per cent. In addition to these grants the Foundation has approved 68 grants for initiating research, conferences and the like (see below). 22 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Among the infrastructural support, mention should be made of various special grants to support projects that will make available Swedish historical source material to the international research community and the general public via the Internet. Support is given to the Swedish Film Institute to build up the combined web site and research data base Bergman Interface, which will provide a way into the archive material on Ingmar Bergman’s life and work. The Swedish Academy is given support for a pilot project entitled The Literature Bank for non-commercial library filing, which will make Swedish literature and liberal arts accessible in digital versions on the Internet. The National Archives are supported in a project in co-operation with the Royal Academy of Letters to provide a national edition of old Swedish geometric maps. Support is given to the project Hortus Rudbeckianus at Uppsala University (Botanic Garden) to publish a catalogue of the plants in Olof Rudbeck the Elder’s botanic garden and his flora “Blombok”. This catalogue will act as a reference book for pre-Linnean plant names. This year, too, support is given to two advanced projects for the publication of Swedish classics. The Swedish Society for Belles Lettres receives continuing support for its publication of the works of Swedish classic writ- ers in scientifically acceptable editions, which will also be a future asset for the new Literature Bank. A project managed by the Royal Academy of Letters is continuing to work on the translation into English of the revelations of Saint Birgitta, to be published by Oxford University Press under the supervision of Professor Stephan Borgehammar, Lund University. Here, mention should be made of the support the Foundation has given during the past year to a number of arrangements connected with the sept- centenary of the birth of Saint Birgitta. A major arrangement was the international conference held in early August at Vadstena under the supervision of Professor Alf Härdelin and former ambassador Dr Lars Berquist. The Foundation has also used infrastructure funds to support continuing work on The European Values Social Survey. This project is financed jointly with the Council of Sciences and the Research Council for Working Life and Social Research. The material that is collected reflects individual values in areas such as democracy, politics, economics, working life, the family, gender roles, migration, religion, morals, social trust and the like. Its longitudinal construction and wide coverage make this study very relevant to many humanistic and social-science disciplines. In addition, a smaller project is supported within the framework of The International Social Survey Program. For a more detailed presentation of all the infrastructure grants, please see the section entitled “New research projects, 2003”.

Grants to initiate research The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has for a number of years noted an increasing demand from the research community for grants to Activities in support of research 23

conferences, seminars and for building up scientific networks. Every year the Board allocates special funds for such purposes, which can also be applied for throughout the year via the Foundation’s home page. The applications cover a wide range: contributions to international conferences in Sweden, working conferences concerning new areas of research, seminars or the preparation of new research programs and projects. As a part of these initiating activities, the Foundation regularly organises symposiums and seminars of its own, sometimes in collaboration with other research-supporting bodies in Sweden or abroad. The Foundation also takes part in various activities that provide information about research, for example its long-standing support for the publication of Forskning & Framsteg (Research and Progress) and support to the Vetenskap & Allmänhet (Science and the Public Society). In its budget for 2003 The Foundation’s Board of Trustees allocated SEK 10 m for promoting new initiatives in research, conferences, seminars and research-information activities. During the past year 124 such applications were processed, 68 of which received grants, i.e. a success rate of over 50 per cent. Among the many grants awarded mention should be made of “The Royal Colloquium on Mountain Areas: A Global Resource” held at the Abisko Science Station on 7–9 September. This colloquium, which was chaired by King Carl XIV Gustaf, took up the question of mountain landscapes in a multi-science perspective. The international group of researchers shed light on this question from existential, cultural, biological, economic and clima- tological perspectives. In line with its brief, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation supports a number of research activities that deal with problems of general social interest. It is therefore very important that the results of this research are made known to the public and are the object of discussions, critical examination and use. Thus, the Foundation has tried to assist in spreading this kind of exchange of information, for example within the framework of research-initiating activities. During the past year several national and international activities have been carried out with the aim of following up and spreading information about the research that receives support and encouraging the exchange of information on research results among various groups in society. An example of this type of activity is the exhibition that the Royal Armoury inaugurated on 27 September, in collaboration with the Department of Historical Studies at Umeå University, in connection with its 375th anniversary. This exhibition was entitled “Gustav Vasa, Return Journey. The Swedish people’s memories of royalty” and its aim was to report on research about what Swedish people have thought about and think about their kings. Support has also been given during the past year to EuroScience Open Forum 2004, which is to be the first pan-European meeting for science and technology. This Forum, which is to take place in Stockholm, aims at pre-

72 The emergence and transformation of Sweden’s military-industrial complex, 1945–2000 26 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

senting spearhead research, arousing debate about the sciences and creating a meeting place for researchers, the media, industry, the political field and representatives of education, but also at increasing understanding for and interest in science and technology among the general public. The meeting is expected to attract up to 3,000 participants.

Nobel Symposiums Since 1966 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has helped to finance the Nobel Foundation’s symposiums. Initially, this took the form of annual grants, but the symposiums can now be wholly financed by the yield from a special symposium fund within the Nobel Foundation. This fund was started in 1979 with a donation in the form of a three-year grant from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation, grants and royalties from the Nobel Foundation’s own information activities and four annual grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The symposiums’ work is led by a committee consisting of representatives of the five Nobel Committees, the Economics Prize Committee, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Wallenberg Foundation, with the Managing Director of the Nobel Foundation as chairman. So far 127 Nobel symposiums have been held. They have focused on areas of scientific break- throughs of central cultural or social significance and have gained very strong international recognition.

Scholarships The current statutes of the Foundation state that “there is nothing to prevent additions to the Foundation’s funds in the form of donations from individuals”. A donation of this kind was received in 1992 from Erik Rönnberg of Fagerdal, Hammerdal, who died in 1990. It is now part of the Foundation’s capital and is managed and administered together with the Foundation’s other assets. At the end of 2003 the donation was valued at about SEK 15.7 m. The return is to be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three-year postdoctoral research scholarships for young researchers at the Karolinska Institute (KI) in Stockholm for scientific studies of ageing and age-related illnesses”. The present scholarship holders are Dr Zhi- Zhong Guan and Dr Jing-Jing Pei, Neurotec, Section for Geriatrics. A further donation was received from Erik Rönnberg at the end of 1994, with an addition at the end of 1996. These new donations amounted to SEK 2.5 m and, like the previous one, will form part of the Foundation’s capital and be administered together with the Foundation’s other assets. At the end of 2003 the total market value was about SEK 4.7 m. The return on this donation is to be distributed by the Foundation “in the form of three- year postdoctoral research scholarships to young researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for scientific studies of illnesses in the early years of childhood”. The present scholarship holder is Dr Carina Lothian, The Institute for Women’s and Children’s Health. The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund was set up in 1993 and, in accordance with the Board’s decision, will last until the end of 2015. From this Fund the Activities in support of research 27

Foundation will grant an annual allocation that permits the annual distribution of at least SEK 150,000 at 1994 monetary value. The purpose of the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund is to promote a reciprocal exchange of researchers in Europe through the award of scholarships. The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund is aimed at enabling young Swedish postgraduates with a doctor’s degree to travel and spend short periods at a prominent European research centre and at enabling young European researchers to engage actively in research at a Swedish research institute. The jury that selects the Swedish scholarship holders has consisted of Professors Eva Österberg (Chair), Eva Haettner Aurelius, Christer Jönsson, Mats Larsson and Rune Åberg, with Professor Dan Brändström, Managing Director of the Foundation, as moderator. The third scholarship holder is selected on the basis of recommendations by independent European research foundations connected with the Hague Club, whose Board annually nominates a candidate, after which the Foundation’s presiding committee takes the final decision. At a prize-giving ceremony in the Riksdag building on 27 March 2003 four recipients of the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund scholarships were presented. The scholarships were awarded to: • Dr Johan Tralau, PhD, Department of Political Science, Uppsala University. He has been invited by the Humboldt University in Berlin to work on the initial study of a major project that will treat individual self- determination, autonomy and the problems connected with combining this with a political system in the form of a state monopoly of violence. • Dr Ulf Zackariasson, DD, Department of Theology, Uppsala University, for the project “Philosophies of life in democratic debate and democratic decision-making”. He has been invited to join the Social Values Research Centre at Hull University. The third scholarship, whose holder is appointed by the members of the Hague Club in Italy, was shared by: • Dr Rosanna Scatamacchia, historian at Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, for a comparative study of the national banks of Sweden, the Netherlands and Italy; and • Pietro Jolli, Università degli Studi di Bologna, for a master’s thesis on the work of the Swedish research-supporting foundations. The scholarships, worth SEK 100,000 each, were presented by the widow of Nils-Eric Svensson, Ulla-Kallén-Svensson. Thanks to the donations received by the Foundation in the past few years and managed jointly with the basic endowment, the Foundation is approaching the status of similar larger foundations in countries such as Finland, France and Germany. This form of joint administration, exempli- fied by these funds, promotes efficient asset management while guarantee- ing the professional distribution of grants for scientific research. 28 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Graduate Schools Graduate School in The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s Graduate School in Modern Languages Modern Languages completed its fourth year of operations last year. The School’s steering committee carried out its annual examination of the postgraduates study results and judged that the majority of them will present their doctoral theses in the academic year 2004/5 at the latest. Two of the 32 postgraduates who were originally admitted have broken off their studies. Grants to the remaining doctoral posts have – with one exception – been paid out in full during the year. No additional grants to prolong these posts will be granted. As far as the rate of study is concerned, it should be noted that some of the students were working right from the start on a five-year study plan, including working 20 per cent at their department. Others have fallen behind in their study plans owing to childbirth and parental leave or illness. Nor has there been a lack of examples of students getting into difficulties as a result of their choice of subject of their thesis or problems with their supervisors. In the case of such difficulties the co-ordinator, supported by the steering committee, has got in touch with the student and the department in question in order to find a constructive solution for all parties. During the year two members of the research school have taken their doctor’s degrees. The first was Alexander Künzli, Department of French and Italian, Stockholm University, who presented his thesis on the French language. Elisabeth Bladh at the same department and with the same topic became the second doctor in November 2003. Since 1999 this research school has been led by a steering committee consisting of Professors Inge Jonsson (Chairman), Lars-Gunnar Andersson, co-ordinator, Lennart Elmevik, Gunnel Engwall, Moira Linnerud, Inger Rosengren and Astrid Stedje, with Director of Research Mats Rolén representing the Foundation’s Secretariat. The steering committee and the co- ordinator will complete their task at the end of 2004. A preliminary follow- up of the results of the research school will be presented to the Board of Trustees in May 2004. A more comprehensive evaluation of the Research School for Modern Languages, as with the Foundation’s other research schools, should come in another two years or so.

Graduate School in In 2000 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation decided to allocate Mathematics with an SEK 45 m as a one-time grant to a national graduate school in mathema- emphasis on teaching tics with an emphasis on teaching methods. The purpose was to reinforce methods the teaching of mathematics in schools. This research school will be of great importance for promoting the growth of this area of research, which has hitherto been rather neglected in Sweden. The research school came into operation in August 2001. A total of 20 postgraduates are participating; they were accepted as doctoral students at the same time as they entered the research school. These postgraduates Activities in support of research 29

come from ten different universities/university colleges from Luleå in the north to Kristianstad in the south. Most of them are from mathematics departments. There is an equal distribution of the sexes among them. Fifteen of them are financed by grants from the Foundation and five via the educational committee of the Swedish Research Council. The grants from the Council were originally for 2001–2003 but have been extended for three years after a renewed application. The first three students took their licentiate degree in December 2003 and will be followed by a few planning to take their licentiate degree in the spring of 2004. Several of the students are aiming directly at a doctor’s degree and they are all keeping up their studies at a normal rate. Two students left the school during the first two years and were replaced by new applicants. The supervisory work is managed by mathematicians, mathematics- teaching experts and educationalists working in co-operation. Many of the departments have employed foreign researchers in the field of mathematics teaching as assistant tutors in order to reinforce the programs. There is close collaboration over supervision with the University College of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway and other institutions. Several common courses have been run in the research school. In 2003 there was a course in the history of mathematics with an emphasis on teaching at Uppsala University; at the Institute of Technology, Luleå there was a course on artefacts (books, laboratory material, technical aids) for teaching mathematics. All the courses at the research school deal with different aspects of mathematics teaching as a field of research. They are organised as joint meetings in the course towns with preparatory work, assignments and seminars at the home department to provide support. The teachers are guest specialists, many of them foreign researchers with the broad skills and long experience required for a good presentation of the subject. During 2003 meetings were also held with the research school’s tutors, some together with the students. Attendance at the courses and the tutors’ meetings has been very good. Evaluations have shown that the program is appreciated and fits in well with the students’ individual study plans. The research school’s courses and seminars are also open to other postgraduates. The managing committee of the research school consists of ten persons appointed by the Board of the Foundation. The school has a co-ordinator working half-time. The members of the managing committee act as mentors for the students. The aim is to give them the opportunity to further support the program through close contacts, which will also give them a better insight into its activities. As mentors they will complement the support the students receive from their department and the external tutors.

The Swedish School of In 2000 the Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation decid- Advanced Asia-Pacific ed, in collaboration with the Swedish Foundation for International Co- Studies – SSAAPS operation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), to reinforce the 30 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

expertise in Sweden relating to the Asia-Pacific region. This support takes the form of a program that includes a graduate school, a program of visiting researchers, temporary post-doctoral posts, international conferences and activities designed to establish networks between research environments in Sweden and universities in the Asia-Pacific region. As a first step, the Foundation allocated SEK 2.6 m at the end of 2000 to finance planning and co-ordination work and two postdoctoral posts. During 2002 the Foundation made a grant of SEK 3 m and will continue to provide further funds. In 2002 STINT decided to support the program with a grant of SEK 3 m per annum over the period 2001–2005. Professor Jon Sigurdson, Institute of Japanese Studies at the Stockholm School of Economics, was the co-ordinator of the program until 30 June 2003 and Marie Tsujita Stephenson its administrative secretary. On 1 July Professor Thommy Svensson took over as co-ordinator with Malin Flobrink (STINT) as secretary. The steering committee consists, as previously, of Professors Olof Ruin, Stockholm University (Chairman), Hans Blomqvist, Swedish School of Economics and Business Studies, Vasa, Finland, and Dr Ida Nicolaisen, Copenhagen University. Professors Christer Gunnarsson and Thommy Svensson resigned during the year and were replaced by Stein Tønnesson, Professor of History at Oslo University, and Peter Wallensteen, Professor of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University. Kjell Blückert, Research Secretary at the Foundation, was co- opted to the steering committee as the representative of the Foundation; STINT was represented by Director Roger Svensson. The Board met for discussions at Sigtuna on 20–21 November, when it agreed on a new strategic action plan. During the course of the year the steering committee appointed the holders of the second series of doctoral posts in the research school after the appropriate procedures for the notification of vacancies and for applications. Four new posts were established. The research school now has ten doctoral posts. These postgraduate students follow both joint courses and ordinary courses at their home departments. The joint courses are also open to students in this field from the other Nordic countries. Yet another postdoctoral post has been established, for which there were nine applicants. On 10–12 June SSAAPS held its first summer school at Klubbensborg in Stockholm under the leadership of Professor Christer Gunnarsson. The theme was “Globalisation and Localisation in the Asia-Pacific”; it was presented by various senior guest researchers, including Professors Meredith Woo-Cummings, University of Michigan, and John Sidel, SOAS, London. Some 20 research students participated, seven of whom were SSAPPS students. The program has also allocated funds for an annual Swedish conference concerning research connected with the Asia-Pacific region. The arrangements for these conferences will be made by different universities in turn. The conference in Lund was held on 24–26 October on the theme Activities in support of research 31

“Inequality in East and Southeast Asia” The host institution was the Centre for East and Southeast Asia Studies at Lund University. The conference attracted 92 researchers, 11 of whom were from outside Sweden. Professor Peter Nolan, Cambridge University, held the opening lecture and 44 papers from a number of scientific disciplines were presented at the conference (Cf. www.ace.lu.se/activities). During the year a number of guest researchers were invited to spend both short and long periods at various university departments in Sweden.

Graduate School for During the late 1990s the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation drew Museum Officials attention, for example by arranging conferences, to the role museums play in research on our cultural heritage. (See, for example, The Cultural Heritage, Museums and Research, 1999). As a result of these activities, the Foundation soon became aware of the need to reinforce the scientific competence of museum officials and thereby stimulate more research on the material in museum collections. This was the starting point for the Board of Trustee’s decision in 2001 to allocate SEK 25 m to a research-training program for museum officials. The initiators and applicants for this program were Dr Sten Rentzhog, Director of the Jämtland County Museum and a former director of the National Museum of Cultural History, and Professor Janken Myrdal, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). The National Museum of Cultural History offered to administer the grant and to be responsible for the management and administration of the school. Following a request from the Board of the museum, the Foundation allowed the project to be called “The National Museum of Cultural History’s Research School for Museum Officials”. The Foundation’s grant covers the cost of ten doctoral posts for five years, that is, for 80 per cent of their salaries. The Royal Academy of Letters History and Antiquities contributed funds for another doctoral post. These posts were constructed so that the holders would follow a complete course of postgraduate studies and take a doctor’s degree within five years at the same time as they retained their employment at their ordinary place of work with 20 per cent of their regular full-time post. The postdoctoral posts were sought in open competition, and from 86 applicants 11 were selected in May 2002 to enter the research school. After they were accepted for research training by their respective universities, they began their program at the research school in the Autumn Term of 2002 with theory and method courses. The postgraduates were brought together for two weeks. In accordance with the research school’s program, the students were also brought together for thematic reading courses and report seminars during 2003. As at the beginning of the school in the autumn of 2002, the steering committee summoned the postgraduates, their employers and their scientific tutors to a conference at the National Museum of Cultural History in September 2003. The purpose was to maintain and strengthen the contacts between all the parties concerned and pro- 32 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

vide an opportunity for passing on information and holding discussions. The conference opened with a presentation of the research school by the students and the steering committee for the Minister of Cultural Affairs, Marita Ulvskog. This was one of the moves in the steering committee’s plan to try to ensure that the state would finance the school in the future. With the same aim, representatives from the steering committee visited the Department of Education and the Committee for Doctoral Education. As previously the school’s activities were led by a steering committee appointed by the Foundation and the National Museum of Cultural History. It consisted of Ass. Professor Sten Rentzhog (Chairman), Professors Janken Myrdal, SLU, Birgitta Svensson, National Museum of Cultural History and Stockholm University, and Eva Östberg, Lund University, Director Christina Mattsson, National Museum of Cultural History, Ass. Professor Mats Rolén, Director of Research, the Foundation, and Dr Ulrich Lange, PhD, National Museum of Cultural History, Secretary and Co-ordinator.

Sector committees The Sector Committee This sector committee held two meetings and arranged a major conference for Research on during the year. The first meeting was held on 1 April, when Professor Peter Knowledge and Society Gärdenfors and Dr Olle Edquist reported on the work on “a study and research program on the learning process”, which is supported by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Foundation for Strategic Research. On the basis of the recently completed evaluation of the Swedish Institute for Studies in Education and Research (SISTER), the Foundation discussed recent and possible future grants for environmental support. On this occasion a presentation was also made of the book that has been produced by the National Agency for Higher Education to illuminate everyday reality in universities and university colleges: Allt samtidigt: Åtta journalis- ters perspektiv på högskolan (All Together: Eight Journalists’ Views on the University). On 16–17 May the Sector Committee arranged a seminar at Krusenberg House in honour of the recently retired Chairman of the Foundation, Professor Stig Strömholm. The theme of the seminar was “The European Research University – A Historical Parenthesis?”. After a welcoming address by the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström, the first session started with Professor Ulla Riis, Uppsala University as Moderator. Professor Inge Jonsson, former Vice Chancellor of Stockholm University and a previous Chairman of the Foundation spoke on the subject “Universities, Research and Politics in Historical Perspective”. The ensuing discussion was led by a panel consisting of Professors Judith Herrin, King’s College, University of London, Tore Frängsmyr, Uppsala University, and Guy Neave, University of Twente, International Association of Universities. The second session was moderated by Professor Boel Berner, Linköping Activities in support of research 33

University. Professor Svante Lindqvist spoke on the subject “The Painful Good-bye to Wilhelm von Humboldt”. The ensuing panel discussion was led by Professors Björn Wittrock, SCASSS, Uppsala, Bernd Henningsen, Greifswald, and Gudmund Hernes, UNESCO, Paris. The third session was entitled “The Revolution in Research Funding after 1980” and was moderated by Professor Thorsten Nybom, Örebro University. The main speaker was Professor Peter Scott, Vice Chancellor of Kingston University. The panel consisted of Dr Wilhelm Krull, Volkswagen Stiftung, Hannover, Professor Madeleine Leijonhufvud, The Science Council, and Professor Sverker Gustafsson, Uppsala University. The day was rounded off with a banquet at which the former Prime Minister of Sweden, Ingvar Carlsson, was the after-dinner speaker. In tune with the historic setting of Krusenberg, musical entertainment was provided by a quartet from Orphei Drängar. The fourth session on Saturday was entitled “Has the Research University a Future in Europe?”. Professor Lars Engwall, Uppsala Uni- versity, was the Moderator and Professor Ulrich Teichler, Kassel Uni- versity, the main speaker. The panel consisted of Professor Lucy Smith, former Vice Chancellor at Oslo University, Vice Chancellor Professor Frans van Vught, University of Twente, and Vice Chancellor Professor Inge-Bert Täljedal, Umeå University. Finally, the seminar’s guest of honour, Professor Stig Strömholm, contributed a few closing reflections. Some of the lectures and contributions will be published in edited form as a book. The Section Committee met on 13 November and was given detailed information about the project entitled “Globalization: Culture and Education in the New Millennium” by Barbro Berg and Anders Lönnberg, Stockholm City Council, and representatives of their partner, The Ross Foundation. A discussion was also held on Richard Whitley’s memorandum “Evaluating Evaluations: The impact of changing state science policies and practises on scientific research strategies and outcomes. An outline for a comparative research programme”, as well as continued discussions from the previous meeting of the Committee’s future and concluding work. The last issue of Dagens Forskning (Research Today), the news magazine for science, research and education, came out in June 2003. The idea for this “magazine for the knowledge society” came from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation within the framework of the Sector Committee’s activities. The magazine went into liquidation last summer. Föreningen Vetenskap & Allmänhet (Science and the Public), whose aim is to “create an open dialogue between the general public and researchers” received support from the Foundation during the year.

The Sector Committee This Sector Committee met three times during the year. One of the focal for Research on Culture, subjects this year has been the introductory processes concerned with Security and Sustainable strengthening Sweden’s various research environments within the Social Development Committee’s area of responsibility. Since its establishment the Committee 34 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

has had occasion to visit and get to know the research environments that are connected to the Committee. Dan Brändström, the steering committee’s chairman, has also announced the possibility of applying for planning grants in order to delineate the research profiles of the environments more clearly. Thus, Uppsala University, Lund University, Stockholm University and Göteborg University were given grants to strengthen their profiles during next year. In the case of Uppsala it was the research environment round Gamla Torget (The Old Square), where several units are located and which is suitable for multi-disciplinary studies of basic social phenomena, that is in focus. The research here concerns, more specifically, peace, democracy and human rights and the mechanism that may get these three basic values to interact and mutually reinforce each other. In the case of Lund the focus is on “Global Equity and Sustainability Issues”, which comprises a common range of themes which may be able to unite liberal-arts research groups at Lund University. Global rights and fair distribution of income issues of sustainable growth bring to the fore a central dimension in a field which already has priority, as well as giving the research environment in Lund a profile of its own. Research on the conditions in poor countries has long been an important part of research in the social sciences faculty at Stockholm University. As part of this heritage it now plans to develop a framework for co-operation in research on the theme “Water, Food, Power and Vulnerability” The Committee proposes an emphasis on these basic needs and a study of the structural circumstances that create unfair access to them. Gothenburg is working towards collaboration within the framework of a School of Global Studies. Globalisation is a process with many aspects that operate simultaneously in a wide range of areas. The complex interaction between economics, politics, culture and the environment will be one starting point for co-operation in Gothenburg, which will be a great challenge for the social sciences, demanding a new understanding of the global context of our times. The year began with a large national conference in Lund on 9–11 January devoted to the theme “The Poor & the Rich. Current development research and its conditions in Sweden”, which was arranged by SIDA (the Swedish International Development Agency). The Sector Committee was represented by Vice Chancellor Göran Bexell, who, together with the Head of The Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation (SAREC), Berit Olsson, opened the conference. Professor Alf Hornborg spoke on the theme of multi- or inter-disciplinary science in the field of development science and in the closing panel debate Dan Brändström gave his opinion on development research from the grant giver’s point of view. Co-operation with the UN system deepened during the past year. On 17 January Dan Brändström and Professor Ronald F. Inglehart, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, took part in a meeting with the Head of UNDP Facts and fictions in literary biography 93 36 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

(United Nations Development Project), Mark Malloch Brown. The aim of the meeting was to start the process of linking together the World Values Survey (WVS) project, which is supported by the Foundation, with UNDP’s work, and in particular to use data from WVS in the annual Human Development Report. On 7 February Professor Thorleif Pettersson, representing the Foundation, took part in a meeting with representatives of organisations and governments that support the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. At this meeting, which was held at the United Nations headquarters in New York, Mark Malloch Brown and Professor Jeffery Sachs presented information about progress towards the Millennium goals and led discussions about ways in which the work can be developed in the future. The Sector Committee has also for some time been cultivating contacts with the United Nations Peace University and its Vice Chancellor, Professor Martin Lees. The aim of the Peace University is to act as an institution to prevent conflicts and to create peaceful cultures throughout the world by means of education. On 6–7 May the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation organised a meeting with the University’s scientific advisory board in collaboration with the Institute of International Affairs and its Director, Anders Melbourn, who hosted the conference. The advisory board, consisting of 14 researchers from all parts of the world, including the representative of the Sector Committee, Professor Peter Wallensteen, is to pioneer the future work of the Peace University and present comments on its present and future activities. The Vice Chancellor of the United Nations University in Tokyo, Professor Hans Van Ginkel, was also present. In connection with the meeting described above, an international conference was arranged on the theme “Conflict Prevention – Analysis, Policies and Practice” in Lund on 8–9 May. Some 80 people attended this conference, which was aimed at both researchers and workers in the field and organised by the Centre for European Research, Lund University, in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Folke Bernadotte Academy and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Speakers at the first day’s plenary meeting included Dr David Hamburg, former Chairman of the Carnegie Cooperation, on the Prevention of Deadly Conflict, New York, Professor Robert Jackson, Boston University, and the United Nations Special Representative in the Congo, Ambassador Lena Sundh. In connection with the round-table conferences on the second day, the proceedings were opened by Professor Yilmaz Esmer, Bogazici University, Istanbul, who asked “Can terrorism be prevented?” and by Dr Eli Stamnes, NUPI, who discussed the theme “A culture of conflict prevention”. The former Australian Foreign Minister, now Head of the International Crisis Group in Brussels, Gareth Evans, gave the closing lecture. The guest and main speaker at the banquet was the Deputy Prime Activities in support of research 37

Minister of Sweden, Margareta Winberg. On 19–22 September Professor Alf Hornborg, Human-Ecological Department, Lund University, organised an international conference with support from the Foundation on the theme “World System History and Global Environmental Change”. Leading researchers in several scientific fields discussed the social implications of changes in the global environment from a perspective of several thousand years. The fundamental issue was how questions concerning global power and distribution of resources are reflected in various types and degrees of environmental deterioration for different parts of the world population, but the discussions and contributions also took up more general questions concerning the relationship between social and natural systems. Papers were presented by more than 60 researchers, most of whom are internationally prominent figures in the fields of environmental history, environmental archaeology, world-systems research, ecological geography, geography and palaeontology. The keynote speakers were Professors Immanuel Wallerstein, Alfred Crosby, Karl Butzer, Carole Crumley, Emilio Moran and Joan Martinez-Alier. On 19–20 October a seminar entitled “New Partnerships for Global Development: Innovative Approaches for Complex Challenges” was arranged in collaboration with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The aim of this meeting was to bring together high-ranking representatives of governments, companies and foundations to discuss the challenges raised by globalisation. Among the more than 20 participants may be mentioned Director Raymond Georis, Network of European Foundations, Director John Richardson, European Foundation Centre, Counsellor Ruth Jacoby, Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Joseph Jaworski and Adam Kahane, Global Leadership Initiative, USA, and this year’s recipient of the Right Livelihood Award (also called the alternative Nobel Prize) Nicanor Perlas, the Philippines. The seminar was led by Ambassador Ragnar Ängeby, Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The year after the Sector Committee was established, the shocking attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon took place in the USA. At a meeting a month or so after these events it was suggested that they could form the starting-point for a collection of essays that would further define and present the Sector Committee’s area of interest , for example by reflecting on the ways in which the 11 September events illustrate and bring into focus important aspects of this area. These ideas were embodied during the year in the anthology Culture, Security and Sustainable Development – after 11 September (ed. Fredrik Lundmark); this anthology reports the Committee’s discussions on the ways in which the concept of culture, security and sustainable social development can be related to the 11 September events. It should be seen as an interdisciplinary attempt to discuss urgent social and research problems with contributions from such various angles as anthropology, ethnology, sociology, geography, political science, theology, ethics, peace research, development research and human ecology. 38 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

During the past year the Sector Committee’s programmatic point of departure, written by Björn Hettne, was translated into English under the title Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development.

The Sector Committee The ideal sector has played an important role in the development of for Research on Civil Swedish society ever since the birth of the classical popular movements and Society associations in the 19th century. In the 20th century these idealistic organisations were important in building up the welfare state and they still play an important part in what now – inspired by international research and debate – is called civil society, that is, the area between public social institutions (state, county council, municipalities etc.) and the actors in industrial life. Swedish research on civil society has begun to grow stronger but is as yet limited to a handful of active institutes. It also has a relatively solid basis, in particular with respect to the extent, distribution and direction of civil society. Much of this knowledge is descriptive; more seldom it has had theoretical starting-points and only to a limited extent has it been connected with international theories. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation wishes therefore to stimulate increased and deeper research on civil society in order to give it opportunities for a qualitative leap forward and to try to develop its own theoretical basis, which will open up developments beyond the present international efforts. This might involve, for example, finding new ways that will help to increase understanding of what is genuinely Swedish/Nordic. It is important to make efforts that reach beyond traditional research based on the state and the market. For this reason the Foundation called in the Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society during the year. The Committee consists of Director of Research Mats Rolén (Chairman), Ass. Professor Erik Amnå, Göteborg University, Ass. Professor Christina Garsten, Stockholm University, the former Minister of Cultural Affairs Bengt Göranson, the Workers’ Educational Association (ABF), Stockholm, Marianne af Malmborg, Chairman of Ideell Arena, and former Secretary General of the Cancer Fund, Birgitta Ohlsson, MP, the Liberal Party, Deputy Chairman of the Bank of Sweden Kristina Persson, Professor Lars Svedberg, Ersta Sköndal College, Ass. Professor Hans Westlund, Institute for Political Studies of Growth (ITPS), Östersund, and Ass. Professor Filip Wijkström, Stockholm School of Economics. The Secretary of the Committee is Malin Gawell, BSc, Stockholm University. The establishment of the Sector Committee was prepared during the spring by Mats Rolén together with representatives of the world of research and the ideal sector. Part of this work was a conference financed by the Foundation entitled “Studies of Civil Society and Its Social Implications”, which was held at Ersta Sköndal College on 12–13 June 2003 under the leadership of Professor Lars Svedberg. During the spring the Foundation also began a collaboration with the Stockholm School of Economics, the Red Cross, the Cancer Fund and Ideell Arena concerning the role, possibilities Activities in support of research 39

and responsibilities of these organisations for encouraging and supporting research in the ideal sector. This work resulted in the conference “What knowledge is required to shape the future? On ideal movements and research”, which was held in Stockholm on 4 November. The program was opened by Marianne af Malmborg, who referred to previous initiatives taken by the organisations. Mats Rolén then presented a survey of what is known about the time table of the next government research bill and the Science Council’s present study of research on democracy and popular movements. He also presented the Foundation’s new Sector Committee for Research on Civil Society. The former Minister of Public Administration and Member of the Riksdag Inger Davidson (Christian Democrats) then offered her personal reflections on the role of the ideal sector in our society. She wanted to have research for self-understanding and practical applications within the organisations. Professor Helmut Anheier, Center for Civil Society, UCLA and the London School of Economics, gave a lecture on “The Ideal Sector and Research – Developments in the USA”. Here he was able to show how this area has, over the past decade, become more and more established at various universities, partly because a basis has been created in the form of academic courses concerning civil society. The rest of the conference was devoted to questions and examples of how and why the idealistic organisations have decided to support social science research on this sector. Lena Öhrsvik, Chairman of the Association of Rheumatics, Professor Lars Svedberg, Stefan Bergh, Head of the Political Section, the Swedish Sports Federation, and the Rev. Margareta Hemström, Skarpnäck Parish, took part in the presentations. The conference ended with a panel discussion about the need for research and gathering knowledge concerning the ideal sector. The panel consisted of Ingemar Eriksson, The Swedish Sports Federation, Sofia Modigh, IOGT-NTO (Order of Good Templars), Christer Zettergren, Swedish Red Cross, Ursula Tengelin, Cancer Fund, and Bengt Göransson, ABF Stockholm and the Norden Association. The sector committee held its inaugural meeting on 29 August and a meeting about international research on civil society on 5 November. At the latter meeting Professor Helmut Anheier contributed a lecture on the work on the yearbook Global Civil Society. These books are written to present and analyse developments in civil society in a global perspective. The 2003 issue was coloured by the Iraqi conflict and the new type of activism we see today on the global arena. The book is divided into three parts and is published by Oxford University Press. The first part discusses concepts related to the global civil society; the second part analyses the infrastructure of the global civil society; and the last part presents a statistical report on the global civil society. Analyses are made at both the organisational and the individual level.

A new sector committee Our knowledge of productivity development in the public sector is limited. One hypothesis is that there will be increasing pressure on the public econ- 40 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

omy. Demands will be made for development and change. During recent years less and less importance has been attached to official long-range reports in political decision-making. Against this background it seems important to initiate inter-sector research and any research that sheds light on political/administrative responsibility at various levels in our social administration. To this end the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has decided to set up a new sector committee, to be led by the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström, with Secretary of Research Kerstin Stigmark as the committee’s secretary. The members of this sector committee will be appointed in the spring of 2004.

Co-operation with the Riksdag The role of the Speaker When Birgitta Dahl retired as Speaker of the Riksdag in the autumn of 2002, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation presented her as a gift a half-day seminar entitled “The Changing Role of the Speaker – from Henry Allard to Birgitta Dahl”. A reference group co-operated with representatives of the Foundation in the planning of this seminar. The representatives of the Riksdagen were Assistant Administrative Secretary Ulf Christofferson, and the former Third Deputy Speaker Bertil Fiskesjö; and Professor Christer Jönsson, Lund University, Professor Olof Ruin, Stockholm University, and Ass. Professor Lena Wängnerud, Göteborg University. The idea for a seminar on this theme came from a previously started study by Bertil Fiskesjö of the institution of the Speaker in the Swedish parliament. This study was planned to result in a book, which could now appropriately be presented to Birgitta Dahl at the seminar. The seminar opened with a welcome address by the Chairman of the Foundation, Professor Eva Österberg. Bertil Fiskesjö then spoke on “The Institution of the Speaker, Then and Now” on the basis of his recently completed book. He was followed by Professor Olof Ruin, who lectured on “The Speaker and the Formation of Governments”. Ass. Professor Lena Wängnerud then presented a report on the role of the Speaker in connection with her project, initiated by the Riksdag and Birgitta Dahl. This report was entitled “Politicians are also Humans. The role of the Speaker in the internal work of the Riksdag”. This was followed by a presentation by Ambassador Mats Åberg of “The Riksdag and the World. The roles of the Speaker and the Riksdag in an international perspective”. There was then a panel discussion about the role of the Speaker, led by Christer Jönsson. Those who participated were two former Speakers, Birgitta Dahl and Ingegerd Troedsson, together with Olof Ruin and Lena Wängnerud. The present Speaker, Björn von Sydow, rounded off the seminar. This was followed by a buffet in the Riksdag Corridor, at which “Kryddan” Petersson gave a much appreciated and, for the audience, surprise performance as Birgitta Dahl. Activities in support of research 41

Women and power “Women and Power” was the theme of the seminar that the Foundation arranged on 1 December together with the Centre Party and the Riksdag. This seminar was dedicated to Karin Söder on her 75th birthday and was held in the First Chamber of the Riksdag. Karin Söder’s own political career is a good illustration of the seminar’s theme. After the 1976 General Election she became Sweden’s first woman Minister of Foreign Affairs and after the 1979 General Election the first woman Minister of Health and Social Affairs. In 1985 she was elected Chairwoman of the Centre Party after Torbjörn Fälldin – this too was a first for a woman! Since she left politics she has held a number of important chairmanships, including that of Save the Children. The seminar was opened by the Deputy Speaker, Per Westerberg, who reminded the audience of Karin’s time as a member of the Riksdag. The Chairwoman of the Centre Party, Maud Olofsson, then spoke about Karin Söder’s political achievements and presented her with an anthology “Karin Söder, Leader of the Centre Party, a True Nordist and Idealist”. The former Minister of Industry, Nils G Åsling, addressed his friend, Director Christina Rogestam, a former Member of the Riksdag and Adviser at the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, spoke about the leader. Then Sweden’s present ambassador to Italy, Staffan Wrigstad, at one time personal secretary to the Foreign Minister, described his memories of Katrin Söder as Foreign Minister. Arvid Lagercrantz led a panel debate on the theme “Women and Power”. The discussion took as its starting point some of the results of Professor Anita Göransson’s Foundation project “Gender and the Reproduction of the Elite in a Comparative Perspective”. Other participants in the stimulating discussion, apart from Anita Göransson, were Director Marianne Nivert, Director Christina Rogestam and Malin Svensson, Political Editor of Östersunds-Posten. The programme ended with Karin Söder’s thanks to the speakers and the audience, after which Director of Research Mats Rolén, in his capacity as Chairman of the meeting, congratulated her on behalf of the Foundation and declared the seminar closed.

Anders Chydenius Anders Chydenius (1729–1803) was Vicar of Gamlakarleby and one of the most important politicians in Sweden-Finland in the 18th century. He was a member of the Riksdag in 1765–66, 1778–79 and 1792. He advocated the importance of liberty, human values and democracy and spoke warmly for the freedom of the press and the principle of open access to public documents. Chydenius played an active part in the work on the 1766 Freedom of the Press Act which guaranteed citizens of the Swedish kingdom greater freedom than anywhere else in the world. The Chydenius Institute at Karleby arranged during the year an anniversary exhibition in remembrance of his death 200 years ago. With the help of financial support from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation this exhibition was moved to the 42 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Riksdag Library in Stockholm on 26 November. It was inaugurated by the Speaker, Björn von Sydow. A seminar was then held at which the speakers were County Governor Anders Björck, Deputy Chairman of the Chydenius Foundation, Gustaf Björkstrand, Vice Chancellor of Åbo Academy and Chairman of the Chydenius Foundation, and Professor Birger Thölix, Vasa. An actor, Mats Holmqvist, appeared as Anders Chydenius and performed a number of Chydenius's monologues, framed with music from the Chydenius music collection played by Maria Pihlajaniemi, flute, and Päivi Luhtala, harpsichord.

The Foundation The Foundation Creative Man was established in 1997. Its purpose is to Creative Man encourage and stimulate young artists and researchers to work creatively and across borders. The focus is on work and thought that show a wealth of ideas, imagination, delight, and the ability to manage the meeting of art and science. Part of this work, from 1997, includes two scholarships, each worth SEK 50,000, which are awarded annually to young researchers/artists or artists/researchers. The recipients are selected by the Board of the foundation on the recommendations of a special scholarship committee. With support from the Foundation, the Foundation Creative Man broadened its activities during 2000 to embrace universities and university colleges. It arranges a major annual conference aimed at creating a dialogue between artists and scientists. The first conference was held at Liljevalchs Art Gallery, Stockholm, in May 2000, the second at Chalmers Institute of Technology, Gothenburg, in October 2001, the third at Malmö University College in October 2002 and the fourth at Umeå University in November 2003. The conference at Umeå was entitled “Art as Knowledge and Knowledge as Art”. The scholarships for 2003 were presented at this conference to Nils Agdler, an artist, and to Ola Pehrson, a scientist and artist, by the chairman of the foundation, the former Speaker of the Riksdag, Birgitta Dahl. In 2002 an agreement was reached about a five-year collaboration between the Foundation Creative Man and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Formally, this means that the latter Foundation has agreed to be responsible for activities during the period 2003–2008. Advertising and awarding the annual scholarships will continue to be in accordance with the foundation’s previous practice. The Board of the Foundation Creative Man decided in 2003 to increase both the size and the number of scholarships in the coming four years. Parallel with this allocation the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation set aside special funds to follow up developments internationally and nationally within the field of artistic research. The aim is to create a better strategy for the Foundation’s processing of applications, but also to provide a basis for possible initiatives of its own in this field – one that is attracting more and more interest and discussion. This assignment was carried out on a consultancy basis by Ass. Activities in support of research 43

Professor Henrik Karlsson, a member of Preparatory Committees Nos. 4 and 6. The Foundation Creative Man is led by a board consisting of Birgitta Dahl, the former Speaker of the Riksdag (Chair), Directors Rutger Barnekow, Tom Beyer and Peje Emilsson, Ass. Professor Henrik Karlsson, the Foundation, the Managing Director Tjia Torpe and Sven Unger, a lawyer. The scholarship committee consists of Mats Brodén (Chairman), Vice Chancellor Lennart Olausson, Malmö University College, Chief Editor Madeleine Grieve, Professor Bengt Gustafsson, Uppsala University, Professor Bo Göranzon, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Henrik Karlsson and Ana Valdés, a writer. The Secretariat consists of Bo Andér, Strategy Developer at the Office of Cultural Affairs, Stockholm, and Mats Brodén.

International commitments The European For several years now the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has Foundation Centre played a very active part in European co-operation among foundations within the European Foundation Centre (EFC) and the Hague Club, and within the framework of the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF). This year’s general assembly and conference with the EFC took place in Lisbon on 1–3 June. It attracted 600 participants from 55 countries for the Annual General Meeting, debates and seminars under the title “The Citizen Facing Challenges of Globalisation”. Director Dan Brändström was Chairman of the Programme Committee responsible for this year's arrangements. He arranged for the opening plenary session of the conference to be led by the Head of UNDP, Mark Malloch Brown, and Professor Ron Inglehart, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, who runs the global research project World Values Survey (WVS), which is supported by the Foundation. The Foundation also played an active part in arranging the session entitled “Global Values and Global Governance”, at which the questions of what scientific proof there is to claim that there are general human values, and how these might form the basis of a global world order. This session was led by Professor Göran Bexell, Vice Chancellor of Lund University. Other lecturers were Professors Yilmaz Esmer, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Juan Diez Nicolas, Complutense University, Madrid, and Dr Ursula van Beek, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. The Foundation was also involved in two other sessions: “Cultural Cooperation in Europe – What Role for Foundations?” and “Researching Foundations in Europe”. At the conference Dan Brändström was elected Deputy Chairman of the EFC for one year in his capacity as Managing Director of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation.

A European The issue of European research policy has come very much into focus dur- Research Council ing the past year. A Swedish committee, the Committee for a New Research 44 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Policy (CNERP) was formed in the autumn of 2001 with the Managing Director, Dan Brändström as chairman. The members in 2003 were Michael Sohlman, Managing Director of the Nobel Foundation, Professor Gunnar Öquist, Umeå University, also a member of the European Union Research Advisory Bureau (EURAB), Vice Chancellor Bertil Andersson, Linköping University, Uno Lindberg, Royal Academy of Sciences (KVA), Bengt A. Mölleryd, Project Leader, Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA), and Professor Pär Omling, Secretary General, Swedish Research Council. Dr Olle Edqvist is the Secretary. In November 2001 a meeting was held with interested Swedish parties and in April 2002 a larger international meeting was arranged with broad European participation to discuss the idea of creating a European Research Council. There is now strong general support in the Swedish research community for this idea and the political leadership is favourably disposed. In October 2002 Denmark’s research board arranged a large European conference in Copenhagen, which was a turning point for future developments. The Danish Minister for Research, in his capacity as President, in the autumn of 2002 put the question of a European research council on the agenda of the Council of Ministers and then appointed in November, on behalf of the Council of Ministers, an international expert group to examine the question and suggest alternatives for the way in which a research council might be set up. The international expert group (ERCEG), which presented its report in December 2003, had Professor Frederico Mayor (Spain), as Chairman, Professor Mogens Flensted-Jensen (Danish Research Agency), as Deputy Chairman, and Dan Brändström, as Secretary, assisted by Olle Edqvist. The members of the Group were Professor Norbert Kroó, (Academy of Sciences, Hungary) Dr Wilhelm Krull, (Volkswagen Foundation, Germany), Professor David J. McConnell (Ireland), Professor Gérard Mégie (CNRS, France), Professor Helga Nowotny (EURAB Switzerland), Dr John Taylor (OST, the UK) and Myrsinin Zorba (EU Parliament, Greece). In addition Peter Kind (EU Commission) and Peter Nijkamp (NOW, the Netherlands) participated as observers. The work of the Secretariat was financed by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. During the year the Swedish group acted mainly in support of the international work, but it also tried to further develop the basic ideas. It also worked for the European research council to be mentioned in the new treaty and for support to basic research to be clearly stated there – an issue that was drowned, however, in all the other, far more controversial questions that the convent wrestled with. If Europe is to reach the goals set up in Lisbon three years ago, research policies will have to be developed to become a common concern of the first rank. It is not enough merely to direct attention to the utilisation of scientific competence and knowledge for industrial exploitation; the basis of knowledge also has to be expanded and research has to be a matter of com- Activities in support of research 45

The international expert group Spain, Dan Brändström, Sweden, Peter (ERCEG) met in Dublin the 17th Nijkamp, The Netherlands, Mogens November 2003. From the left: Killian Flensted-Jensen (sitting), Denmark Halpin, Ireland (FORFAS), Peter Kind, (Danish Research Agency), Norbert EU (The Commission), Olle Edqvist, Kroó, Hungary (The Academy of Sweden, Jean-Luc Clément, France Science), David McConnell, Ireland (CNRS), Helga Nowotny (sitting), (Smurfit Institute, Trinity College). Switzerland (EURAB), Knud Larsen, Three members of the group were Denmark, Kerstin Herodes, Sweden, missing: Ms Myrsini Zorba, Greece, Wilhelm Krull, Germany (Volkswagen Gérard Mégie, France (CNRS), and Foundation), Federico Mayor (sitting), John Taylor, UK (OST).

mon concern. A European research centre (ERA) in the real sense of the words has to be created. Naturally, its basis must still be national support, but in addition certain functions must be created to deal with the matters that are common to the whole of Europe. The keystone of all research is the intrascientific quality of research, and this can only be determined by researchers themselves in various peer-review processes, those that are normal in applications for grants, the publication of articles, papers and contributions to conferences and appointments to posts. In comparison with other federal political systems these processes are poorly developed in the European Union and subservient to demands for problem-solving, industrial applications and geographical participation in projects. Usually the national systems do not operate beyond the national borders in matters concerning grants to fundamental research (with the exception of major facilities), so they are limited to finding the best in the national context. A European system for supporting basic research, without all the extra rules and demands for collaboration across the borders and the like that the political system has established to promote European integration, could therefore have important positive consequences for the quality of European research. For this to be so, the grants need to be comparatively large, so that research groups are really interesting and important for the very best researchers. There is no reason for requiring that the research a

95 The Pompeian way – Contextualising Pompeii 48 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

priori should include collaboration between researchers in different states; the important demand should be that it is the very foremost research that is given support. In all probability collaboration will be favoured in any event, since it is reasonable to suppose that other groups will be attracted to the elite. If this matter is handled properly, it could lead to the establishment of a European measure of good research, which would put the national financing systems under certain pressure and comparison. During the past year the work of the expert group has resulted in the debate on a European research council gathering momentum throughout Europe. Not least the European organisations for life sciences have been active in organising a series of conferences to discuss these questions. Similarly, the European Science Foundation has closely followed their work, contributing a study of its own. A number of other organisations have also adopted a positive standpoint (European academies, Euroscience and others). The proposal now handed to the Danish Minister for Research, which has been forwarded to the Council of Ministers, states that a European Research Council (ERC) should be set up with the task of supporting the best research in Europe. If an ERC is to be a practical and interesting fea- ture of European research policy, it must have sufficient resources to be an important part of the European research system. A rough preliminary esti- mate suggests a need for some two billion euros per annum after a period of rapid expansion, that is, approximately half of the research budget of the sixth frame program. Even in a position like this, the Research Council will have relatively limited financial resources compared with national research financing in the leading research nations of Europe, and it cannot replace national financing. Its function instead will be to act as an important complement to national investments. The Council should focus its work on support in Europe, so as to take the lead in important areas of research and open up Europe for an inflow of researchers of top calibre and interaction with the best international research outside the European Union. According to the expert group ERCEG, the European Research Council must be financed by the European Union via frame programs and a special fund established for this purpose, but it must have an independent position vis-à-vis the Commission and other EU organisations. Decisions concerning research grants and scientific priorities must lie with the Council, with crucial influence from the research community. The Council must be an unbureaucratic and efficient organisation that enjoys great trust in the research community. The discussions will continue in 2004, now within the framework of the European Union and under the leadership of the Commission. The aim is to reach a political decision about establishing a European Research Council in the autumn of 2004. The work that started three years ago in Sweden has now borne rich fruit. Activities in support of research 49

Collaboration with For more than 10 years the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has Institutes of Advanced supported Collegium Budapest, an institute of advanced research in all Studies sciences that provides opportunities for guest researchers to devote themselves to their own projects in a stimulating, multidisciplinary atmosphere. Last year the Board of Trustees of the Foundation decided to continue to give support for operating costs for another five years despite some uncer- tainty as to other financing. At the same time there was a change of government in Hungary, after which the new Hungarian government immedi- ately provided funds. As a result, other financiers in Europe, governments and foundations, have also promised to provide funds for a further period. During the past year a renewed declaration of principle, Joint Declaration III, setting guidelines for activities, was adopted by all the financiers for the period 2002/03–2006/07. Under-Secretary of State Charles Kleiber, Switzerland, is Chairman of the Collegium’s Board and the Managing Director of the Foundation, Dan Brändström, is one of two Deputy Chairmen. During 2002 the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation was invited to be a part-owner of the non-profit company that owns the Raoul Wallenberg Guest House. On 31 October 2002 the Board of Trustees voted to participate as a fourth party with a 25-per-cent-share in the non-profit company Collegium Budapest NV Nemzetközi Vendégház Közhasznú Tárasag. The other part-owners, besides Collegium Budapest, are Zuger Kulturstiftung Landis & Gyr, Switzerland, and Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin e.V., Institute of Advanced Study, Germany. The signing of an administrative agreement with Collegium Budapest ensures that it is up to the Collegium to see to it that there are enough annual funds to carry on operations in the House without cost for the part-owners. The legal procedure involved was settled in November 2003. Dan Brändström represents the Foundation on the company’s board. On 27–29 September, just before the beginning of the Collegium’s academic year, representatives of five research foundations visited Collegium Budapest, at the invitation of the Foundation, to study the Collegium’s activities and the work of the Central European University (CEU). The host at the Collegium was Fred Girod and at the CEU its Vice Chancellor, Professor Yehuda Elkana. The theme for the autumn at the Collegium was “Precursors to Culture”, led by Professor Richard Byrne, University of St. Andrews. Apart from the usual guest researcher program, a number of conferences were arranged during the year on themes such as “Risk and Regulation”, “Rethinking Citizenship in Europe” and “Integration of Form and Function”. The Collegium is at present being evaluated by an international research group, with Professor Björn Wittrock, Uppsala, as Chairman and Swedish representative. 50 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

For the past few years the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has also had a well-developed collaboration with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. This collaboration has developed further within the framework of a special agreement. The area of co-operation, AGORA – Europäische Netzwerke: Die Vollendung Europas – Die Rolle von Wissenschaft und Kultur (European Excellence: the Role of Science and Culture) will continue to receive funding from the Foundation, as will the guest professorship in the name of Dag Hammarskjöld at the Nord-Europa Institute, Humboldt University, Berlin, which at present is held by Profesor Ella Johansson, Department of Ethnology, Lund University. A corresponding professorship for German researchers in the name of Ernst Cassirer, with its own program, is to be established by the Volkswagen-Stiftung. This professorship is placed at SCASSS (Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences) in Uppsala. In 2003 John Michael Krois, Professor of Philosophy at Humboldt University, Berlin took up this post. During the past year Professor Diana Mishovka at the Centre for Advanced Studies, Sofia, was granted funds for her project “We the People – Visions of National Peculiarity and Political Modernities in the Europe of Small Nations”. This project is to be carried out in collaboration with researchers in a number of European countries, including Sweden and Germany, and with the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. The co-operation that was initiated with the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies (STIAS) in 2001 was further developed and deepened during the past year. On 6– 7 June 2003 a workshop was held at Lund University on an international co-operative project with STIAS as its base. What is it that characterises quality in a democracy? A comparative analysis will describe young democracies against the background of data from more established, stable democratic states. The conference at Lund University was attended by its Vice Chancellor, Professor Göran Bexell, and Magnus Jerneck, Caroline Boussard and Staffan Lindberg, social scientists, and from STIAS and Stellenbosch University Professors Bernard Lategan and Hennie Koetze and Dr Ursula van Beek (project leader). This project also involves close collaboration with the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) and its permanent researcher, Wouter Hugenholtz. Apart from the Swedish and South African researchers, other researchers from Brazil, Poland, South Korea, Turkey and Germany are taking part in this project. The meeting at Lund resulted in an application from STIAS, which was later granted funds by the Foundation.

Interaction across The three-year bilateral research program Interaction across the Gulf of the Gulf of Bothnia Bothnia entered its final phase in 2003. This program has embraced 17 projects with more than 100 researchers and has been financed by the Academy of Finland, the Swedish Literary Society in Finland, the Foundation for Åbo Academy University, the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland, the Swedish Research Council (formerly the Council for Research in the Activities in support of research 51

Humanities and Social Sciences) and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. It is the first of its kind in the field of the humanities and social sciences and has had a budget of SEK 45 m. These projects examine from various points of view the interaction between Finnish and Swedish cultures in Finland and Sweden, and the dependence, independence, co-operation and tensions between the two countries historically, in the present and in the past. In 2003 the joint activities in the program were devoted to the four thematic anthologies, which are to be published in 2004. These anthologies were presented in manuscript form and in lectures at the concluding conference arranged by the Foundation and the Science Council at Uppsala University on 28–29 November. The evening before the conference Professor Nils Erik Villstrand presented the program in Stockholm to the European Cultural Committee and the Finnish Ambassador, Pertti Torstila. The first day of the Uppsala conference was devoted to the researchers’ experiences of directed research programs in general and “Interaction across…” in particular. The programme was introduced by Rektor Magnificus Professor Bo Sundqvist, who welcomed the participants to Uppsala University, after which the chairman of the steering committee, Professor Stig Strömholm addressed the 80 or more researchers, emphasis- ing that he was looking forward to learning about their experiences of working in the program and to studying their results. Nils Erik Villstrand then described his own experiences of being the co-ordinator of a wide and diverse research program of this type. He presented a situation report on the anthologies and the work that is left to be done. Professor Torkel Jansson, Uppsala University, a historian with many years of experience in researching Swedish-Finnish history, then gave an interesting and personal analysis of the aims of the program and the research it had given rise to. The morning session concluded with Professor Villstrand and the editors of the four anthologies handing over manuscripts of the volumes to the steering committee and the evaluators. In the afternoon some of the program’s researchers presented their work. Jan-Olof Aggedal, Lund University, and Ingvar Dahlbacka, Åbo Academy University, described their experiences of being a researcher and a leader respectively of the same project. Hanna Snellman presented her views on the importance of a research program of the present model. She thought that several of the projects would probably not have materialised without the program. It is important, however, that research programs do not contain compulsory guidelines but are open to basic researchers. Charles Westin, Stockholm University, and Marianne Junila, Uleåborg University, reported on the perils of being editors of an anthology with apparently incompatible contributions. Päivi Mäkelä, Åbo University, rounded off the proceedings with a theoretical lecture on the problems of comparison in historical research. The day concluded with a buffet banquet at Walmstedtska Gården, 52 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

hosted by the Deputy Vice Chancellor, Professor Lena Marcusson. On Saturday, 29 November, the program was open for the general public. Advertisements in the daily press invited people to open lectures in the university buildings. The program was introduced by Professor Stig Strömholm, after which the Finnish ambassador, Pertti Torstila, spoke about the ever-increasing political and economic contacts between Sweden and Finland. He emphasised that the research program plays an important part in increasing our understanding of our two countries’ common history and similarities – notwithstanding the dissolution of the union in 1809. The rest of the program was devoted to parallel thematic sessions entitled “History”, “Society”, “The Countries” and “The Languages”. These titles correspond to the four anthologies that form the popular-scientific report on the program. The public part of the conference attracted an audience of more than 200 and ended with a panel discussion entitled “Similarities and Dissimilarities”, led by John Chrispinsson. The members of the panel were Professor Gustav Björkstrand, Vice Chancellor of Åbo Academy, Director Anders Ljunggren, the Norden Association and the Cultural Fund for Sweden and Finland, Professor Merete Mazzarella, Helsinki University, Professor Stig Strömholm, Uppsala University, the former Minister of Education and County Governor, Jan-Erik Wikström, Uppsala, and Pro- fessor Aila Nenola, Helsinki University. The day ended with a banquet at Norrlands Nation given by the Foundation, on behalf of the steering committee, for the program’s researchers and invited guests. The work has been led by a steering committee consisting of Professors Stig Strömholm, the Foundation, Chairman, Aila Lauha, Academy of Finland, Deputy Chair, Anders Jeffner, Swedish Research Council, Marika Tandefelt, Swedish Literary Society in Finland, and Nils Erik Villstrand, Åbo Academy University, Secretary and Co-ordinator of the program. Representatives of the Secretariat were Research Secretary Torsten Augrell, Swedish Research Council, Science Secretary Eili Ervelä-Myréen, Academy of Finland, and Mats Rolén, Director of Research at the Foundation. The steering committee decided at its final meeting in Uppsala on 28 November on the guidelines and timetable for the evaluation, which is to be completed during 2004. The evaluation is to be carried out by former Director General Kari Tarkiainen, Helsinki, Chair, Professor Olof Ruin, Stockholm University, and Dr Anne Nesser, PhD, Mälardalen University College. Dr Torbjörn Eng, PhD, was appointed secretary of the evaluation.

Project 2005 In 1998 the Swedish and Norwegian governments decided to celebrate the centenary in 2005 of the peaceful dissolution of the Swedish Norwegian union by jointly providing financial support for the publication of a historical work in two volumes covering the periods 1814–1905 and 1905–2000. The Swedish Department of Education commissioned Voksenåsen AS in collaboration with the Foundation to be in charge of the project and con- Activities in support of research 53

tacts with the Norwegian Department of Education and Research. The first volume of the centenary works is being written by Professor Bo Stråth, European University Institute, Florence, while responsibility for the second volume rests with Professor Francis Sejersted, Oslo University, The centenary work will be published in Norwegian and Swedish and will be offi- cially presented on 7 June 2005. Throughout 2005 a series of public activities will be arranged in the form of conferences, exhibitions and the like in both Norway and Sweden. These arrangements are being co-ordinated by the two governments. Here, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has commissioned the Voksenåsen Foundation to co-ordinate the Swedish activities. The Swedish Riksdag and the Norwegian Storting will also celebrate the centenary with exhibitions and conferences. As part of these preparations Director of Research Mats Rolén reported on the progress of the publication of the 2005 centenary volumes to the Speaker of the Riksdag, Björn von Sydow, and the President of the Storting, Jörgen Kosmo, on 26 June. This historical project has a scientific reference group that includes both Norwegian and Swedish researchers. It is led by Professors Stig Ekman, Stockholm University, and Øystein Sørensen, Oslo University. The program co-ordinator is Ruth Hemstad, a scholarship holder at the Department of History, Oslo University. The group has initiated a number of new research tasks regarding both the actual dissolution of the union and various comparative studies concerning social developments in Norway and Sweden since 1814. The results will be presented in two anthologies due to be published in 2005 and else- where. The first anthology deals with the dissolution of the union while the second comprises comparative thematic studies between the two countries during the 18th and 19th centuries. Funds for the anthology project and associated activities have been allocated in instalments by the Hundreårsmarkeringen 2005 A/S (a centenary celebration fund) to a total of NOK 3.9 m. For the years 1996–2005 the Foundation has granted the anthology project through a number of decisions (including certain planning for the Centenary books) a total of SEK 4.45 m. The Swedish government’s grant, like the funds allocated by the Foundation, is administered and managed by Voksenåsen, Oslo.

Cultural-political As reported in last year’s annual report, the Foundation has carried out a research number of national and international activities since 1997 to follow up the report of the World Commission for Culture Our Creative Diversity (1995), UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies in Stockholm, Spring 1998, and its Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development, and the three seminars arranged by the Foundation at the conference. The Stockholm Action Plan emphasised, among other things, the importance of encouraging the exchange of theories, practical experiences and research in order to reinforce our knowledge base concerning culture and human development. 54 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

In this connection the Foundation has initiated several activities and projects, one example of which is the sector committee for research on culture, security and sustainable social development (2001). Another example is the book Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for Cultural Policy and Development, written by Professor Colin Mercer, Nottingham Trent University (the Foundation, SIDA & Gidlund’s Press, 2002). This book was the result of several years of co-operation with SIDA and a number of Swedish authorities and organisations; it has attracted considerable international attention. The Foundation’s seminar in Stockholm in 1998 resulted in a co-operative project, Creative Europe, which was financed by the Foundation, the European Cultural Foundation, Amsterdam, and Compagnia di San Paolo, Turin, with the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF), Brussels, as the administrative body. The project’s final report, Creative Europe: On Governance and Artistic Creativity in Europe, was produced by ERICarts in Bonn and published in October 2002. The above-mentioned books were presented in Brussels in the autumn of 2002 to representatives of the European Commission and the European Parliament and to members of the European Foundation Centre (EFC) and NEF. In Sweden the two Foundation projects involved several research groups in workshops and conferences in 2001–2003, among them those at Tema Q, Campus Norrköping, the Stockholm School of Economics and the universities of Gothenburg and Uppsala. This work and the research network built up by the Foundation aroused great interest at the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, the National Council for Cultural Affairs and the Swedish UNESCO Council. Thus, Professors Colin Mercer, Svante Beckman and Carl-Johan Kleberg and Director of Research Mats Rolén took part in the preparations for, or at, the UNESCO experts’ conference “Stockholm +5” in May 2003. The Foundation also contributed financially to this arrangement, which attracted more than 100 participants from all parts of the world. These activities have generated continued international co-operation. Thus, the Foundation has decided to finance three projects with the European Cultural Foundation in Amsterdam. The first two focus on the role of cultural dimensions in the expansion of the European Union; Enlargement of Minds is the overall title. Formal co-operation began with a seminar on 26–27 January at Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen University, where the Foundation was represented by Professor Rutger Lindahl, Göteborg University, and Mats Rolén. Thereafter the project took a more concrete form in an anthology (Alter Ego) and a scholarship program aimed at young researchers in the field of cultural politics. During 2004 a report from the Alter Ego project was presented and the first scholarships were awarded, both events falling within the framework of the 50th anniversary of the ECF. The third co-operative project was the establishment of a European Observatory/Laboratory of Cultural Cooperation, which was directly connected with the reports mentioned above by Colin Activities in support of research 55

Mercer and ERICarts. This project aims at documenting and scientifically analysing developments in the field of cultural politics at both a national and a European level. An independent “observatory” can be an important instrument for creating insight into the interaction between culture and development in the enlarged Europe. Several of Europe’s leading foundations, together with the Foundation, have decided to support this project. The foundations’ commitment is planned to take the form of a pilot phase lasting four years. The European Commission has also promised to co-operate with this “observatory/laboratory”. In the autumn of 2002 the Foundation and SIDA received an application for support for the publication of a new World Culture Report. This is a yearbook modelled on the UNDP’s Human Development Report and UNESCO’s World Culture Report, which is now discontinued. The applicant was a prominent international researcher, Professor Helmut Anheier at the Center for Civil Society, UCLA and the London School of Economics. The idea of a publication with the proposed focus was one of the proposals in Towards Cultural Citizenship, so the Foundation and SIDA decided to grant Professor Anheier a small sum for a pilot study. It is also relevant that Professor Anheier has led the publication of a Global Society Yearbook (Oxford University Press) with success since 2001. Together with Professor Raj Isar, Paris, Professor Anheier presented the results of the pilot study at a seminar at the Foundation on 5 November 2003. They also reported that other financiers had indicated their willingness to support the project and that the English publishing house SAGE was prepared to publish the book. This publication aroused great interest and won general approval among both researchers and workers in the field at the seminar. Both the Foundation and SIDA found the pilot study promising and have therefore decided to allocate SEK 200,000 and SEK 500,000 respectively for 2004 to prepare the first issue of the report, which is to be published in 2005. This project will be carried out in close co-operation with a number of research groups (including in Sweden Tema Q and the World Value Survey), the UNDP, UNESCO and the future “observatory” at the ECF.

The Finnish and Swedish languages as mouth, brain and heart nils erik villstrand

aavo Tikkanen, the son of a Savolaks peasant, took his doctor’s degree at the University of Helsinki in 1859 with a thesis on demographic conditions in Finland. Tikkanen wrote and pub- P lished his thesis in Finnish, one of the first ever to do so. In his work he worked energetically to make Finnish a language that could be used in all fields of societal life, and the sciences were an important field. Tikkanen used the family as a metaphor. Just as a homogenous family was happy and harmonious, a state with a uniform population with regard to origin, language and religion was in the best position to develop politically, culturally and economically. In an earlier situation when nations had not yet become aware of their distinctive qualities, the nationalities and languages in France and England, for example, could coalesce. This was no longer possible in the 19th century; when a state was formed, the nationality that was demographically the strongest had to be the dominant one if the state was to survive. This took place through a process in which those who belonged to the weaker nationalities either changed their language and nationality or emigrated. The rights of the Finnish nation had to be finally and unconditionally met. Finnish, the language of the majority of the population, had to be the official and cultural language of Finland. The Finnish people had waited Kent Claesson and Samuli Vasala, two long enough. But the vigorous and educated Swedish-speaking population competitors in the in Finland offered no major threat because of its small size; on the contrary, annual Sweden-Finland it could offer stimulation and a challenge to Finnish in a contest about edu- Athletics Meeting cation and knowledge. (Finnkampen) at the Stockholm Stadium The fully-developed concept of nationalism in 19th-century Europe was in 1997. one state, one nation, one language. Nationalism was the cement that held

57 58 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

a nation together, the religion of the secularised. Without successfully preached nationalism it would never have been possible to fill the European trenches with a continuous flow of new recruits and the mass graves with an ever-increasing number of corpses. But in practice the world and the states looked different. Even Sweden within its present borders has never been without traces of linguistic and national differences In the world of Tikkanen and his likes Swedish stood for something foreign and undesirable in Finland, something that could be tolerated as long as it did not grow too strong. But this attitude existed alongside another, concerning Sweden and Swedishness in the autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian empire. Anders Palmberg, a district doctor in Helsinki, published in 1889 a report in Swedish on how the principles of modern health care were being accepted in a number of civilised European countries, especially in their capital cities. Among the countries he discusses in his book Allmän helsovårdslära på grund af dess tillämpning i olika länder (The science of health care on the basis of its application in different countries) compris- ing some 900 pages, is Sweden, but not Russia. The writer’s own “out-of- the-way country” is also included. Among all the countries in Europe the mortality rate was lowest in the kingdoms of Sweden–Norway, which, according to Palmberg, was a result of the people’s high cultural and moral standards together with the countries’ well-developed hygienic facilities. From 1157, when the Swedes came to Finland, until 1809 Sweden and Finland shared the same history. The Swedes brought religion, customs and traditions to the Finns, while the two countries together created their laws through the course of history. Thus, the culture of the Finns ultimately had a Scandinavian basis and the people were similar in many ways, in particular in their morals and philosophy of life. Furthermore, “a considerable number” of Swedes lived in the Grand Duchy, who, in 1809, when the transfer of sovereignty took place, were allowed to keep their constitutional and general laws. Palmberg also emphasised how health care, which had been developed on the foundations of old laws from the Swedish era or with modern Swedish health care as a model, was very similar to the Swedish system. Swedish in Finland and Finish in Sweden is the story of a dialogue, of interaction as well as occasional conflict. And their history is both varied and long. A hospital orderly who commutes by plane weekly from Öster- botten to Greater Stockholm, where there is a shortage of personnel, is only following a medieval pattern. In the Middle Ages workers came in the autumn and stayed through the winter. We come across them in Svealand as “winter workers” in manor houses, as craftsmen, as miners and as workers at ironworks. Finnish and Swedish, Sweden and Finland – an observer is struck by the similarities and notes the parallels and how they are interwoven. But of course there are differences. Mikael Niemi, a writer from Tornedal, says of The Finnish and Swedish languages as mouth, brain and heart 59

his best-seller Populärmusik från Vittula (Pop-music from Vittula) that Swedes see it as a humorous book while Finns consider it to be a sad one, albeit with humorous incidents. The formula “similar on the surface, different at the core” and vice versa seems to be a useful one for anyone who wants to understand how Swedish and Finnish culture interact. Nor does its validity prevent phenomena from being what they appear to be, that is, genuinely similar or fundamentally different. My example in the discussion below is taken from the languages used in Sweden and Finland. “It is in Swedish that we are rooted, both with our hearts and our brains,” Professor Margareta Westman wrote in 1996 with her great experience gained at the Swedish Language Committee. She saw the position of the Swedish language as strong after “thousands of years of cultivation”. But like many others she sees a threat from English. Nor is it difficult to find examples of people in Finland who see a dark cloud hovering over the Finnish language, which is tending to become a language for private life and leisure time. Every language represents a price- less part of its underlying values. When a species dies out, biological diversity is reduced. When a language is marginalised and dies out, the whole of humanity suffers a loss and linguistic diversity is impoverished. Experts pre- dict a linguistic eco-disaster. Of the 6,000 living languages today only one tenth are expected to have survived in a hundred years’ time. Inspired by the quotation above, we can speak of mouth, brain and heart. Language is communication and a tool: understanding what one hears or reads and being understood when one speaks or writes. The second dimension, language as brain, leads us to an equally important and difficult question: language as a condition for our thinking. As a historian, I would not like to say whether or not we are in a position to be able to think without any language at all. ‘Language’ is almost unusable as a linguistic concept since it is essentially political. A language is usually characterised very aptly as a dialect with a military power. It has been and still is the privilege of power to define an excerpt from a dialect continuum as a separate language. But the words that a group of people use in common have also developed in the interaction between cultures and are thereby tailor-made for its users. The Eskimos need an impressive list of words for snow, while Swedes cannot manage without their “lagom” (just right) and Finnish is overflowing with words for a hangover. The thought behind a word is dependent on culture. The writer Theodor Kallifatides has described how difficult it was for him with his Greek background to learn to think of birch trees and not olive trees every time he heard the word tree in Swedish. On the other hand, much of what we read in historical scientific works was conceived in another language than the author’s native language. Today English is becoming what Latin used to be, the common language of learned men. 103 Saving and making available the unique historical video archives of the Royal Swedish Opera The Finnish and Swedish languages as mouth, brain and heart 61

In our times we draw a very strong connection between language and identity. We are what we speak and we think of our cultural attitudes as being embedded in our language. This concept can be traced back in history and is not very old. In Finland, as the historian Juha Manninen has shown, it can be traced back to the scholar Henric Gabriel Porthan in the late 18th century, who wrote:

But to absolutely command men to give up their previous language within a stated period of time and adopt another instead would be not merely tyranny but also proof of little understanding and consideration: it would be like ordering them to rethink their thought system, their concepts, their forms, connections, relations, special traits and nuances, that is, to recreate their whole soul.

The connection between language and brain and between language and heart was made in the Romantic period and is central to nationalism. We not only think through our language, we both feel for and through our mother tongue. The above quotation from Porthan was written in 1793. He could not accept changing languages under force, but could consider it if it was done voluntarily, for example as the result of social advancement. It was precisely this that was an everyday occurrence in the world Porthan lived in. Swedish was expanding in 18th-century Finland. “Time, closer acquaintance, obvious benefits and encouragement, but not force and commands should lie behind a change of language in a nation”, Porthan wrote, and I am inclined to agree with him. The key to a successful change of language and culture lies in voluntariness combined with slowness. And what is possible for the individual ought to be possible for a whole community on similar terms. The fact that the art of changing languages is a very special one is not the same as saying that it is imposs- ible; that is demonstrated by half the social elite in 19th and early 20th-century Finland, who changed from Swedish to Finnish. And genuine bilingualism, which is anything but rare in Finland today, has never been experienced as a matter of rejecting one language in favour of another. There is a considerable gain in efficiency to be made by reducing the number of official languages in a Europe that is integrating and promoting its global competitiveness. The extended Union of 2004 will more or less drown in different languages and translations. Are there any languages that could be discarded with less damage than others? My answer is that either Swedish or Finnish can be done away with – or that they can merge. Why? Because they are so alike. But isn’t that an absurd statement; after all, they are as unlike as two languages can be! Certainly, the words almost always sound different. The two languages are to a high degree different as dialects or spoken language. However, at the semantic, conceptual level the picture is a different one. A long, shared history leaves ineffaceable traces. After the disunion of 1809 62 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Sweden and Finland became separate countries that went their separate ways but never lost contact with each other. Finland is more Swedish than Sweden in the sense that it is a good trustee of the heritage of the united country. And ideas have been borrowed without hesitation and on a large scale , especially from west to east. The words sound different but thanks to history, interaction and a common heritage they mean exactly the same. All those who speak Swedish and/or Finnish have the language as brain in common. As far as I can understand that is why, deep down, Finland-Swedish and Swedish-Swedish (rikssvenskan as we say in Swedish in Finland) are still to be considered as one language although they have long belonged to different political centres. So what shall we choose? In a referendum the size of the population in Sweden in relation to that in Finland would decide the question in favour of Swedish. Bur because Finnish is so ingeniously constructed as a system, it should, I believe, be retained. It would be better for Swedish, which is like so many other languages in Europe, to give up. I realise that my readers will have seen through my arguments – I even presume it. With a joke as my weapon I wanted to elucidate the deep fellowship that exists between what is Finnish and what is Swedish, even in their languages. Anything that can be said or thought in Swedish ought to be equally well said or thought in Finnish, and vice versa. This proves the rule: different on the surface, similar at the core. It is only the heart that suffers if we go in for rationalisation along these lines, but the emotionalisation of language is hardly an irreversible process. Language became feeling and identity in a Europe that became national- istic. Now the process is reversed; in a time of integration and globalisation the nation state is on its way out of history. What is required, if, to my great astonishment I am proved right, is, of course, a long transitional and co- ordinating period in which bilingualism thrives and European support ﬂourishes. The project entitled “Finnish, Swedish or English? Internal communication in recently merged Finnish-Swedish companies” has investigated, within the framework of the research program “Interaction across the Gulf of Bothnia” and with the help of questionnaires, video-recordings and e- mail, language use in the merged companies Nordea and Stora Enso between 2000 and 2003. The researchers are based at the Helsinki School of Economics and Uppsala University, under the leadership of Professors Mirjaliisa Charles and Helena Kangasharju. The language used at the international meetings is English, which demands certain special arrangements but creates no great obstacles to understanding. The use of English, which is the language used for communication across the border even at lower levels of the organisations, has increased since the mergers, but the mother tongue is still predominant. The Finnish and Swedish languages as mouth, brain and heart 63

The mother tongue is used for local communication. English seems to be a good choice as a joint-company language since it is a foreign language for both parties and as such promotes equality. In humanistic research ethnic identity before the 19th-century’s absolute nationalism is in the limelight. Naturally, language is a key issue in this field, especially as a sign of common origin. Can we speak of a national identity at a popular level as early as the 18th century? Were people Finns or Swedes? I shall not attempt to present the various opinions on this and other associated subjects. This much can be said, however: Yields in the form of valid results have proved to be rather poor. In my own research I seem to see how early 21st-century businessmen share the attitude of peasants in the 18th century in their attitude to language. For both of them language was or is primarily a tool for communication – to understand and be understood. “As a tool” and “as identification” may be seen as two theoretical poles. Reality in the form of people’s relations to language lies at different dis- tances from these poles during different periods but is never entirely located at one or other of them. The image of swallows that gather on a wire between two telegraph poles in the late summer captures this idea. The relationship at one and the same time varies, depending on various factors such as social class. In our time most people are faithful to a somewhat outdated nation-state paradigm close to the identification pole. But not least the financial elite who live in a globalised context are moving towards a position that emphasises the instrumental function, with business-English as a lingua franca. Mankind in its 18th-century gestalt was not yet, in the same way as in the time of nationalism, the language it spoke. The relationship lay as a rule close to the instrumental pole. And then came the 19th and 20th centuries when every citizen learnt to accept language as a dogma. To sum up, we can see how not everyone who speaks Finnish and/or Swedish shares the language as speech or mouth, but probably as brain. And, in addition, we have an identical attitude towards our mother tongue as heart. They are different languages that provide meaning, but the meaning of the languages is shared, creating a feeling of fellowship across the cold waters of the Gulf of Bothnia.

Nils Erik Villstrand is Professor of Nordic history at Åbo Akademi University. He has been the co-ordinator of the project entitled “Interaction across the Gulf of Bothnia”, which is presented on page 50. Place-names in oral 82 and written tradition New Research projects in 2003

summary of the new research projects that have been awarded grants during the year is published in the Annual Report. The texts of the projects have been written and the A titles chosen by the researchers themselves. The Foundation awards an overall grant, which means that local overhead costs of various kinds, and where applicable value added tax (VAT), are included in the amounts speciﬁed. For each project, the following details are given: the registration number of the project, the name of the project leader, the university or college responsible (administrator), the amount of the grant, the title of the project and a summary. For further information about the project, reference should be made to the project leader. Where a planning grant alone has been granted, the project is not listed here.

65 66 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Bank of Sweden Donation 76 Ph.D. Henrik Björck a hat-parade through the history 68 Professor Jan-Erik Gröjer of research in sweden accounting, interplay and efficient capital markets – empirical studies 76 Ass. Professor Liselotte Frisk of actors and interactions new religious movements of the 60s and 70s 69 Professor Leif Melin logic of ownership, accountability, 78 Ph.D. Erika Meyer-Dietrich emotions and family dynamics in the conception of humankind in egypt family-controlled firms 78 Professor Ulla Johnsson-Smaragdi 69 Ass. Professor Sven-Olof Collin medialisation of young people’s corporate governance and lives corporate entrepreneurship in companies and associations 79 Ass. Professor Torben Spaak relativism in legal thinking 70 Professor Guje Sevón performing management – 79 Professor Anders Fogelklou legal reforms as an instrument and performing one’s company an inspiration 70 Ph.D. Brita Hermelin the localisation of services to 80 Ph.D. Fredrik Agell the birth of philosophy out of metropolitan regions rhetoric: nietzsche’s reappraisal 71 Ph.D. Eva Eriksson of the sophists modern housing is shaped, 1940–1955 80 Ph.D. Erik Zillén 71 Professor Christer Lundh the swedish fable, 1600–1800: the contract-labour system in history of a genre manorial production – the case of skåne, 1800–1950 81 Ph.D. Annelie Bränström Öhman passion and emancipation: love, 72 Ph.D. Niklas Stenlås modernity and gender in swedish the emergence and transformation 20th-century novels of sweden’s military-industrial complex, 1945–2000 81 Ass. Professor Finn Rasmussen are overweight men discriminated 72 Ass. Professor Mariassunta Giannetti against on the labour market? boards, ceos’ incentives and corporate governance 82 Professor Staffan Fridell place-names in oral and written 73 Ass. Professor Hans Carlsson tradition fighting cartels 82 Professor Lars-Gunnar Andersson 73 Ph.D. Christine Quarfood constructions in swedish the montessori movement in england, italy and sweden, 1912–1939 83 Ph.D. Jan Svanlund how new words get their meaning: 74 Ph.D. Lotten Gustafsson a study of the conventionalisation the ancestor in the exhibition case of new compounds – a postcolonial analysis of swedish museum collections from 83 Ph.D. Anders Carlsson göteborg as a music centre between the congo continent and capital 74 Ph.D. Anna Lindberg marriage payments in south india 84 Ass. Professor Dan Egonsson quality of life and preference from 1930 to the present rationality 75 Ph.D. Erland Mårald in the aftermath of the ‘döda 84 Ph.D. Mikael Janvid doubting scepticism fallet disaster’: conceptions of catastrophes, nature and justice 85 Ass. Professor Åsa Wikforss knowledge of our own thoughts 75 Ass. Professor Gunlög Fur and beliefs gender and colonization in swedish lapland: saami women in 85 Ph.D. Martin Hall local courts the west – an essentially contested concept The Bank of Sweden Donation 67

86 Ph.D. Björn Badersten 94 Professor Lennart Schön the renaissance of the city-state? technology shifts and regional urbanity as the interface between development – economic local and global politics transformation in time and space

86 Professor Bo Rothstein 95 Professor Anne-Marie Leander Touati the quality of government the pompeian way – contextualising – a comparative approach pompeii

88 Ass. professor Frank Lindblad 95 Ass. Professor Francisco Lacerda etiology of severe psychosocial modeling interactive language maladaptation in adoptees – learning (mille 2004) cognitive aspects

88 Ph.D. Anna-Karin Andersson Infrastructural Support characteristics and development 96 Ph.D. Karin Martinsson of aggressive adolescent girls hortus rudbeckianus – the botanic garden and florilegia of olof 89 Professor Ulf Dimberg empathy and emotional contagion: rudbeck sr. understanding, experiencing and 97 Ass. Professor Stephan Borgehammar reacting to other people’s emotions english edition of the revelations of st birgitta, vol. 2–3 89 Professor Arne Öhman conscious awareness and emotional 97 Librarian Harriet Lacksten learning special collections of the jewish library in stockholm 90 Ass. professor Anders Broberg “the incredible years” – evaluating 98 Director Staffan Hildebrand the effect of webster-stratton’s face of aids – the global parent-training program documentation project

90 Ph.D. Eva Andersson 98 Professor Stefan Svallfors using statistical surveillance to european social survey round 2 construct a system for the quick and safe detection of turning 100 Ph.D. Clas Tollin points in cyclical processes edition of old large scale maps 100 Ph.D. Jonas Edlund The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation swedish values in a comparative perspective: the international 91 Ass. Professor Yvonne Maria Werner social survey program christian manliness – a paradox of modernity in a northern european 101 Director General Åse Kleveland context, 1840–1940 bergman interface

92 Ass. Professor Christina Garsten 101 Ass. Professor Barbro Ståhle Sjönell social affairs – governance scholarly editions of swedish for a normative economy classical authors’ œuvres

92 Ph.D. Ingela Bergman 102 Professor N. Anders Klevmarken cultural landscapes of the survey of health, ageing and mountains – internal and external retirement in europe factors in saami landscape acquisition, 1–1600 a.d. 102 Permanent Secretary Dr. Horace Engdahl the literature bank: a digital 93 Ph.D. Nils Ekedahl resource for swedish literature the creation of a royal dynasty: and humanities karl xiv johan and the myths of power 103 Head of Music Library and Archives Inger Mattsson saving and making available the 93 Professor Lisbeth Larsson unique historical video archives facts and fictions in literary of the royal swedish opera biography 103 Bachelor of Laws David Mörnegren 94 Professor Bengt Jacobsson digitization of the lund university the central government office and film society’s library the organization of swedish society 68 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Business economics Reg. no. J2003-0811

Accounting, interplay Professor and efficient capital Jan-Erik Gröjer markets – empirical Uppsala University studies of actors and 2004 SEK 430,000 interactions 2005 SEK 430,000

The Bank of Sweden • The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) builds on the idea of information efficiency and that the Donation market evens-out non-rational actors. At the same time we have witnessed numerous accounting, auditing and insider scandals. Furthermore, research suggests that accounting is losing its value relevance, i.e. the degree to which accounting explains share prices has diminished. Consequently, some researchers are questioning the EMH and new questions are being asked. Specifically, the accounting body of thought is starting to ask questions about the production, transmission and reception of accounting information by the actors on the capital market. The first step of the program will follow the different actors on the capital market, studying them and their interplay. As a theoretical hypothesis, accounting is also an actor involved in the creation of a capital market. By studying the actors views of (non-) efficient capital markets, we expect to find different views of efficiency. In the second and final step of the research program we plan to test new ways and new forms for the production, transmission and reception of accounting information in order to investigate the interplay between different actors. The overall aim of the research program is to increase the understanding of the role of accounting on the capital market, thereby contributing to a sophistication of the market. The Bank of Sweden Donation 69

Business economics Reg. no. J2003-0977 Business economics Reg. no. J2003-1052

Logic of ownership, Professor Corporate governance Ass. Professor accountability, Leif Melin and corporate Sven-Olof Collin emotions and family Jönköping International entrepreneurship in Kristianstad University dynamics in family- Business School companies and College controlled firms 2004 SEK 850,000 associations 2004 SEK 765,000 2005 SEK 850,000 2005 SEK 780,000

• The role of ownership in business is being given •The project will examine Swedish riding schools increasing attention. However, our knowledge of in order to find relationships between corporate controlling owners and owner families and how governance and corporate entrepreneurship. they conduct their ownership in different types of Theoretically, the fields of corporate governance business firms is still very low. This project aims at and corporate entrepreneurship are separated, filling this gap. The purpose is to increase our although empirical experience indicates a close knowledge of the type of ownership that families interrelationship. For example, a board’s hold in family-controlled businesses. Three main composition can have a vital influence on the research tasks define the core of this project: (1) to corporation’s capacity to create an efficient strategy. characterise the logic of ownership that the family- The empirical orientation of the two fields is mainly controlled firm represents and analyse the directed towards large, listed corporations. consequences of such logic for strategizing; (2) to Consequently, small companies in general and analyse how financial and management accounting associations in particular are not considered. Hence, practices influence and are influenced by structures our knowledge is theoretically fragmented and of accountability; (3) to analyse the role of empirically distorted. The project will examine one emotions in ownership and governance processes. industry, the riding school industry, since it The objective is to contribute new knowledge contains both private companies and public to four theoretical fields to which we relate the associations. Here it will be possible to focus on phenomenon of family ownership, i.e. strategizing, basic differences in corporate governance and its governance, accountability and emotions. The aim influence upon corporate entrepreneurship, keeping is to widen the emerging family business field by other factors constant, such as the demand structure focusing on important but overlooked research of the market and legislation. The project will issues and to make visible practical issues of contribute theoretical knowledge about the ways relevance for owner families and family businesses in which corporate governance and corporate in society. Fieldwork will be carried out through an entrepreneurship influence the performance of the ethnographically-oriented research design with six firm as well as empirical knowledge about firms in case studies, using observations, reflective the riding school industry and practical knowledge interviews and document reviews as well as focus- about the ways in which private companies and group interviews and actors’ diaries, i.e. an public associations can facilitate the development involvement of the organisational actors in order to of their firms. co-produce observations. 70 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Business economics Reg. no. J2003-1099 Cultural geography Reg. no. J2003-0430

Performing Professor The localisation of Ph.D. management – Guje Sevón services to Brita Hermelin performing one’s Stockholm School of metropolitan regions Stockholm University company Economics 2004 SEK 590,000 2004 SEK 325,000 2005 SEK 520,000 2005 SEK 325,000

• The project studies relations between company • The dominating location pattern for major parts representatives and their stakeholders. The point of the service sector is a spatial concentration to of departure is the double meaning of the English metropolitan regions. However, studies have also concept “performance” in which interpretations and shown processes of some geographical dispersal. evaluations of accomplishments are related to the The objective of this research project is to map and evaluation of a staged performance, as on a theatre analyse the concentration and dispersal of service stage. sectors that are growing, professional and over- (1) Performing one’s company: This sub-project represented in metropolitan regions. These types aims at studying evaluations of company of services are in the sectors of (1) producer services performance in which the judges – the audiences and financial services, (2) research and higher (the companies’ stakeholders) – play an important education, (3) cultural and personal services. role. Question posed: How are employees The theoretical perspective is defined in the influenced by an awareness of the performances by context of an institutional approach, in which the company management presented to another ‘economic’ and ‘non-economic’ factors are stakeholder group, namely the owners, in situations considered relevant. Location factors are conceived when these two interest groups have different as continuously produced and reproduced. In this interests in the company’s achievements? This project policy and planning will be particularly perspective on organizations as “performing” is new considered concerning their role in the in management research and should thus contribute development of location factors for growing and to management research and eventually to praxis. higher order services. (2) Analogical models in organizing: In the so- The project will make use of different types of called new economy there is a need for a different empirical data. Statistical data will be used to map logic for both managing and organizing. This sub- the geography of services for the period 1990–2002. project aims at contributing to a conceptual The metropolitan region of Stockholm will be the development of the use of models of the production case region for a questionnaire survey and an process or products as analogical models for interview study. The questionnaire will be targeted designing the logic for management and towards planners in the various municipalities in the organization structure. Question posed: How are Stockholm region. The interview study will involve analogous models used as guidelines for managing representatives of spatial planning and of service and organizing? sector and service firms. The Bank of Sweden Donation 71

Cultural geography Reg. no. J2003-1083 Economic history Reg. no. J2003-0605

Modern housing is Ph.D. The contract-labour Professor shaped, 1940–1955 Eva Eriksson system in manorial Christer Lundh Gotland University production – the case of Lund University College Skåne, 1800–1950 2004 SEK 990,000 2004 SEK 350,000 2005 SEK 990,000 2005 SEK 350,000

• The 1940s and early 1950s was one of the most • The contract-labour system in agriculture (the important formative periods in Swedish urban and statare system) is often depicted as a typical and architectural history, especially concerning housing. important characteristic of the large-scale farms At this time political and administrative tools were that evolved in Sweden during the agricultural created for the building of modern dwellings on transformation. However, we know relatively little a very large scale with public support. In a concrete about the preconditions for the appearance, sense the task was to shape the good dwelling for proliferation and decline of the statare system. a large spectrum of the population. It involved all Consequently, we lack knowledge of one important aspects of housing from town planning to interior part of the modernisation of Swedish agriculture details of the individual units. The role of Swedish and national economy. architects in this process was central. The profession This project analyses the efficiency and had experienced a radical change in the early 1930s, importance of the statare system in labour inspired by international avant-gardism. With the recruitment on estates in Skåne, from the first 1940s a period of practical work started, when appearance of the system in the early 19th century architects worked in a field of tension between until its abolition in 1944. Based on institutional tradition and modernity. The first modern economic theory, the contract-labour system is department stores were established in Swedish cities analysed in relation to the character of and changes and the effects of a growing use of private cars were in manorial production. The focus is on the perceptible. At the same time the creation of contrast between, on the one hand, existing modern housing required both social concern and concepts of production and institutions and, on the a certain amount of traditional housing qualities. other hand, technological change and changes in The current research project will study the the demand for manorial products and the supply modernisation process and its consequences for of labour. The contract-labour system is regarded architecture and urban structure in Swedish towns, as one possible arrangement of the contractual with the focus on housing. Two thematic threads relationship between employer and employee, and run through the project: the dualism between the analysis is directed towards its efficiency with modernity and tradition and the dualism between reference to the recruitment of labour. This analysis utopia and pragmatism. The project involves is undertaken in a comparative perspective: the international outlooks, with special concern for statare system is compared with alternative types influences from the USA and contacts with other of work organisation and forms of employment in Nordic countries. agriculture in other Swedish regions and abroad. In the project empirical studies of manorial production and work organisation are combined with studies of the wage and employment conditions of the contract workers. 72 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Economic history Reg. no. J2003-1069 Economics Reg. no. J2003-0192

The emergence and Ph.D. Boards, CEOs’ Ass. Professor transformation of Niklas Stenlås incentives and Mariassunta Giannetti Sweden’s military- KTH Royal Institute of corporate governance Stockholm School of industrial complex, Technology Economics 1945–2000 2004 SEK 500,000 2004 SEK 850,000 2005 SEK 500,000

• The aim of the project is to trace the history of • Much of the blame for the recent corporate the Swedish military-industrial complex after 1945. scandals following the demise of Enron has been The focus of the study will be the long series of placed on boards of directors, including the CEOs advanced combat aircraft that have been produced (see U.S. Congress, 2002). Although there is a large by the Swedish defence industry. First, the military economic literature on corporate governance which aircraft programmes have been technically and has focused on board composition, board structure economically important for central and technically and director and CEO compensation, academic dominant parts of Swedish industry. Second, they work on these issues has displayed little consensus have constituted a major part of Sweden’s defence concerning the optimal design of board structure and represented its aim for high technology. Third, and CEO and director incentives. The goal of the they have had a tremendous impact as politically research team is to shed light on several issues that symbolic markers of an independent, high-proﬁle, they believe have been neglected by both theoretical Swedish foreign policy. Swedish non-alliance has and empirical studies alike. In particular they plan been conditioned by the existence of an advanced to study how board effectiveness is affected by CEO defence industry. The policy of neutrality can thus and director incentive contracts, and the optimal be regarded as a basis for the legitimacy of Sweden’s design of board structure. Some of the questions Military-Industrial Complex and as a necessary they will be concerned with are the following: condition for its existence. – How does the choice of board structure vary The study is urgent for several reasons. First, the with the CEO incentive structure and CEO power? Swedish defence industry since the Second World – How much do directors monitor? Do the War has been a neglected research area and incentives provided by director compensation historical research on the defence industry during contracts matter, i.e. do executives respond to the period is almost totally lacking. Second, there incentive contracts? are no Swedish studies of the interest constellation – Why does CEO compensation vary so much of the military, politics and industry, commonly among countries? referred to in international research as the ‘Military- Industrial Complex’ (MIC). Third, internationally this is a vital research area, which makes it even more puzzling that the Swedish case has not been researched. Fourth, there are reasons to assume that Sweden’s MIC has played an important but previously disregarded role in the country’s modern political and economic history. The Bank of Sweden Donation 73

Economics Reg. no. J2003-0406 Education Reg. no. J2003-0463

Fighting cartels Ass. Professor The Montessori Ph.D. Hans Carlsson movement in England, Christine Quarfood Lund University Italy and Sweden, Göteborg University 2004 SEK 1,000,000 1912–1939 2004 SEK 672,000 2005 SEK 1,000,000 2005 SEK 684,000

• The project aims at studying how the behaviour • There is a good deal of research on Maria of firms, in particular their willingness to enter Montessori’s educational ideas, but not much on collusive arrangements, is affected by antitrust the movement that she initiated. In the period legislation and government antitrust action. The between the two World Wars, Montessori attracted starting point is the hypothesis that antitrust a large following. The spiritual and social liberation policies hamper communication and other of the child was the motto of the Montessori information-processing activities in which the Movement. The aim of the present project is to colluding firms need to engage. The firms’ choice of investigate how the message propagated by the strategy will be determined by a trade-off between Montessori Movement was received in three the potential benefits from participating in a cartel different countries, England, Italy and Sweden, and the costs linked to the risk of detection. The from about 1912 to 1939. The focus will be on the project includes both theoretical and empirical, interrelationship between educational innovation mainly experimental investigations. and the shaping of public opinion in the media. The theoretical part builds on a new approach to How, for instance, were such central concepts of the analysis of cartels that aims at handling certain the Montessori Movement as “freedom” and “auto- shortcomings of the predominant repeated-game education” understood in these diverse national models. The benefits of the new approach consist in contexts? And how should we explain the a more realistic view of the agents’ cognitive movement’s lack of impact in Sweden, during a limitations and a greater chance of arriving at period when many other experiments in social determinate predictions. engineering were encouraged? The initial The empirical part of the project aims at testing hypothesis of this study is that the Montessori the conclusions of the theoretical analysis and to Movement concerned itself not only with the study collusive behaviour experimentally. In school curriculum and the marketing of didactic particular, the experiments will investigate how materials but also with more far-reaching questions willingness to communicate is affected by the about the place of children in society. The child was presence of a certain risk of detection and the “forgotten citizen”, a children’s party ought to punishment. be created. The Montessorians were among the first to reflect upon the growing generation gap. Social evils such as war and criminality were traced back to the war between adults and children. The “normalizing” education provided by Montessori schools might, however, solve all these problems. 74 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Ethnology Reg. no. J2003-1034 History Reg. no. J2003-0045

The ancestor in Ph.D. Marriage payments in Ph.D. the exhibition case Lotten Gustafsson South India from 1930 Anna Lindberg – a postcolonial The National Museum of to the present Lund University analysis of Swedish Ethnography 2004 SEK 700,000 museum collections 2004 SEK 615,000 2005 SEK 700,000 from the Congo 2005 SEK 620,000

•A signiﬁcant number of Swedes worked in the • The custom of dowry payments among various Congo Free State (1885–1908), the ill-reputed classes, religions, and castes in South India is the private colony of the Belgian king Leopold II. They subject of this interdisciplinary study. Dowries have played various roles, for example as sailors, military become a growing problem in India and have ofﬁcers and missionaries. Some played an active contributed to violence, including murder and part in the ongoing exploitation, others were its sex-selective abortions. The huge dowries a bride’s critics. In all these groups there were collectors of family feels forced to pay to the groom and his objects, some of which later became parts of family have had negative repercussions on the museum collections, large ethnographic exhibitions identity of women – a paradox in these times of and displays shown in missionary circles. The so-called “modernization”. project aims to analyse the role that Congolese The project focuses on two states, Kerala and objects played in the shaping and distribution, in Karnataka, regions that are underrepresented with Sweden, of images of Africa, and thereby also the regard to studies on dowry. Kerala is of particular role of the Swedish nation in the colonial project. interest because of its matrilineal tradition and the Through case studies of collections created by male prevalence of marriages between cousins. The state and female Swedes with varying roles in the Congo of Kerala lends itself to comparative studies, as its Free State, research will be carried out on the ways population is about 20% Christian, 20% Muslim in which objects were put together and charged and 60% Hindu. In addition, there are many castes with different meanings in varying contexts. Besides and subgroups within the three main religions. The the collections themselves, various kinds of source methodology to be employed will combine material will be used such as exhibition catalogues, historical sources with in-depth interviews and will missionary literature, photographs, travel accounts seek to determine the social groups, chronology and diaries. The project relates to postcolonial and reasons for the spread of the dowry system. theory and contributes to recent discussions of museology and in particular to a revitalization of the study of museum collections. By focusing on the formation of Sweden’s relations to the Other in a historical context, it can also help to deepen our understanding of problems in our present-day multicultural society. The Bank of Sweden Donation 75

History Reg. no. J2003-0529 History Reg. no. J2003-1021

In the aftermath of the Ph. D. Gender and Ass. Professor ‘Döda Fallet Disaster’: Erland Mårald colonization in Swedish Gunlög Fur conceptions of Umeå University Lapland: Saami women Växjö University catastrophes, nature 2004 SEK 665,000 in local courts 2004 SEK 660,000 and justice 2005 SEK 675,000 2005 SEK 660,000

• A disaster creates more than just devastation and •During the course of the seventeenth century the destruction. Such an event can also function as a Swedish crown intensified its presence in the north cultural seismograph. A disaster results in many through the execution of legal and religious affairs reactions, thereby bringing the contemporary world during yearly gatherings between Saamis and of ideas and people’s values into immediate focus. Swedes at regional market places. The court This project will investigate one of the greatest constituted an arena for the representatives of the disasters in Swedish history, the ‘Döda Fallet crown to exert influence and control over Saami Disaster’, which occurred on the night between 6th communities, but it was also a forum for Saami and 7th June, 1796. An attempt to dig a channel conflict management. In general court records past Storforsen, a stretch of rapids on the Indal reveal the interactions between men. In this study river, led to the river breaking a new course and the searchlight is turned on women’s roles and drowning the valley in a tidal wave. Prior to the positions in their contacts with Swedish ensuing legal process, an inspection was carried out colonization efforts through a focus on those in the area at which all parties concerned could put situations when women were present at the court forward their views on the catastrophe and their proceedings. How can this presence be understood claims for compensation. Thanks to this inspection and what is the significance of women’s absence it is possible to grasp the frame of reference by from the courts? International research has which common people understood the disaster. demonstrated that gender, or social practices Officials, lawyers and other persons in authority regarding sex, is a constitutive element of colonial also interpreted the event at the same time. The aim relations. Practices regarding marriages and of this project is to analyse the attitudes to nature, sexuality, division of labour, political authority and problems and legal concepts that were introduced belief systems contain aspects of gender that have in the encounter between learned interpretations had a decisive impact on the development of and popular culture. In what ways was the disaster colonialism. Early modern Sweden and its morally charged? What were the relations between colonization in Lapland has not previously been religious, scientific and legal explanations? Were studied from this perspective. The project seeks to there any legal precedents to fall back on, and what analyse court documents to reveal fundamental role was assigned to nature? Furthermore, the aim aspects of how Saamis chose to act in this of this project is to examine the catastrophe in a encounter with a Swedish legal system and how larger context, thereby offering perspectives on the a colonial relationship developed between the present debate about a risk society, norm formation Swedish crown and Saami people. and the relation between society and nature. 76 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

History of ideas Reg. no. J2003-0144 History of religion Reg. no. J2003-0097

A hat-parade through Ph.D. New religious Ass. Professor the history of research Henrik Björck movements of the 60s Liselotte Frisk in Sweden Göteborg University and 70s Dalarna University 2004 SEK 545,000 College 2005 SEK 560,000 2004 SEK 390,000 2005 SEK 390,000

• This project explores institutional conditions for • The aim of this project is to examine five of the research and higher education. The focus is on how new religious movements of the 60s and 70s and “graduate education” has been construed and their development over time, thereby relating to institutionalised. From the perspective of a and expanding existing theoretical perspectives on contextualising history of science the project will the development of religious organizations. The five examine how different doctoral degrees have been movements chosen are: the Hare Krishna move- approved by the authorities, whereby the applicant ment, the Osho movement, the Family/Children of educational institutes have been granted rank and God, the Unification Church/Family Federation resources. The main theme of the project thus and the Church of Scientology. These movements delineated serves as a prism through which more have developed in very different ways, so the project general trends and issues are reflected. The period will look into ideological, organizational and social investigated stretches from 1870, when a PhD factors that might influence different kinds of degree was introduced into universities, to 1969, development. The movements will be investigated when the different doctoral degrees that had been on a global scale, but with a strong emphasis on a accepted were replaced by the uniform Swedish local and national plane (Sweden). An interesting “doktorsexamen”. The processes that during these question is what has happened to the second 100 years led engineers, veterinarians, agronomists, generation of these movements in Sweden. Their economists, foresters, dentists and pharmacists to development over time will be investigated through be acknowledged as real researchers are analysed. different types of written material, interviews and The doctorate as an institution affected activities field studies. The method will be essentially in the institutes for professional education, a qualitative, descriptive and comparative. To shed dissemination that eventually had repercussions on light on the individual level as well, a number of the universities. After World War II, when society deep interviews will be conducted with long-term was perceived to be in need of more research and members of the movements. The interviews will be the notion of “research policy” was established, the analysed using theories from social constructivism, education of researchers became a key issue. with a certain emphasis on how the individual “Graduate education” evolved into a general notion constructs a self-biography and creates personal and an object of uniform political regulation. narratives. Throwing historical light on this institution may illuminate some of the problems that attempts to reform it have met.

78 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

History of religion Reg. no. J2003-0444 Information technology Reg. no. J2003-0289

The conception Ph.D. Medialisation of young Professor of humankind Erika Meyer-Dietrich people’s lives Ulla Johnsson-Smaragdi in Egypt Uppsala University Växjö University 2004 SEK 700,000 2004 SEK 550,000 2005 SEK 710,000 2005 SEK 555,000

• Ach, Ba, heart, Ka, body and shade are • The aim of the project is to analyse whether the constituents of the concept of person within the media during the last 15 years have contributed to Egyptian religion and are significant for the concept increased consumerism and individualisation and to of man in Egyptian culture. Because of the lack of the privatisation and globalisation of young similar concepts within our own cultural heritage people’s lives. Quantitative, longitudinal data will there is a need to elucidate their meaning. Although be analysed in order to elucidate this empirically. extensive research has been carried out within The focus is on the home and private life in relation Egyptology, uncertainties and questions regarding to public life, on the individual contra social their semantics and lexicography remain. Efforts to identity, on the role as a citizen or as a consumer impose western terminology on Egyptian concepts and on local or global anchorage. – for example, the Christian notion of soul on the Some central questions are whether the balance Egyptian notion of Ba – have obliterated their between leisure time spent in private or in public meaning. These misconceptions about ideas areas has changed or whether engagement in sports embedded in Egyptian religion had consequences activities, cultural activities or other leisure activities for the understanding of it both in scientific circles outside home has decreased over time. Is a displace- and among the public at large. Such misunder- ment from active participation to passive consump- standings should be counter-balanced with sound tion discernible; from being a participant to being information. Therefore it is highly important to a recipient? The importance of individual identity gain appropriate knowledge of the way in which the and life style is emphasised at the expense of social concepts functioned in their proper Egyptian identity. The media world has also become context. The project will be carried out in the globalised, which has consequences for the ways context where the concept of person is most in which children and young people perceive prominent, that is, in funerary ritual. This ritual themselves, their lives and their place in the world. process presents the semantic frame in which the Ethnographical research in this area is concept of humankind gains its meaning. theoretically solid, but there is a lack of empirical evidence. It is essential to have empirical analyses that can confirm or disprove theories with quantitative data, comparable over groups as well as over contexts. It is also essential to support and modulate earlier research. Such data are available in the database of the longitudinal research programme Media Panel, which comprises empirical data from 1975 to 2002. The Bank of Sweden Donation 79

Law Reg. no. J2003-0069 Law Reg. no. J2003-0190

Relativism in legal Ass. Professor Legal reforms as an Professor thinking Torben Spaak instrument and an Anders Fogelklou Uppsala University inspiration Uppsala University 2004 SEK 608,000 2004 SEK 1,000,000 2005 SEK 665,000 2005 SEK 1,000,000

• This project aims to analyze critically relativistic •All over the world international and bilateral arguments in legal scholarship (or “legal science”), agencies assist and support efforts to achieve legal that is, arguments that assume that something (a and judicial reform. However, in many developing statement, a moral judgment, etc.) (1) is correct and transitional countries these reforms have not only in relation to a certain starting-point and (2) rendered the desired results. There are many that no such starting-point is better or more correct examples of old problems being conserved or even than any other. Examples to be discussed will be aggravated, and a general feeling of cynicism and drawn from the ﬁelds of criminal law, international disappointment about law as a tool for social and law, and jurisprudence (the philosophy of law), political change seems to be emerging. The basic especially the part of jurisprudence that treats legal idea of the project is therefore to identify examples reasoning. The central question is if and in what of legal and judicial reforms in Eastern Europe and areas relativistic arguments are valid. Such an analysis Asia that contrast with this gloomy picture and will be of interest not only because relativistic have instead helped to inspire further, and even arguments are often problematic but also because more profound, efforts to address conditions of it may contribute to the international debate about arbitrariness, incompetence and corruption within the objectivity of law – for it seems that relativism the government and judiciary. and objectivity cannot easily be combined. This These “positive examples” are described and analysis is likely to yield new and interesting analysed at three levels: (1) Capacity to realize the knowledge, especially since the subject matter in ambitions and purposes of the speciﬁc reform question has not been treated in a systematic initiative (legal or institutional); (2) Capacity to fashion in Swedish or in international legal visualize for a broader audience the institutional scholarship. The project is estimated to require competence established; and (3) Capacity to two years’ full-time work by one person, and to contribute to further dissemination. result in four penetrating articles in English and The project will also help to develop the current, one survey article in Swedish. but incomplete, theoretical framework for analysing the conditions for transferring legal and institutional concepts from one environment to another. Legal and judicial reforms are intimately connected with and dependent on other factors such as politics, economy and culture. The project will therefore combine institutionally and legally oriented analyses of the laws and institutions selected with more informal and empirical methods such as interviews, case studies, opinion polls and media studies. 80 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Literature Reg. no. J2003-0478 Literature Reg. no. J2003-0779

The birth of philosophy Ph.D. The Swedish fable, Ph.D. out of rhetoric: Fredrik Agell 1600–1800: History of Erik Zillén Nietzsche’s reappraisal Stockholm University a genre Lund University of the Sophists 2004 SEK 650,000 2004 SEK 750,000 2005 SEK 670,000 2005 SEK 770,000

• Since the 1970s, Nietzsche and rhetoric has been a • The object of this research project is to investigate hotly debated topic, not only in philosophy but also the fable as a literary genre, its position and in aesthetics, comparative literature and philology. functions in Swedish literature from 1600 to 1800. For the most part, studies in the subject have been In the continental history of the genre this period more representative of deconstructive methods than presents a dynamic development, from traditional of the historical Nietzsche. And even if source fable via La Fontaine fable to fable of criticism, especially German Nietzsche studies, has Enlightenment. In Sweden, too, the fable became corrected the worst excesses in the debate, there are an increasingly productive and popular genre still very few studies offering historically faithful during the 17th and 18th centuries. On the basis of and comprehensive accounts of the relationship a representative Swedish text corpus the project between rhetoric and philosophy in Nietzsche’s intends to survey the patterns according to which thought. This project aims at providing such a the unusually transformable fable genre follows a comprehensive account, tying Nietzsche’s view general European line of development and is of rhetoric to his siding with the Sophists against governed by and reflects internal conditions and Plato and Socrates. This is a highly interesting processes of change. Analyses of narration, allegory subject, yet it has received little scholarly attention. and didactics in a set of key texts will be combined In the words of Hans Blumenberg, a noted expert with a contextualising perspective, focusing on the on mythology: “Nietzsche’s later excesses have been fable as a utility text of communication. In Swedish connected in far too small degree to his early literary scholarship the fable has long been a antipathy toward Socrates, which must be seen in neglected domain of research. Only one separate every respect as a siding with the Sophists and an study exists, Ivar Hjertén’s Fabel och anekdot inom incorporation of their speech culture.” (Höhlen- Sveriges 1700-talslitteratur (1910). In the international ausgänge 1989). The project will also pay attention field, however, the last few decades have witnessed to the debt that Nietzsche’s positive re-evaluation of extensive fable research, which, setting out from the Sophists, and the corresponding devaluation of modern reception theory, inter alia, has radically “the metaphysician” Plato, owes to post-Kantian renewed our understanding of the genre’s role in philosophy, in particular the work of F. A. Lange, literary culture, especially during the 17th and 18th but also to the philological work of the period. centuries. The present project aims at filling a gap in Swedish literary scholarship as well as making a contribution to contemporary exploration of the history of European fable. The Bank of Sweden Donation 81

Literature Reg. no. J2003-0815 Medicine Reg. no. J2003-0543

Passion and Ph.D. Are overweight men Ass. Professor emancipation: Love, Annelie Bränström discriminated against on Finn Rasmussen modernity and gender Öhman the labour market? Karolinska Institutet in Swedish 20th- Umeå University 2004 SEK 824,000 century novels 2004 SEK 700,000 2005 SEK 414,000 2005 SEK 700,000

• At the turn of the last century erotic love was an •Discrimination against people who are overweight urgent topic in political debate as well as in fiction. can reduce their opportunities for education, a During the “modern breakthrough” (in the 1880s) good job and a favorable income trend, and also love was established as a dividing line in the intense increase the risk of unemployment. The aim of the cultural debates over gender and modernity. A few study is to analyse the socio-economic decades later the question of love’s relation to consequences of overweight that appears during emancipation was actualised by the movement for youth. The study covers 450,000 men, born in women’s suffrage. After that, in the course of the Sweden 1952–61, who underwent a medical 20th century, the concept of love and its possible examination for compulsory military service at the meanings – including its impact on gender politics age of 18 or 19 (during 1970–80). The socio- – was constantly discussed and negotiated. economic consequences of overweight are studied However, the location of the discussion, as well as longitudinally for 20–30 years following its intensity and emphasis, varied from decade to conscription. Research questions: (1) Do men who decade. In short, it is possible to describe the are overweight since youth show lower educational changing measurement of love in terms of a attainment than men of normal weight? (2) Do continuous depoliticisation and marginalisation in overweight men show a poorer personal-income the public sphere, while at the same time the trend than men of normal weight? (3) Do literary interest for love seems to be unbroken. The overweight young men show weaker upward, and project aims to map, from a perspective of gender, sometimes even downward, social mobility than how changes regarding the view of erotic love are young men of normal weight? (4) Is the risk of reflected in a number of Swedish 20th-century unemployment greater among overweight men novels, from Hjalmar Söderberg and Elin Wägner than among men of normal weight? The study is to Ulf Lundell and Agneta Pleijel. The study argues based on record linkage between several Swedish that fiction, and particularly the genre of the novel, national registers. Information on body mass index may function as a kind of an alternative public (BMI) and aptitude is to be taken from the sphere where love’s position in modernity – as well National Conscription Register, and on education, as its emancipatory potential – is defended by occupation, employment status and income from ceaseless re-considerations and re-interpretations. registers administered by Statistics Sweden. It is estimated that the study will encompass 31,500 men with moderate overweight, and 4,500 men with severe overweight (obesity). Knowledge of the personal-income trend and social mobility of overweight and obese people can be of great significance in societal debate, for employers and employees and most likely in community planning. 82 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Modern languages Reg. no. J2003-0157 Modern languages Reg. no. J2003-0837

Place-names in oral and Professor Constructions in Professor written tradition Staffan Fridell Swedish Lars-Gunnar Andersson Uppsala University Göteborg University 2004 SEK 780,000 2004 SEK 600,000 2005 SEK 810,000 2005 SEK 600,000

• On the basis of a larger empirical body of data • This project will deal with syntactic constructions, in a selected region this project aims at trying to i.e. linguistic units that, on the one hand, are too construct a model of the ways in which place-names complex and general to be called words or idioms have been transferred parallelly in oral and written and, on the other hand, are too restricted and tradition from the Middle Ages up to the present specific to count as general syntactic patterns. This day, and how the two lines of tradition have is in accordance with the linguistic model known as affected one another. The result will have Construction Grammar. Firstly, the project has an methodological significance in principle, since the empirical and descriptive side whose aim is to come most important sources for place-name up with a reasonably comprehensive account of interpretation – older written forms and dialect syntactic constructions in Swedish (essentially a pronunciation respectively – can be added to a wide description but here and there also providing dynamic model and be better judged from the point more in-depth accounts). The construction “the…, of view of source evaluation. the …” in English or “ju …, desto …” in Swedish The project will be carried out in such a manner may serve as an example. Neither at the lexical or that all settlement names in a region of suitable size the syntactic level do most contemporary theories will be examined. The names which are etymologi- capture the fact that the two related elements in the cally transparent, i.e. the names from which it its construction have to be comparative expressions possible to reconstruct an Old Swedish form (the more/sooner, the merrier/better etc.). This without difficulty, will be selected. These names will pattern has to be described as a construction, a then be carefully scrutinised as far as oral and specific element within the grammar. Secondly, written tradition in different types of texts and there is a theoretical side to the project. The idea is contexts is concerned. The purpose is to find to investigate the concept of syntactic constructions patterns that can be fitted into a general model of and the role they play in language change and place-name tradition. The investigation will take language use in general. The basic idea behind the place against the background of what is known project is that syntactic constructions are not just about the dialect of the region. At the same time, what is left over when the lexicon and the syntax are it must be borne in mind that we generally know completed. Rather they are important elements in dialectal pronunciation through records from the human language, so they deserve fair treatment late 19th or early 20th century, and that the dialect within grammar. of those times has probably to a certain degree gone through restitution of older changes of pronunciation under the influence of standard and written language. The Bank of Sweden Donation 83

Modern languages Reg. no. J2003-0966 Musicology Reg. no. J2003-0476

How new words get Ph.D. Göteborg as a music Ph.D. their meaning: a study Jan Svanlund centre between Anders Carlsson of the conventionali- The Swedish Language continent and capital Göteborg University sation of new com- Council 2004 SEK 780,000 pounds 2004 SEK 340,000 2005 SEK 800,000 2005 SEK 310,000

• We make new words partly through • According to Göran Therborn the bourgeois class compounding, i.e. word-formations like “time- in Sweden was first established in Göteborg in the sharing”. The aim of this project is to investigate period between 1802 and 1816. This historical how new Swedish compounds become established, evolution can also be seen in music history. Certain i.e. conventionalised, and especially how they new trends in the musical life of the continent were receive their meaning. We know that this is not first established in Sweden among the bourgeois simply provided by the parts of the compound. The families in Göteborg before they reached the meaning of new words is affected by several factors, capital, Stockholm. There are several elements that including patterns from similar word-formations, contributed to this special climate in Göteborg: on meanings and knowledge domains activated by the the one hand, its proximity to the continent and its parts of the compound, knowledge activated by the various cultural centres, on the other hand, the lack usage situations, discourse patterns connected to of old cultural traditions and institutions with these situations and the linguistic contexts in which which the capital was invested. Financially, the compounds are established Göteborg had extremely successful families, and The project will analyse how meaning is some of them used their fortunes to fulfil their established for words conventionalised in public cultural ambitions. Some of their money was used domains as well as for words created in more to engage prominent musicians and to invest in colloquial situations. How do we reach an other ways in the city’s musical life and its approximate consensus on meaning? What is the development. This is what Patrik Alströmer did, as relative prominence of affecting factors and how did the families who engaged Smetana to stay in do these interact? The study aims at finding a better Göteborg for five years. This project will make a understanding both of the social processes of survey of music life in Göteborg during the earlier meaning creation and of how our mental lexicons half of the 19th century and connect the earlier work. The compounds will be studied in their period explored by Jan Ling – the latter half of the contexts, in both written and spoken corpora. 18th century, especially Patrik Alströmer – with the These contexts will be thoroughly analysed, with latter half of the 19th century, explored earlier and special attention to the kind of phrases the published by Anders Carlsson in 1996. compounds are included in. As well as indicating the actual meanings, this is also a central aspect of the conventionalisation process itself. Theoretical points of departure will be construction grammar and the theory of conceptual integration. 84 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Philosophy Reg. no. J2003-0536 Philosophy Reg. no. J2003-0585

Quality of life and Ass. Professor Doubting scepticism Ph.D. preference rationality Dan Egonsson Mikael Janvid Lund University Stockholm University 2004 SEK 385,000 2004 SEK 500,000 2005 SEK 395,000 2005 SEK 510,000

• According to preferentialism, welfare consists in • The aim of the project is to investigate three having one’s preferences satisfied. We ought to ask modern ways of answering the sceptical challenge what requirements these preferences should satisfy. within epistemology. These three strategies are For instance, is it important that they are rational externalism, contextualism and transcendental and informed? Other theories deny that welfare is arguments, all of which have aroused a great deal what quality of life is about. In these theories other of interest within analytic philosophy. The first considerations than faring well may be more two strategies reject two different assumptions of important for an individual – such as making a traditional epistemology, while the third turns the contribution to science or philosophy. Preferences sceptical challenge against itself. Externalism rejects and the satisfaction of preferences seem important the assumption that an epistemological subject in any theory of quality of life. No such theory must be able to give reasons for its knowledge- claims that an individual’s preferences and wishes claims in order to qualify as knowing it. have no importance whatsoever for the quality of Contextualism denies that knowledge is a context- his or her life. Therefore, the main questions in this independent entity. The aim of transcendental project seem to have general relevance for the arguments is to show that the sceptic assumes subject field: (1) How are we to understand the full- something he or she purports to doubt. The project information account of preference rationality? For intends to answer the question whether these three instance, should it be related to an individual’s strategies succeed. In order to do so an adequate epistemic circumstances? (2) Is the full-information analysis of the structure of sceptical arguments is account a reasonable demand? For instance, can we needed. On the basis of such an analysis and an ignore actual and irrational preferences and satisfy investigation of these three strategies, the project hypothetical and rational preferences instead? will also investigate the role of aprioristic knowledge claims in arguments against scepticism (that is, knowledge claims not based on experience). Sceptical arguments are highly relevant for philosophy. Even if sceptical conclusions are not drawn, many philosophical positions employ sceptical arguments in their criticism of traditional views of knowledge. Relativism is an example. It is thus of general interest to investigate sceptical arguments and the three strategies which philosophers have tied their hopes to. The Bank of Sweden Donation 85

Philosophy Reg. no. J2003-0731 Political science Reg. no. J2003-0261

Knowledge of our own Ass. Professor The West – an Ph. D. thoughts and beliefs Åsa Wikforss essentially contested Martin Hall Stockholm University concept Lund University 2004 SEK 700,000 2004 SEK 595,000 2005 SEK 725,000 2005 SEK 615,000

• The purpose of the project is to examine the • ‘The West’ is a contested concept that is situated knowledge we have of our own thoughts and at the centre of a series of controversies in the social beliefs. This knowledge has traditionally been sciences, the humanities and public debate. The assumed to be particularly direct and indubitable: purpose of this project is to clarify and critically I can doubt the truth of my thoughts, but not that discuss the contestedness of ‘the West’. An I am thinking these thoughts. However, this important hypothesis of the project is that the traditional picture of self- knowledge has come analytical vagueness of the concept may be under pressure during the past decade as a result of translated into a problematic flexibility in its the widely-held view that thought content is to be rhetorical usage. In brief, a vague and emotionally given an externalistic account. According to this charged concept with scientific or historical theory, thought content depends not on the internal pretensions can be used to legitimise a variety of properties of an individual but on his or her political objectives. external environment. This implies that a change in The project will filter three sets of literatures the individual’s environment may lead to a change through an analytical framework consisting of four in thought content, even though the individual is pairs of concepts. The first set is the core unaware of the change. The focus of the debate is “International relations literature”. The second set is whether externalism is compatible with a plausible centred around the rise of the Western world, or account of first-person knowledge of thoughts and the European miracle. The third set deals with the beliefs. Among the questions that will be discussed historical origin and development of the West and are the following: Is externalism really incompatible with the allegedly political or eurocentric content of with self-knowledge? Is it correct that this the ‘Western canon’. The four pairs of concepts knowledge is particularly direct and indubitable? which form the analytical framework are Can we know the content of a thought that we only universalism/particularism, time/space, grasp incompletely? How is knowledge of thought civilisation/globalisation and history/myth. content related to knowledge of beliefs and desires? Is scepticism with regard to first-person knowledge coherent? The central questions, therefore, are epistemological, but the ultimate goal is to formulate a plausible theory of thought content. 86 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Political science Reg. no. J2003-0312 Political science Reg. no. J2003-0896

The renaissance of the Ph.D. The quality of Professor city-state? Urbanity as Björn Badersten government – Bo Rothstein the interface between Lund University a comparative approach Göteborg University local and global politics 2004 SEK 575,000 2004 SEK 770,000 2005 SEK 595,000 2005 SEK 770,000

• This project aims at furthering our understanding • The aim of the project is to study the importance of the city as political space. Today, cities around of the character of political institutions in a the world enhance their position vis-à-vis a comparative perspective. The background is a predominant, centralized state. Supported by number of important studies from different vigorous economic and political development, disciplines showing that the design of government cities increase their demands on autonomy and institutions is important for economic as well as self-determination and have become powerful social and democratic development. This concerns actors on the international scene. At the same time, the presence of impartial, uncorrupted, competent, trans-territorial networks emerge in which leading predictable authorities, electoral systems, courts, cities collaborate in a global context. In both these etc. The aim of the project is to address three respects, a return of history seems apparent – problems within this field of research. The first metaphorically, we might refer to a “renaissance of problem is theoretical and concerns the question of the city-state”. Two lines of reasoning mark the foci how such “efficient” institutions can be established. of the project: lines of reasoning that refer to the There is a lack of theoretical models that can explain dual meaning of this renaissance and that, in how such institutions can come about. The second extension, constitute corner-stones in a theoretical problem is methodological. Most studies in this understanding of urbanity as social space. First, the field have been carried out as single-case studies project is directed towards the city’s internal or local from which it is difficult to make generalizations. character and the city’s function as a spatial The project aim is to address this problem by a foundation for the organization of politics. Second, comparative case-study method, as well as by it focuses on the city as a political node in trans- quantitative methods, in order to test in a more territorial global networks. The discussion boils systematic manner theoretically derived hypotheses. down to an integrated analysis of the city as an The third problem is empirical. Existing datasets are interface between local and global politics. At heart widespread and difficult to evaluate and also stands the city’s capacity to successfully navigate in difficult to survey. This is a problem for aggregate this field of tension, illustrated through case studies as well as micro-level data. The aim of the project is of three contemporary cities. However, the analysis to collect and evaluate available data that will be also aims at uncovering a new multifaceted political made generally accessible for researchers who want order marked by several partially-overlapping levels to work in this field. This databank will be used for of authority. quantitative analysis but also for identifying countries that are suitable for comparative historical and qualitative analysis. New religious movements of the 60s and 70s 76 88 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Psychology Reg. no. J2003-0226 Psychology Reg. no. J2003-0240

Etiology of severe Ass. Professor Characteristics Ph.D. psychosocial Frank Lindblad and development Anna-Karin Andersson maladaptation National Institute for of aggressive Örebro University in adoptees Psychosocial Medicine adolescent girls 2004 SEK 203,000 – cognitive aspects 2004 SEK 422,000 2005 SEK 180,000 2005 SEK 177,000

• Increased risks of severe psychiatric psycho- • Aggressive behaviour has been seen as a risk pathology (suicide, parasuicide, psychiatric hospital factor for future social maladjustment, particularly care) and serious social disturbances (addiction, among boys, and with an emphasis on the criminality) have been demonstrated. The academic traditional antisocial measures of adjustment. It is achievement of adoptees is lower than that of peers not until recently that researchers have recognized from similar SES circumstances. This raises the the developmental risks for aggressive girls. In spite question whether limited cognitive capacity may of increasing interest in aggressive girls’ have contributed to the psychosocial symptoms. development, empirical studies with a female Previously, a link has been established between perspective are rare. Generally, researchers have cognitive capacity and risks of parasuicide and considered that aggressive girls’ developmental schizophrenia. trajectories are not necessarily antisocial, but rather The aims are to search for possible mechanisms encompass other forms of negative adjustment, underlying such over-risks, with the further aim of such as problems in relations to parents, peers, and creating preventive and therapeutic interventions. boyfriends, problems in school, or depression. In Main questions. Are there – at a group level – addition, studies focusing on the relevance of many differences in cognitive capacity between inter- of the forms of aggression that have been shown to country adoptees, national adoptees and non- be relevant for boys’ adjustment are rare, especially adoptees? May such differences explain differences when put in relation to different types of problems. in risks of developing severe psychosocial The aim of the present project is to look more symptoms? closely at the development and adjustment of Information about results from cognitive tests aggressive girls during adolescence, to ﬁnd typical performed in military enlistment examinations on negative developmental trajectories and factors that all men born 1951–1976 who had undergone military contribute to these and to ﬁnd the factors that can conscription between 1969 and 1994 (appr. act protectively, thereby steering the girls’ 1,000,000 individuals), was obtained from the development in a more positive direction. The Military Service Conscription Register. project is conducted within the framework of the Swedish longitudinal 10-to-18 study, which follows the development of all 3,100 children and adolescents between the ages 10 to 18 in a Swedish community. The Bank of Sweden Donation 89

Psychology Reg. no. J2003-0593 Psychology Reg. no. J2003-0893

Empathy and emotional Professor Conscious awareness Professor contagion: Ulf Dimberg and emotional learning Arne Öhman understanding, Uppsala University Karolinska Institutet experiencing and 2004 SEK 1,000,000 2004 SEK 865,000 reacting to other 2005 SEK 1,000,000 2005 SEK 887,000 people’s emotions

• Empathy plays an important role in daily social • Emotions incorporate feelings and bodily life and emotional communication. It is the ability activations. We feel an emotion when the body to understand and share another person’s emotions reacts, e.g. with heart-rate increases and escape and may therefore be fundamental for reading tendencies. The felt and the bodily components another person’s thoughts and feelings; it is of emotion, however, are often dissociated. probably a critical component of what is called Traditionally, psychologists have (with little emotional intelligence. One important aspect of evidence) assumed that concordance between empathy is emotional communication, which to a feeling and bodily responses is characteristic of well- great extent occurs with the help of biologically- functioning individuals. The purpose of this project based facial expressions. There is no simple is to examine the relationship between conscious definition of empathy. Emotional empathy can be expectancies and bodily responses during simple knowing/understanding what another person is emotional learning. For example, a controversial feeling; experiencing the same feeling as the other question in this area is whether it is possible to person; and reacting compassionately to another associate emotional responses with new stimuli person’s distress. The present project will explore without understanding what is happening. which of these components is/are related to Participants in the experiments will be exposed to emotional empathy when subjects are exposed to simple Pavlovian conditioning situations in which pictures of the emotional expressions of other visual stimuli are presented in conjunction with people. Empathy is measured with the help of an slightly aversive stimuli. The relationship between established questionnaire. By detecting the subjects’ the stimuli will be concealed, either through own facial muscle reactions, how they embedding them in a distracting task or through interpret/evaluate the emotional expressions and backward masked presentation of the visual stimuli how their self-experience of emotion is influenced (which thus will not be consciously perceived). by the exposure of pictures of facial expressions, it Felt emotions as well as awareness of stimulus is possible to relate these activities to the degree of relationships will be assessed by self-rating. Bodily empathetic ability. The project will study both responses will be measured by psychophysiological normal subjects and clinically relevant groups such measures, including regional cerebral blood flow for as people with social fear and Asperger’s syndrome. localizing brain correlates of feelings and bodily The project will also focus on sex/gender reactions. The project will provide important differences. information about fundamental emotional processes that are important in psychiatric contexts such as anxiety syndromes. 90 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Psychology Reg. no. J2003-0949 Statistics Reg. no. J2003-0558

“The Incredible Years” Ass. Professor Using statistical Ph.D. – evaluating the effect Anders Broberg surveillance to Eva Andersson of Webster-Stratton’s Göteborg University construct a system Göteborg University parent-training program 2004 SEK 861,000 for the quick and safe 2004 SEK 790,000 2005 SEK 861,000 detection of turning 2005 SEK 830,000 points in cyclical processes

• Children who display more than normal • In many areas repeated observations of processes symptoms of defiance and aggression early in life are made in order to detect changes. Typical are prone to develop serious externalising behaviour examples are industrial process control, public (e.g. conduct disorder and substance abuse). health monitoring and financial trading systems. Structured parent-training programs are the most These processes contain random components, so effective treatment for young children with statistical methodology is needed in order to externalising behaviour problems. “The Incredible separate the important changes from the stochastic Years” is a manual-based, parent-training program variation. This project focuses on cyclical processes developed by Carolyn Webster-Stratton. such as business cycles or hormone cycles, where International studies have shown it to be effective. the aim is to detect the turning points to make The project uses “The Incredible Years, a parent business-cycle forecasts or for natural family development program” with parents of 48 three-to- planning. The overall goal of the project is to nine-year-old children with serious externalising construct and evaluate systems for quick and safe behaviour problems. The aim is to test the program turning-point detection. A robust approach is used, in a culture (Sweden) which is rather different from which makes it possible to detect a turning point that in which it was developed (USA), and to even if its characteristics are very different from measure its effects on externalising behaviour previous turns. The quality of a system depends on problems among pre-schoolers as well as school- both the construction of the system and the aged children. Parents are randomised for characteristics of the monitored process. We plan immediate treatment or to be put on a waiting-list. studies of robustness regarding mis-specifications. Parents of six children meet with two group leaders In the analysis of business cycles or hormone cycles for a total of twelve sessions during one semester. several indicators are often studied. Surveillance All in all we treat eight groups (four pre-schoolers systems that combine information from different and four school- aged children). Parents on the processes are planned. waiting-list are offered treatment after six months. To better understand which families need additional or alternative help we measure different child and family factors thought to be predictive of treatment outcome, in addition to measures of the children’s symptoms. Data is collected at three points in time (before and after treatment and twelve months after treatment completion). The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 91

Reg. no. K2003-0009

Christian manliness Ass. Professor – A paradox of Yvonne Maria Werner modernity in a Lund University Northern European 2004 SEK 1,900,000 context, 1840–1940 2005SEK 2,500,000

The Humanities • The project will address the relationship between the Christian religion and the construction of and Social Sciences manliness in Northern Europe in the period 1840–1940, an era characterised by the breakthrough, establishment and impending Donation dissolution of the liberal-bourgeois gender discourse. On a concrete level, the project deals both with men acting within the framework of an established ecclesiastical structure in their native country and with men in religious counter-cultures and/or Christian missionary movements. The project will focus on Christian men’s ideals of masculinity, masculine piety and religiosity, men’s engagement in missionary and reform projects and the picture of Christian manliness in literature. The aim of the project is to give a more nuanced picture of modern manliness and to challenge the views put forward in both contemporary research and gender debate as well as to explore how Christian ideals, which the bourgeois discourse connected with the female sex, affected the construction of manliness, and how this was reﬂected in men’s lives. Further, it will high-light theological and ideological perspectives, analysing their impact on the construction of manliness and their importance for the relation between “the male” and “the female”. The extended time-frame of the project and the manifold religious contexts that are being investigated make it possible to give a broad picture of the complex relationship between confession, nation, religious culture and the construction of manliness. 92 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2003-0413 Reg. no. K2003-0458

Social affairs – Ass. Professor Cultural landscapes of Ph.D. Governance for a Christina Garsten the mountains – Ingela Bergman normative economy Stockholm University Internal and external The Silver Museum 2004 SEK 2,000,000 factors in Saami 2005SEK 2,500,000 2005SEK 2,000,000 landscape acquisition, 2006 SEK 2,500,000 1–1600 A.D.

• Economic rationality and social responsibility • The main issue concerns relationships between seldom go hand in hand. The growth of a global social and economic changes and different forms of economy has placed this conflict in the limelight. landscape acquisition in sub-arctic environments. The difficulties of governing market players Internal and external factors in the transition from through political means and at a national level have a hunting economy to reindeer pastoralism in the stimulated discussions around the ways in which period 1 to 1600 A.D. are related to the evolution market forces are to be regulated, and by whom. of alpine cultural landscapes. Settlements with stalo The project investigates how new forms of dwellings, i.e. ancient remains of hut foundations, governance for a normative economy – an are believed to represent an initial and organized economic order in which consideration of social, utilization of tree-line ecotones. A systematic ethical and environmental factors are an integrated exploitation of marginal forest stands resulted in part of corporate strategic activity – are created in a successive ecosystem degradations. The project aims system of fragmented political authority. More at elucidating the specific ecological conditions that precisely, models for corporate social responsibility existed in areas subjected to stalo settlement sites that are expressed through codes of conduct, and the processes involved in causing reduced forest norms, policies and other voluntary agreements cover and ecosystem productivity. between parties are studied. How is authority for The course and cause of changing landscape new forms of governance for social responsibility acquisition in 700–1600 A.D. are in focus, with the created and maintained? On what grounds are they emphasis on economic factors catalysing settlement given legitimacy? The measuring of social expansion into alpine areas and leading to the responsibility through rating and ranking intensive reindeer herding of the 17th century. procedures will also be studied, with a focus on A primary concern is the question of problems how authority to rank and rate is achieved and how occurring when settlements are initially established these technologies are given legitimacy. The growth in previously unexploited environments, due to of this private authority structure also raises insufficient knowledge of the long-term fundamental questions about the relation between productivity potential and stress tolerance of states and civil society and about democratic marginal ecosystems. The research project is carried accountability. The project investigates what out by archaeologists at the Silver Museum in multilateral partnerships between private and public Arjeplog and ecologists at the Department of Forest organizations and the shift from a state-centric Vegetation Ecology, the Swedish University of system of governance to pluralistic forms of Agricultural Sciences in Umeå. governance may mean in terms of democratic legitimacy. The project engages researchers and doctoral students from the disciplines of social anthropology, political science, economic history and business management. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 93

Reg. no. K2003-0569 Reg. no. K2003-0614

The creation of a royal Ph.D. Facts and fictions in Professor dynasty: Karl XIV Johan Nils Ekedahl literary biography Lisbeth Larsson and the myths of power Södertörn University Göteborg University College 2004 SEK 900,000 2004 SEK 1,200,000 2005SEK 950,000 2005SEK 2,500,000

• As the Bernadotte family approaches its • A paradoxical effect of the postmodern bicentennial it appears to be deeply rooted in deconstruction of the subject has been a massive Sweden, but in a historical perspective the position interest in biography, genre, fiction, media, literary of the dynasty has been far from given. When Jean theory and scholarship. This project aims to Baptiste Bernadotte (1769–1844), maréchal of investigate the modern development and Napoleon’s Empire, arrived in Sweden as the innovations of biographism by focusing on the elected hereditary prince of the throne, his position space between biographical facts and fictions and was in fact quite problematic. From an their interaction in preserving and renewing both interdisciplinary starting-point the research project fictional and biographical discourse. The modern aims to analyse the establishment of Bernadotte as novel and biography are closely connected and the a royal dynasty (1810–c. 1860) by focusing on the biographical perspective has created a number of making of royal myths and images about Jean different types of texts, in both prose and poetry, Baptiste Bernadotte (Karl XIV Johan). The creation during modernity. In postmodern literature the of this dynasty is viewed as a huge multi-media influence, however, seems to operate in the show in which the contributions of different media opposite direction; fictional discourse came to as well as institutions such as the Swedish Academy renew biographical discourse in a fundamental way were used in order to form and communicate at the end of the 20th century. This project aims to conceptions of royalty. investigate the complex process when life becomes The election of Bernadotte to the throne fiction and vice versa, focusing on four strategically occurred in a time of political and cultural change. chosen historical periods: the modern breakthrough The political map of Europe was radically altered by (Victoria Benedictsson), between the wars (Evert the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. Taube), the 60s and 70s (Sonja Åkesson) and the In Sweden, absolutist rule was replaced by a late 20th century (Carina Rydberg, Stig Larsson et constitutional monarchy in 1809 and the conditions al.). The purpose of this project is to create a deeper of political communication were transformed by the understanding of biographical narratives and their rise of romanticism and a public sphere. Bernadotte importance in the human creation of meaning in could not, therefore, simply imitate his predecessors both life and literature during modernity. Important but had to invent new forms of communication and parts of the investigation are media and gender mobilise new lines of argument. Theoretically and aspects. methodically, the project is part of current international research on political power and the legitimacy of power. By applying these new perspectives, it will address hitherto unacknow- ledged issues of political communication in 19th- century Sweden. 94 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. K2003-0661 Reg. no. K2003-0848

The central government Professor Technology shifts and Professor office and the organiza- Bengt Jacobsson regional development – Lennart Schön tion of Swedish society Södertörn University economic transforma- Lund University College tion in time and space 2004 SEK 2,000,000 2004 SEK 2,500,000 2005SEK 2,000,000 2005SEK 3,000,000

• The Central Government Office (Regerings- • The project aims at increasing our understanding kansliet) is often described as the key locus of of technological change and economic growth by political power in Sweden. Nevertheless, only very integrating the time dimension of economic history modest research efforts have been devoted to this with the spatial dimension of economic geography. organization. The purpose of this research program The analysis of investment behaviour and – which is multidisciplinary and includes political technological diffusion in previous periods of science, organization theory and history – is to industrial transformation and global market increase our knowledge of the role of the integration will provide long-term perspectives on Government Office and to re-think how national the current process of transformation. Structural governments in general regulate and are regulated. analysis in economic history can contribute to a The research program aims at contributing to the deeper understanding of the role of regions in ongoing discussion about the transformation “from aggregate economic growth. A study of the relation government to governance” in modern societies. between transformation at global, European and The research program will highlight three national levels on the one hand and regional significant processes over the past two decades. development on the other will increase our First, the program will investigate the causes and understanding of the spatial dynamics. The way consequences of the increased focus on economic economic activities arise and are redistributed factors and the expanded use of ideas about new regionally corresponds to the way in which public management (NPM) that have influenced all productive resources are reallocated between sectors state activities. Second, the programme argues that over time. This warrants a coordinated study of the processes of Europeanization and globalization social capability of regions and sectors to exploit have increased the embeddedness of state new technologies. An essential aspect is the relation organizations in wider networks and rule systems. between technological change and demand for skills As a result, states have become rule followers in and competence. Research on technology shifts and Europe and in the world at large. Third, growth in a long-term perspective can also supply decentralization, for example to local governments, knowledge of vital importance for distinguishing has changed the leverage of traditional instruments the general from the unique in regional of government control. Together, these development. This may result in a renewed interest transformations have entailed changes in the in the open urban system in contrast to the single balance between responsibility and control in unique region. Finally, the possibility of outlining national governance. The central question is: to future growth scenarios on national and regional what extent and by what means are governments levels will be considered. able to influence processes for which they are held responsible? The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 95

Reg. no. K2003-0857 Reg. no. K2003-0867

The Pompeian way – Professor Modeling interactive Ass. Professor Contextualising Anne-Marie Leander language learning Francisco Lacerda Pompeii Touati (MILLE 2004) Stockholm University Stockholm University 2004 SEK 2,000,000 2004 SEK 2,500,000 2005SEK 2,000,000 2005SEK 3,000,000

• By means of a thorough study of the material • The project is an interdisciplinary research remains of a Pompeian city-block (insula V 1) the program intended to investigate and model the project aims to approach questions concerning fundamental processes involved in language ancient urbanization, social interaction, functional acquisition. It is assumed that the infant has initially and ritual categorisation of space, as well as the no pre-specified linguistic knowledge and that interpretation of imagery and decorative schemes acquisition of the ambient language has to start of the houses. A second aim is the creation and from general-purpose perception and memory conduct of a multidisciplinary seminar in Sweden. processes shared by both humans and other This seminar will treat Pompeian and ancient urban mammalian species. The project will use studies in a more general perspective and promote experimental perception techniques to investigate research into the reception of the Pompeian early language acquisition as an implicit learning tradition in Sweden from the 18th century onwards. process in infants and will parallel these infant The project relies on ongoing fieldwork in studies with behavioral tests of animal subjects. Pompeii, initiated in 2000 and supported by a series Data from vocal productions in infants and children of research foundations, most importantly the Knut will be collected and analyzed from a holistic and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and the Swedish perspective that assumes a link between the child’s Institute in Rome. This fieldwork provides a production preferences and perceptual biases. platform on which experience and ideas will be put Samples of longitudinal and cross-sectional infant to the test and encourage new approaches. It is also perception and production data will be collected part of an ongoing international effort to make a and subsequently integrated with data on the adult scientific documentation of the ancient town in adaptive phonetic and linguistic strategies towards order to recover as much information as possible the infant. Finally, technical devices will be built to from previously excavated but insufficiently implement and test the value of the hypotheses analysed areas. The project is conceived in order to generated from the research on the human and secure remuneration for scholars and students, animal learning. By using mathematical models to whether preparing and analysing the results of the simulate the language acquisition process, this fieldwork or conducting independent studies related multidisciplinary international research team expects to it, as well as to finance different kinds of to be able to single out the relative impact of scholarly encounters – national, international and different components of this highly integrated multidisciplinary. learning process. The results of the project are of potential relevance for the development of intelligent information processing systems; the deeper understanding of the early language acquisition process that they provide may also be relevant for the development of intervention programs to alleviate early communication deficits. 96 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2003-0025

Hortus Rudbeckianus – Ph.D. the botanic garden and Karin Martinsson florilegia of Olof Uppsala University Rudbeck Sr. 2004 SEK 400,000 2005 SEK 1,000,000

Infrastructural • In 1655, Olof Rudbeck Sr. founded the Botanic Garden of Uppsala University, the first botanic Support garden in Sweden. This project aims at making a catalogue of plants cultivated in this garden during the Rudbeckian period 1655–1702. The catalogue will also function as a dictionary of the pre-Linnean plant names used by Olof Rudbeck and his contemporaries. The project comprises identification of the plants listed in Rudbeck’s garden catalogues as well as identifying, cataloguing and digitising the unique plates in his “Book of Flowers”, an unpublished late 17th century florilegium. The “Book of Flowers” consists of 3,000 colour plates depicting plants, many of them growing in the Botanic Garden or in the surroundings of Uppsala. It is a little known parallel to the florilegium Campus Elysii, in which Rudbeck intended to depict all plants in the world known to man. The Campus Elysii project came to an abrupt end when most of the woodcuts were destroyed in the fire which devastated most of the city of Uppsala in May 1702. The “Book of Flowers”, however, survived the flames. It serves as a documentation of the first botanic garden in Sweden as well as reflecting 17th century knowledge of Swedish flora and the species and cultivars grown during this time. The Hortus Rudbeckianus is being realized in collaboration between the Botanic Garden, the Museum of Evolution and the University Library of Uppsala University. Infrastructural Support 97

Reg. no. In2003-0082 Reg. no. In2003-0186

English edition of the Ass. Professor Special collections of Librarian Revelations of St Stephan Borgehammar the Jewish Library in Harriet Lacksten Birgitta, Vol. 2–3 The Royal Academy of Stockholm The Jewish Community of Letters, History and Stockholm Antiquities 2004 SEK 600,000 2004 SEK 1,300,000

• St Birgitta is one of Sweden’s best-known • During the years 1998–2002 Uppsala University personalities and the country’s first great author. Library realized their Judaica-project, the purpose Her about 700 Revelations have been published of which was to create a national database resource many times in centuries past, both in the original of Judaica literature. In this project the main part of Latin and in translations into various vernaculars. the holdings of the Jewish Library were catalogued But there has been no complete scholarly edition of and registered in the Swedish national bibliographic the Latin text and no complete translation into database Libris. The new project aims at English. The first of these needs was filled in the cataloguing and registering the remaining special autumn of 2002, when the critical edition published collections. The personal library of the former rabbi by The Royal Academy of Letters, History and of Stockholm, Marcus Ehrenpreis, consists of titles Antiquities was completed. The purpose of the mainly from the interwar period, reflecting all present project is to fill the other need and thus aspects of Judaica and Jewish Studies. Many of the meet an increasing interest in St Birgitta in the titles are not held by any other library in Sweden. English-speaking world, not least in the U.S.A. The collection of Yiddish books of the Jewish A complete English translation of the Library in Stockholm is by far the largest in Revelations, based on the Royal Academy edition, Sweden. with introductions, explanatory comments and Interest in the Yiddish language has increased indices, will be published in four volumes by since Sweden ratified the Council of Europe Oxford University Press, New York. Vol. 1 is Framework Convention for the Protection of already completed, thanks to another project National Minorities. There are also many unique financed by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary titles among older, uncatalogued Hebrew literature Foundation, and will be published in 2004. Work and among the periodicals held by the library. Since is now in progress with Vols. 2 and 3, containing the conclusion of the previous project, the demand Books IV–VIII of the Revelations. With Vol. 3 the for the titles registered in the Libris database has translation of the Revelations as such will be grown. The amount of interlibrary loans has also completed. Financing for Vol. 4, which will contain risen dramatically. The objective of this new project the Birgittine Rule, liturgical texts etc., will be is to continue to make these collections accessible sought from other funding bodies. for researchers and students of Jewish Studies and for all those interested in Jewish culture, religion and history. 98 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2003-0215 Reg. no. In2003-0272

Face of Aids – The Director European Social Survey Professor Global Documentation Staffan Hildebrand Round 2 Stefan Svallfors Project Face of Aids Foundation Umeå University 2004 SEK 400,000 2004 SEK 500,000 2005 SEK 1,500,000

• The short term vision of the Face of Aids Project • The European Social Survey (the ESS) is a is to develop a world leading digital educational and biennial, multi-country survey covering over 20 information tool to be mobilized in the global fight nations. The first round was fielded in 2002/2003. against HIV and Aids. The long term vision is to This project finances the Swedish part of the 2004 develop Face of Aids into a unique visual historical survey. The project is funded jointly by the film archive, focused on the visual and human European Commission, the European Science experience of HIV and AIDS. In 1987, Professor Foundation and academic funding bodies in each Hans Wigzell, President of the Karolinska participating country and is designed and carried Institutet, inspired the Swedish-based documentary out to exceptionally high standards. The project is film producer Staffan Hildebrand to start a long- directed by a Central Co-ordinating Team led by term documentation of the global Aids epidemic, Roger Jowell at the Centre for Comparative Social using film as the main media. This documentation Surveys, City University, London. has resulted in a world-leading film archive, The questionnaire includes two main sections, covering the world history of Aids. The project is each consisting of approximately 120 items: a ‘core’ owned by a non-profit foundation, the Face of Aids module, which will remain relatively constant from Foundation, based at the Karolinska Institute in round to round, plus two or more ‘rotating’ Stockholm. modules, repeated at intervals. The core module The project will operate on the frontline of aims to monitor change and continuity in a wide new digital development and will make its first range of social variables, including media use, social presentation to international media and Aids and public trust; political interest and participation; networks in connection with the XV International socio-political orientations, governance and efficacy; Aids Conference in Bangkok in June 2004. moral, political and social values; social exclusion, A Global Network of young, digitally equipped national, ethnic and religious allegiances; well- and specially trained film teams will be facilitated being, health and security; demographics and socio- by Face of Aids in a capacity-building process and economics. In addition, a supplementary in close collaboration with experienced national questionnaire is presented to respondents at the end Aids networks. Cambodia and the leading Aids of the main interview. The first part of this umbrella NGO, KHANA, based in the capital questionnaire is a human values scale (part of the Phnom Penh, have been selected as the Pilot Case core), while the second is devoted to measures to for Face of Aids. The plan is to have ten film teams help evaluate the reliability and validity of items in up and running by August 2006. By then the plan is the main questionnaire. also to make an edited version of the Face of Aids Film Archive accessible free of charge via the Internet, DVD and digital media. Infrastruktur 99

100 Edition of old large scale maps 100 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2003-0401 Reg. no. In2003-0472

Edition of old large Ph.D. Swedish values in a Ph.D. scale maps Clas Tollin comparative Jonas Edlund The National Archives perspective: The Umeå University 2004 SEK 1,200,000 International Social 2004 SEK 400,000 2005 SEK 1.300,000 Survey Program 2005 SEK 400,000

• The purpose of the project is to make the oldest • The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) large-scale maps of Sweden and the text belonging is a project involved in the construction of to them accessible to research and scientific work. internationally comparable attitude surveys. The One important consequence is that damage and database is unique: (1) surveys covering different wear to the original maps will be minimized. Most attitude topics have been fielded annually since 1985; of the maps are kept in the National Land Survey of (2) forty countries are members of the ISSP; (3) Sweden (Lantmäteriverkets forskningsarkiv, Gävle). data is freely available to the research community. There are also maps in The National Archives of Two decades ago the lack of good comparable Sweden, the Military Archives of Sweden and other attitude data was evident. Therefore, a joint project archives. There are approximately 14,000 to 16,000 between four countries took shape in the early documents in all. The maps were generally drawn eighties. At present, the ISSP involves forty to a scale of 1:5000; but other scales were used countries on six continents. All major Western – for instance, 1:3333. These maps generally show countries are represented. Some countries from buildings, infields with their arable and meadow Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America are also lands, fences and certain forms of vegetation. members. The range of countries participating in A systematic description – Notarum Explicatio – is the ISSP facilitates comparisons along several generally appended to the map. Notarum Explicatio different dimensions: between Sweden and other usually mentions how many homesteads there are EU countries, between Western Europe and the in the village, including information regarding their New World (the USA, Canada, Australia and New cameral sizes and land-tenure category. Zealand), between West and East Europe or During the next six years a systematic survey between industrialized and developing countries. of these maps will be made, including scanning, It is thus possible to compare countries that have statistical compilation, a historical GIS of the similar societal structures and history with countries thematic objects from the map and the Notarum that are significantly different from each other. Explicatio. The maps will be stored both in digital Since 1985 the ISSP has covered the following files and in paper copies on a scale of 1:1. Finally, topics: the role of government, social inequality, descriptions for each collection of maps will be work, family and gender, religion, environment presented as well as a publication concerning and national identity. Swedish large-scale mapping from the 1630s and 1640s, its background, proceedings and completion. Infrastructural Support 101

Reg. no. In2003-0541 Reg. no. In2003-0618

Bergman Interface Director General Scholarly editions of Ass. Professor Åse Kleveland Swedish classical Barbro Ståhle Sjönell The Swedish Film authors’ œuvres The Swedish Society for Institute Belles-Lettres 2004 SEK 1,000,000 2004 SEK 500,000 2005 SEK 1,000,000 2005 SEK 500,000

• Internationally recognised as one of the greats • The Swedish Society for Belles-Lettres (Svenska of modern film, Ingmar Bergman ranks among the Vitterhetssamfundet) publishes scholarly editions most distinguished Swedish artists of all time. His of classical Swedish authors. The project aims at collected works, which span more than half a continuing the series of editions which was started century, include film and theatre productions, TV in 1910 with Olof von Dalins Den Swänska Argus. and radio dramas, documentary films and literature. Thus far the Swedish Authors (Svenska Författare) The Swedish Film Institute has taken the lead in series comprises more than 240 volumes by 35 setting up the Ingmar Bergman Foundation, the different authors writing during the 17th, 18th, and aim of which is to administer and preserve 19th centuries. In the C. J. L. Almqvist series, Bergman’s collected artistic works and to Collected Works (Samlade Verk), 16 of more than 50 disseminate information about him in a fully planned volumes have been published. The literary comprehensive manner. The Foundation also aims and linguistic works that are being edited within to promote interest in, and awareness of, Sweden the project are some volumes in C. G. af Leopold as a nation of culture and film. At its core is the and J. L. Runeberg’s Collected Writings (Samlade unique material that Ingmar Bergman donated to skrifter), C. J. L. Almqvist’s Samlade Verk and Jesper the Swedish Film Institute in 2002: some 45 Swedberg’s A Swedish Wordbook (Swensk Ordabok). packing cases containing screenplays, letters, There are about ten editors involved in the project. photographs and behind-the-scenes films. This is Directions have been formulated concerning the supplemented by the extensive collection of pictures textual problems that are encountered in the and documents already held in the Film Institute’s scholarly work. These deal not only with the choice own archives. of copy-text. In establishing the text the editor also With the support of the Bank of Sweden faces problems such as scribal and printing errors, Tercentenary Foundation, the Swedish Film inconsistencies, inadequate punctuation and Institute is developing an international information variants. All editions will be provided with service to promote awareness of Ingmar Bergman introductions discussing literary and linguistic and his work. This will take the form of a website problems, and, in some cases, problems within the and a research database. The Bergman database is field of the history of ideas. There will also be set to become the primary portal to the collections textual commentaries with lists of variants and relating to Ingmar Bergman for researchers all over descriptions of manuscripts, earlier drafts and the the world. The Bergman website will present his different printed editions. The volumes will also work in a broader perspective, creating a window contain glossaries. for the general public and an international meeting place for all Bergman devotees. 102 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Reg. no. In2003-0787 Reg. no. In2003-0912

Survey of Health, Professor The Literature Bank: A Permanent Secretary Ageing and Retirement N. Anders Klevmarken digital resource for Dr. Horace Engdahl in Europe Uppsala University Swedish literature and The Swedish Academy 2004 SEK 500,000 humanities 2004 SEK 1,500,000 2005 SEK 500,000 2005 SEK 1,500,000

• The growing number of elderly people in Sweden • The project aims at establishing a national and in Europe has accentuated the need for more literature bank that will publish digital versions knowledge about the 50+ age group. This motivates of Swedish literary works and certain humanist the multidisciplinary project “Survey of Health, literature. The bank will embrace the essential Ageing and Retirement in Europe” (SHARE) to components of the Swedish literary heritage but which economists, behavioural scientists, will also, on a voluntary basis, incorporate digital epidemiologists and experts on health issues in ﬁnal versions of newly-written works. For teaching more than 10 countries contribute. The aim of the and learning purposes, older texts will be provided project is to set up a large, longitudinal European with introductory material and commentaries. database using interview data that can be used to Publication will be via the Internet and will include analyse the complex relations between economic, both text pages (XML) and facsimile pages (pdf). health-related, mental and social factors inﬂuencing The literature bank is meant to serve as a cultural- the quality of life of the elderly. SHARE is unique – historical and literary resource for research, teaching no other study will include so much information and popular education. Its target groups are about the elderly in Europe. researchers, university students, upper-secondary- It is the policy of the SHARE project to make school pupils and people with a general interest in data available to the academic community for literature. research (within the limits of data protection The literature bank will be non-commercial and legislation). For this reason the data collected will its contents will be freely available to all users. It become a very useful future source for research will be based on the cooperation of three bodies about ageing in Europe. Additional information with national responsibility for different areas: the about the SHARE project can be found in its home Royal Swedish Library, the Language Bank at page, http://www.share-project.org/. Göteborg University and the Swedish Academy. The work will initially have the form of a two-year pilot project, partly for publishing works already available in digital form and partly for the digitization and publication of works currently available only in paper versions. The purpose of the pilot project is to try out the technical and pedagogical solutions to be used. Infrastructural Support 103

Reg. no. In2003-1040 Reg. no. In2003-1057

Saving and making Head of Music Library and Digitization of the Lund Bachelor of Laws available the unique Archives University Film David Mörnegren historical video Inger Mattsson Society’s library The Lund University Film archives of the Royal The Royal Swedish Opera Society Swedish Opera 2004 SEK 400,000 2004 SEK 100,000

• In the Royal Swedish Opera archives can be • The Lund University Film Society is the largest found a unique collection of video recordings of and oldest organization of its kind in Sweden. Non- ballet performances, student performances, tours commercial and largely dependent on its volunteer and rehearsals. Ballet video recordings have been staff, the Society has approximately 600 members. made regularly since the late 1960s and even some Founded in 1929, the society has housed a film films from the 1950s are also included. In addition, library since a very early date. Over the years it has a limited number of opera performances can be become a cultural treasure house with a vast found. It may be said that the history of the Royal collection of film literature and magazines. The Swedish Ballet from the second half of the 20th library was, and still is, of great importance to film century is documented in the recordings. This scholars at the Department of Comparative historical material is invaluable to dancers, Literature, Lund University. Although not recently choreographers, teachers, researchers and students. updated, it remains the second largest of its kind in All this material is unfortunately beginning to Sweden. The main problem a volunteer-based deteriorate from ageing. The material is also organization faces is, of course, lack of funding. Of unavailable for viewing due to the fact that playback necessity, the lion’s share of the funds is spent on machines of the type required to view this older the acquisition and importation of art-house films, material are very scarce or nonexistent. screened four times a week. Consequently, the The goals of this project are: library has been sadly neglected. However, last year – to make available to the public a unique and a new goals were set, a complete inventory of books valuable collection from the Royal Swedish Opera’s and magazines and an update of the index cards. historical archives, Having completed these tasks, what remains is the – to rescue the recordings from further present project, to digitise the aforementioned deterioration and transfer the information to index and make it available on the Internet, thereby modern viewing equipment, giving a wider audience access to the collections – to organize and catalogue the recordings in a regardless of venue and opening hours. The database according to production and dancer, in ambition is also to digitize the operation of book order to make the information more accessible. lending, in order to simplify the process and prevent valuable books from disappearing. To sum up, efforts are being made to facilitate use of the library and secure its continued well-being. 103 Digitization of the Lund University Film Society’s Library Statistical information on research grants

his section presents an overview in the form of tables showing the grants approved. The presentation starts with three summary tables (Tables 1–3). Tables 4–8 give statistics of T project grants approved from the Bank of Sweden Donation, while Tables 9–14 give corresponding information about grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. All amounts are stated inclusive of overhead charges. The distribution of grants between the (various scientiﬁc) subject areas can be seen in Tables 4 and 9. Information about the ratio between continuation grants and new grants is reported in Tables 7 and 12. New and continuation grants respectively, broken down by subject area, are shown in Tables 5 and 6 for the Bank of Sweden Donation and in Tables10 and 11 for the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. The distribution of grants between different educational institutions is reported in Tables 8, 13 and 15, while Tables 14 and 15 report grants for infrastructure support. Several of the projects receiving grants, especially the larger ones within the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, are of an interdisciplinary character. For this reason it is not possible to give an exact breakdown by subject or faculty area. As to the gender-based apportionment of project leaders, it can be noted that we have reached the 40–60 percent mark. A preliminary count of all those taking part in the Foundation’s new projects this year shows that approximately 55 percent are men and 45 percent women. 106 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 1 Research grants approved in 2003 by donation (amounts in SEK ‘000)

The Bank of Sweden Donation 109 149 The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 169 920 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 540 Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 170

Total 279 779

Table 2 Research grants approved in 2003 from the Bank of Sweden Donation (amounts in SEK ‘000)

Project grants (further details are given in tables 4–8) 90 914 Infrastructure support (further details are given in tables 14–15) 5 000 Travel grants 364 International collaboration 4 744 Co-operation with the Riksdag 400 Nils-Eric Svensson fund 300 Fees to experts 961 Payment to co-opted members 1 347 Conferences, information 724 Sector committee for research on the civil society 955 Sector committee for research on culture, security and sustainable development 3 440

Total 109 149

Table 3 Research grants approved in 2003 from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (amounts in SEK ‘000)

Project grants (further details are given in Tables 9–13) 144 792 Infrastructure support (further details are given in Tables 14–15) 10 000 Grants for symposia, research planning and research information 9 984 Sector committee for research on the knowledge society 3 446 Fees to experts 408 Payment to co-opted members 615 Conferences, information 675

Total 169 920 Statistics 107 the bank of sweden donation

Table 4

Total number of applications approved (continuation and new applications) in relation to total number of applications, 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN Anthropology 2 2 2 000 14 5 9 Archaeology 3 1 2 2 055 19 11 8 Architecture 1 1 Art/aesthetic subjects 9 6 3 Business economics 11 8 3 7 069 57 41 16 Cinema and theatre studies 3 2 1 Classical languages 1 1 390 6 5 1 Cultural geography 3 1 2 1 770 20 13 7 Economics 5 3 2 3 387 23 18 5 Economic history 10 8 2 6 298 14 11 3 Education 4 2 2 3 567 25 14 11 Ethnology 2 1 1 1 405 13 7 6 History 11 8 3 7 840 40 25 15 History of ideas 3 2 1 1 615 14 8 6 History of religion 3 1 2 2 050 13 8 5 Information technology 3 1 2 1 284 23 10 13 Law 10 6 4 6 601 17 7 10 Linguistics 5 2 3 3 405 16 6 10 Literature 7 4 3 4 395 32 13 19 Medicine 3 3 2 154 18 13 5 Modern languages 5 4 1 2 790 17 8 9 Musicology 3 2 1 2 120 17 12 5 Peace and conflict research 2 2 Philosophy 6 5 1 3 085 17 15 2 Political science 10 7 3 5 655 49 40 9 Psychology 16 13 3 11 936 57 43 14 Sociology 4 2 2 3 120 39 21 18 Statistics 3 2 1 2 395 7 6 1

Total 133 86 47 88 386 582 370 212 108 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 5

New applications approved, by subject area, in relation to total number of applications, 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Anthropology 12 5 7 Archaeology 16 10 6 Architecture 1 1 Art/aestehetic subjects 9 6 3 Business economics 4 3 1 2 370 51 37 14 Cinema and theatre studies 3 2 1 Classical languages 5 5 Cultural geography 2 2 940 19 12 7 Economics 2 1 1 1 850 20 16 4 Economic history 2 2 1 490 6 5 1 Education 1 1 672 22 12 10 Ethnology 1 1 615 11 5 6 History 3 1 2 2 025 32 18 14 History of ideas 1 1 545 12 7 5 History of religion 2 2 1 090 12 7 5 Information technology 1 1 550 21 9 12 Law 2 2 1 608 9 3 6 Linguistics 11 4 7 Literature 3 2 1 2 100 28 11 17 Medicine 1 1 824 16 11 5 Modern languages 3 3 1 720 15 7 8 Musicology 1 1 780 15 11 4 Peace and conflict research 2 2 Philosophy 3 2 1 1 585 14 12 2 Political science 3 3 1 940 42 36 6 Psychology 5 4 1 3 351 46 34 12 Sociology 35 19 16 Statistics 1 1 790 5 4 1

TOTAL 41 26 15 26 845 490 310 180 Statistics 109

Table 6

Continuation applications approved, by subject area in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED

Anthropology 2 2 2 000 Archaeology 3 1 2 2 055 Business economics 7 5 2 4 699 Classical languages 1 1 390 Cultural geography 1 1 830 Economics 3 2 1 1 537 Economic history 8 6 2 4 808 Education 3 2 1 2 895 Ethnology 1 1 790 History 8 7 1 5 815 History of ideas 2 1 1 1 070 History of religion 1 1 960 Information technology 2 1 1 734 Law 8 4 4 4 993 Linguistics 5 2 3 3 405 Literature 4 2 2 2 295 Medicine 2 2 1 330 Modern languages 2 1 1 1 070 Musicology 2 1 1 1 340 Philosophy 3 3 1 500 Political science 7 4 3 3 715 Psychology 11 9 2 8 585 Sociology 4 2 2 3 120 Statistics 2 2 1 605

Total 92 60 32 61 541 110 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 7

Summary table: continuation grants and new grants in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANTS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Continuation grants 92 60 32 61 541 92 60 32 New grants 41 26 15 26 845 490 310 180

Total 133 86 47 88 386 582 370 212

Printed subsidies 8 838 Conference subsidies 1 50 Special subsidies 5 1 640

Total 147 90 914 Statistics 111

Table 8

New grants and continuation grants approved, by administering institution 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER

Chalmers University of Technology 620 1 Dalarna University College 390 1 Forskning & Framsteg 392 1 Gävle University College 710 1 Göteborg University 14 848 23 Gotland University College 350 1 Halmstad University College 440 1 Institute of Psycho-social Medicine 752 2 Jönköping International Business School 850 1 Karlstad University 715 1 Karolinska Institutet 2 284 3 Karolinska sjukhuset 865 1 Kristianstad University College 765 1 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 500 1 Linköping University 3 008 4 Lund University 12 329 18 Malmö University College 2 150 2 Mid Sweden University 720 1 National Museums of World Culture 615 1 Nordic Institute for Asia Studies 600 1 Örebro University 788 2 Social Welfare Services in Stockholm 600 1 Södertörn University College 775 1 Stockholm Institute of Transition Economies 850 1 Stockholm School of Economics 1 200 3 Stockholm University 15 499 24 The Swedish Institute in Rome 525 1 Swedish Language Council 340 1 The Swedish Research Council 1 000 1 Umeå University 2 995 4 Uppsala University 17 031 24 Växjö University 2 280 3 Voxenåsen 600 1

Total 88 386 133 112 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the humanities and social sciences donation

Table 9

Total number of applications approved (continuation and new applications) in relation to total number of applications in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000))

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 32 22 10 62 400 114 76 38 Humanities/Social Sciences 11 9 2 29 900 83 54 29 Social Sciences 18 13 5 49 700 129 86 43

Total 61 44 17 142 000 326 216 110

Table 10

New applications approved, by subject area, in relation to total number of applications in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 6 2 4 8 500 88 56 32 Humanities/Social Sciences 72 45 27 Social Sciences 3 2 1 6 500 114 75 39

Total 9 4 5 15 000 274 176 98

One project within the humanities will start up in 2005. Statistics 113

Table 11

Continuation applications approved, by subject area, in relation to the total number of applications for continuation grants in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Humanities 26 20 6 53 900 26 20 6 Humanities/Social Sciences 11 9 2 29 900 11 9 2 Social Sciences 15 11 4 43 200 15 11 4

Total 52 40 12 127 000 52 40 12

Table 12

Summary table: continuation grants/new grants in 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT APPROVED NUMBER MEN WOMEN

Continuation grants 52 40 12 127 000 52 40 12 New grants 9 4 5 15 000 274 176 98

Total 61 44 17 142 000 326 216 110

Printing subsidies 13 1 138 Conference subsidies 3 750 Special subsidies 5 904

Total 82 144 792 114 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Table 13

New grants and continuation grants approved, by administering institution, 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR NUMBER AMOUNT APPROVED

Dalarna University College 1 2 300 Diakonistiftelsen Samariterhemmet 1 4 500 Göteborg University 8 21 100 KTH, Royal Institute of Technology 3 10 500 Linköping University 1 3 000 Lund University 7 13 800 Nordiska museet 1 5 000 Örebro University 1 2 200 The Royal Library 1 1 700 Södertörn University College 2 3 700 The Sigtuna Foundation 1 2 200 The Silver Museum 1 0 Stockholm School of Economics 3 10 100 Stockholm University 9 21 400 The Swedish Institute at Athens 1 2 300 Swedish Linnaeus Society 1 2 500 The Swedish National Maritime museums 1 500 Umeå University 6 10 500 University of Oslo 1 1 500 Uppsala University 10 22 200 Uppsala University Library 1 1 000

Total 61142 000

The project at The Silver Museum will start up in 2005. Statistics 115 infrastructure support

Table 14

Applications and grants approved 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

APPLICATIONS APPROVED TOTAL NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS

SUBJECT AREA NUMBER MEN WOMEN AMOUNT NUMBER MEN WOMEN

The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 8 6 2 10 000 The Bank of Sweden Donation 8 5 3 5 000

Total 16 11 5 15 000 72 39 26

Table 15

New applications approved, by administering institution, 2003 (amounts in SEK ’000)

GRANT ADMINISTRATOR AMOUNT APPROVED

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1 000 Dagens Forskning (biweekly newspaper) 4 000 Face of AIDS Foundation 400 The Jewish Community of Stockholm 600 The Lundian Students’ Film Studio 100 National Swedish Archives 1 200 The Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities 1 300 The Royal Swedish Opera Music Library 400 The Swedish Academy 1 500 The Swedish Film Institute 1 000 The Swedish Institute of International Affairs 1 200 The Swedish Society for Belles-Lettres 500 Umeå University 900 Uppsala University 900

Total 15 000 74 Marriage payments in South India from 1930 to the present annual report

The aims of the The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation (Riksbankens Jubileums- Foundation fond) is an independent foundation whose aim is to promote and support scientific research. The Foundation was created in 1962 through an endowment from the Bank of Sweden to mark its three-hundredth anniversary in 1968 and at the same time to promote “an important national cause”. The annual return on the Bank of Sweden Donation was to be used to promote scientific research linked to Sweden. On 1 January 1988 the Foundation was given new statutes, which meant that it became an independent financial actor. Operations in this new form started with a capital of SEK 1.5 billion. During subsequent years further donations were received. With regard to the way in which the aims are to be promoted, the statutes that apply today state: • that priority shall be given to fields of research whose funding requirements are not adequately met in other ways; • that the Foundation’s funds shall be used in particular to support major, long-term research projects; • that special attention shall be paid to new research projects requiring prompt and vigorous action; • that the Foundation shall seek to promote contacts with international research. In 1993 the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) approved a further donation to the Foundation of SEK 1.5 billion, the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation. Appended to this decision was a memorandum which laid down guidelines for the use of the donation in the following areas: • the establishment of research centres or research fields of international importance; • support for projects and programs involving a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach; • the establishment of networks or more permanent forms of co-operation, both nationally and internationally, including the establishment of an international exchange program for researchers; • the promotion of postgraduate education and researcher recruitment; • the encouragement of mobility among researchers internationally and between universities/university colleges and other activities.

117 118 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The year’s activities The Board of Trustees of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation met four times during the year. In addition, a Board conference was held in February. The members of the Board also serve on preparatory committees together with representatives of universities and university colleges. These committees assess research applications at two whole-day meetings a year and put forward proposals to the Board. During the year grants were allocated for a total of 66 new projects and 54 continuation projects. Work in approximately 100 projects continues on the basis of previously allocated funds. The executive committee of the Board met five times during the year. The Board has delegated to this committee decisions concerning grants for research planning, conferences, seminars, workshops, the development of scientific networks and the like. Sixty-eight applications for grants of this kind were approved during the year. Since 2002 applications to the Foundation have been made solely and wholly via the Internet. Apart from the applicants sending in their project applications electronically, the members of the preparatory committees and the external experts also work via the Foundation’s home page. On account of the financial situation, the Board decided at its meeting in May that funds for new research projects from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation would not be made available for 2004. The Board emphasised the need to use this “breathing space” for a discussion on the form of the Foundation’s future research support so as to maximise the input for promoting research. The preparatory committee for the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation held an internal conference on these issues in November; they were also discussed in the preparatory committees and with the evaluation committee during the year. The Foundation arranges symposiums and seminars, sometime in collaboration with other research-supporting bodies in Sweden or abroad. It regularly co-operates with the Riksdag in such arrangements. This year was notable for the seminar entitled “The Role of the Speaker”. During the year the Foundation has also published a number of publications. The Foundation’s Financial Committee met nine times during the year. The Foundation evaluates and follows up continually the projects that have received grants. At the end of the project period a financial report has to be submitted to the Foundation together with a summary of its scientific activities and the publications that the project has generated. In addition, more comprehensive project visits are made every year by the preparatory committees concerned. Twenty-three projects were visited during the year. A number of scholarships were awarded during the year from Erik Rönnberg’s Donations for Medical Research and Nils-Eric Svensson’s Fund for Promoting the Mutual Exchange of Researchers in Europe. At present the Foundations funds four research schools: one in modern languages, one in mathematics with the emphasis on teaching methods, Annual Report 119

one in Pacific-Asian studies and a research school aimed at reinforcing scientific competence among museum staff. For some years now the Foundation has set up sector committees within research fields that are judged to be important but as yet poorly developed or not given sufficient attention. Their aim is to initiate and encourage new research. At present three such committees are active: the Sector Committee for Research into the Knowledge Society, the Sector Committee for Research into Culture, Security and Sustainable Social Development and the Sector Committee for Research into the Civil Society. Ten or so researchers and two politicians are involved in each committee. A further sector committee is planned for the field of public economy and societal organisation. Through its commitment to the European Foundation Centre (EFC), the Network of European Foundations for Innovative Corporations (NEF), the Haag club and other organisations the Foundation is an active player in European co-operation, especially in the social and cultural fields. During the past few years co-operation with Germany has increased in particular, above all through the Foundation’s continuous collaboration with Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. Thanks to the Foundation’s Managing Director, Dan Brändström, the Foundation plays an active part in CNERP (the Swedish Committee for a New European Research Policy); it has also participated in the European Research Council Expert Group (ERCEG), in which Brändström is the Principal Secretary. This Committee delivered its report in December 2003.

Evaluation On 21 March 2002 the Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation decided to evaluate its activities. This decision comprised three parts: 1) a broad analysis and assessment of the Foundation’s research support; 2) the Foundation’s financial activities; and 3) the part-financing of Foundation Project 2004, which focuses on the role of the employee investments funds in the national research and higher education system. Lennart Nilsson and Claes de Neergaard acted as independent investiga- tors and evaluated the fund’s financial activities during the years 1989–1996 and 1997–2002. This evaluation, which was delivered in March 2003, quite clearly shows that the Foundation met its objectives for capital management during both these periods. The capital increased in real terms by 6.9 per cent annually in the period 1989–1996. The aim then was at least to maintain the capital’s real value. The annual real return in 1997–2002 was about 9.9 per cent, which is twice as high as the objective (at least 5 per cent in real terms). A more thorough analysis was made for the period 1997–2002 by simu- lating the development of the actual portfolio against a “bench mark portfolio” in accordance with investment policy. Nilsson and Neergaard’s conclusions were that the good total return during this period was the result of 120 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

maintaining a very high proportion of shares in the total portfolio during the later phase of the Stock Exchange rise. Regarding the individual portfolios, the equity portfolio has risen relatively strongly with a real return of 8.2 per cent annually in comparison with the “normal portfolio’s” 4 per cent, which was partly due to successful short-term trading. In real terms the bond portfolio yielded 5.8 per cent annually in 1997–2002 compared with 5 per cent for a corresponding “normal portfolio”. Bond management was inﬂuenced positively by a high proportion of bonds with a real rate of interest. Nilsson and Neergaard conclude that real estate as a type of asset contributed positively to the result and that it had a certain, albeit modest effect by evening out the portfolio. The report also shows that internal management costs were low, around 0.1 per cent of the managed capital. Of these costs, 95 per cent were generated by the Foundation’s own administration. Nilsson and Neergaard also point out that the higher return was not generated without risk and their evaluation includes a number of recommendations for improved risk control, in particular with regard to market risk and currency risks. Evaluation of the research-support activities has commenced and the results will be presented in various ways during 2004. The Foundation Project will be presented at a seminar in the Riksdag on 5 May and after the summer at a SISTER conference.

Result and For the full year 2003 the Foundation reports a proﬁt (excluding unrealised financial status proﬁts) of SEK 701 m. In addition, the Foundation allocated SEK 280 m for research grants and set aside SEK 77 m to maintain the real value of the donations. The Foundation’s direct return in the form of interest and dividends amounted during the year to a total of SEK 229 m (198). The operational surplus from properties was only SEK 4 m (23) during the year because the costs for renovating the Sånglärkan 12 property were booked at a value of SEK 16m. The Foundation’s administrative costs amounted during the year to SEK 23 m, which corresponds to 0.3 per cent of the average annual market value of the Foundation’s assets. During the spring a revised investment policy was established for the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. The aim from 2003 onwards in the long term is to achieve an average annual real return of at least 4 per cent. This was judged to provide adequate grounds for securing the real value of the Foundation’s capital and an active distribution policy. The total return for 2003 amounted to 15.2 per cent, which means that during the year we achieved a return that exceeds the long-term aim. (See also Diagrams 1–4 for a historical report). Annual Report 121

The return was influenced positively by the fact that we increased the proportion of equity from 38 to 45 per cent of the total assets. At year start the Foundation had a lower proportion of equity than our target figure, which allowed us to buy shares at the beginning of the year when prices were depressed. The Foundation’s equity portfolio yielded a total return of 32.1 per cent calculated on the market value at year start. The total return on Swedish equity was 36.1 per cent and on internally managed foreign equity 26.0 per cent; the latter figure is considerably higher than both the world index and the Europe index. During the full year 2003 the share index (including dividends) in Sweden rose by 34.2 per cent at the same time as the world index measured in Swedish kronor rose by 10.9 per cent. From 1 June the foreign equity portfolio is compared with the Financial Times Europe index excluding Sweden after having used the MSCI world index for comparison. During the year we have chosen to have a greater weighting of Swedish shares in equity and the total portfolio. Since Swedish shares were the class among our assets that gave the highest return during the period, this strategy contributed to the higher return. At year end we successively sold off some of the Swedish portfolio and reinvested the proceeds in European equity. In the category of foreign equity we chose to reduce investments in the United States in order to increase the proportion of shares in Western Europe. In June we disposed the American small-companies portfolio managed by SEB Asset Management America Inc. The uncertain market prospects in combination with a general policy of lowering interest rates in the world’s central banks meant that both long and short-term rates fell in the first six months to historically low levels in June. In the second half of the year, however, bond rates rose as a result of decreasing concern about international market developments. At the end of 2003 Swedish five-year bond rates were back at the same level as at the beginning of the year, 4.1 per cent. The rate for one-year government bills fell during the same period from 3.6 to 2.8 per cent, which means that risk- free investments provide a return that is considerably lower than the Foundation’s long-term objective. The Foundation’s fixed income portfolio provided a return of 4.4 per cent during the period. This return was influenced positively by the fact that we reduced the bond portfolio’s term and hence its vulnerability to interest- rate changes and then during the autumn increased the term again as bond rates increased. During the year the stabilisation of company balance sheets meant that the risk premium for company bonds was reduced, which also had a positive effect on the year’s return. As in previous years we chose to keep a relatively large proportion of real-interest bonds in our interest-bearing investments, which is a type of asset that suits the Foundation’s long- term need for real returns. The Foundation’s properties gave a total return of –0.8 per cent during 122 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

the year. We suffered from a decline in commercial properties in the form of an increased vacancy rate and lower market values. The result was also affected by the cost of renovating Sånglärkan 12 and the fact that this property was not leased during the rebuilding period. The negative result of the commercial properties was partly compensated by the slight rise in the market value of the Foundation’s residential properties, which means that that part of the portfolio shows a total return of about 6 per cent. Since 2003 hedge funds have been reported as separate assets in the balance sheet. These investments were previously listed under equity and interest-bearing investments respectively. The total return during the year on this class of investment, which comprises about 4 per cent of the total assets, was 4.3 per cent. An important factor that contributed to the year’s good return is the fact that we maintained a cautious approach to dollar assets. During the year the dollar fell in value by 17 per cent against the Swedish krona, whereas the euro remained comparatively stable. For a short period in early August until after the EMU referendum in September the Foundation’s foreign portfolio was protected from currency changes by means of term contracts. After the referendum, however, we chose to close these term contracts at a profit, which proved to be too early, as the Swedish krona continued to strengthen against world currencies later in the year. However, from the beginning of December we decided to reduce for a three-month period our net exposure to foreign currency corresponding to 50 per cent of the value of our foreign assets. The purpose of using these term contracts is to reduce the Foundation’s vulnerability to future currency changes. This makes it possible to have a greater proportion of foreign assets without necessarily expos- ing ourselves to greater currency risks. Our exposure to foreign currency at year end was 13 per cent (13%) of the total assets after having been reduced by term contracts. In order to give further information about the Foundation’s financial status the report, as previously, is complemented by a balance sheet in which assets and liabilities are given at market value. In addition, the balance sheet is complemented by the item entitled “Changes in unrealised profits”, which, in combination with the results of disposals and the depreciation of financial instruments net, provides a positive result of SEK 684 m. A considerable part of last year’s depreciation of individual shareholdings could be restored to the lower figure of market value and purchase value. Thus SEK 47m of previously booked depreciation for the property Styrpinnen 23 was restored. At year end the market value of the Foundation’s assets amounted to a value that exceeds the book value by SEK 798 m (560). Of the Foundation’s total assets of SEK 7,314 m, valued at market rates at the end of 2003, the percentage of equity was 45 per cent (38, 2002), property 9 per cent (10), interest-bearing investments 41 per cent (48) and hedge funds 4 per cent (5). 93 The creation of a royal dynasty: Karl XIV Johan and the myths of power 124 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Financial result On the basis of the profit-and-loss account (and its various notes) a summary can be made consisting solely of financial items at market value. These items are collected in a Table (see Table 1) according to the type of asset. The Financial Result Table shows that the Foundation’s equity portfolio showed a profit of SEK 805 m, corresponding to a return of 32.1 per cent calculated on the market value of the shares at year start. The Foundation’s properties show a loss of SEK 5 m. This gives a yield of –0.8 per cent. The interest-bearing assets showed a profit of SEK 150 m, or a return of 4.4 per cent for 2003. The Foundation’s investments in hedge funds showed a profit of SEK 13 m, or a return of 4.3 per cent on this type of asset for 2003. The financial result has to be reduced for interest costs and financial costs. The overall financial result for 2003 is shown in the Table as being SEK 959 m, which corresponds to a return of 15.2 per cent calculated on equity capital at year start. After setting aside a sum to maintain the real value of the Foundation’s capital, the financial result should cover research grants of SEK 280 m and administration costs of SEK 23 m. The surplus is SEK 582 m. Annual Report 125

FIGURE 1–4 Figure 2. Real return in percentage of Financial operations equity capital at market value at year start. – five-year summary 50% On 1 January 1988 the Bank of Sweden Tercen- tenary Foundation acquired new Articles of 40% Association, making it an independent financial 30% player. In order to maintain a stable level of 20% research grants, the Board has established as a 10% long-term goal for the future that the real (adjusted for inflation) annual return shall exceed 0% 4% over time calculated from the beginning of -10% 2003. During the past five years (1999–2003) the -20% Foundation’s financial assets have produced an 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 average real return of 4.4%. The equity capital of the Foundation at market value grew during the same period by SEK 435 million and SEK 1,896 million was approved for research grants. Figure 3. Equity capital (SEK m) at market value at year end. Shown below in the form of bar charts are the results for the past five years of four fundamen- 10 000 tal financial indicators: total return, real return 8 000 (adjusted for inflation), equity capital at market value and annual research grants approved. 6 000 4 000

2 000

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Figure 1. Total return (not adjusted for inflation) on percentage of equity capital at market value at year start.

50% Figure 4. Approved grants for research 40% (SEK m).

30% 500

20% 400

10% 300

0% 200

-10% 100

-20% 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 126 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

TABLE 1

Financial result SEK ’000

ASSETS INCOME/EXPENSE 2003 2002

Properties Income 40 663 44 498 Realized gains – 36 503 Depreciation –6 083 –7 071 Reversed write-downs 47 000 – Write-downs – –17 900 Other expenses –36 465 –21 536 Change in unrealized gains –50 216 –32 333

Total properties –5 101 2 161

Shares Dividends 89 077 70 991 Realized gains/losses –346 287 –514 330 Reversed write-downs 1 078 944 – Write-downs –345 955 –1 078 943 Change in unrealized gains 329 345 3 609

Total shares 805 124 –1 518 673

Hedge funds Dividends 21 377 – Realized gains/losses 2 745 – Reversed write-downs 75 – Write-downs – –75 Change in unrealized gains –11 065 128 791

Total hedge funds 13 132 128 716

Interest-bearing Bank funds Interest income 12 576 16 270 Foreign exchange gains/losses –5 986 –32 956 Currency futures Interest income 1 644 – Foreign exchange gains/losses 11 534 – Write-downs –60 – Commercial papers Interest income 29 104 32 286 Bonds Interest income 74 861 78 154 Realized gains/losses 56 313 28 432 Change in unrealized gains –29 640 –17 316

Total interest-bearing assets 150 346 104 870

Interest expenses –2 708 –3 578 Financial expenses –1 938 –3 352

Financial result 958 855 –1 289 856 Annual Report 127

Income statement SEK ’000

NOTE 2003 2002

FOUNDATION INCOME Dividends (shares, hedge funds) 1 110 454 70 991 Interest income 2 118 185 126 710 Result properties 3 45 115 34 494 Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments 4 445 835 –1 564 916 Foreign exchange result etc. 5 8 774 –30 065

FOUNDATION EXPENSES Financial expenses 6 –1 938 –3 352 Personnel expenses 7,8,9 –16 114 –12 653 External expenses 10 –6 491 –5 904 Depreciation of equipment 15 –364 –473 Interest expenses 3 –2 708 –3 578

Profit/loss for the year 21 700 748 –1 388 746

Change in unrealized gains 11 238 424 82 751

Real change in equity capital before award of research grants 22 939 172 –1 305 995 128 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Balance sheet SEK ’000

NOTE 31 DEC. 2003 31 DEC. 2002

BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

ASSETS FIXED ASSETS Tangible assets Properties 13,14 337 639 628 500 293 622 634 700 Investment in progress Sånglärkan 12* – – 1 740 1 740 Equipment 15 372 372 679 679

Total tangible assets 338 011 628 872 296 041 637 119

Financial assets Bonds 16 1 612 321 1 709 976 1 575 539 1 702 835 Shares 17 2 912 373 3 281 709 2 496 732 2 536 721 Hedge funds 18 255 659 296 118 257 125 308 649

Total financial assets 4 780 353 5 287 803 4 329 396 4 548 205

Total fixed assets 5 118 364 5 916 675 4 625 437 5 185 324

CURRENT ASSETS Other current receivables 19 65 715 65 715 1 559 1 559 Deferred expenses and accrued income 20 41 747 41 747 34 803 34 803 Commercial papers 1 029 176 1 029 176 988 496 988 496 Cash and bank 261 122 261 122 513 917 513 917

Total current assets 1 397 760 1 397 760 1 538 775 1 538 775

Total assets 6 516 124 7 314 435 6 164 212 6 724 099

*Finalized during 2003. Annual Report 129

NOTE 31 DEC. 2003 31 DEC. 2002

BOOK MARKET BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE

EQUITY CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES

RESTRICTED CAPITAL 21,22 Donation capital 2 372 346 2 372 346 2 327 883 2 327 883 NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL 21,22 Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 1 715 539 1 715 539 1 683 386 1 683 386 Retained earnings 27 2 077 679 2 875 990 1 733 326 2 293 213

Total equity capital 6 165 564 6 963 875 5 744 595 6 304 482

PROVISIONS Provisions for pensions 2 286 2 286 2 343 2 343

Total provisions 2 286 2 286 2 343 2 343

LONG-TERM LIABILITIES Mortgage loans 65 100 65 100 65 100 65 100

Total long-term liabilities 65 100 65 100 65 100 65 100

CURRENT LIABILITIES Grants approved but not yet disbursed 253 529 253 529 327 254 327 254 Accounts payable 2 064 2 064 2 810 2 810 Currency futures 23 60 60 – – Other current liabilities 24 19 745 19 745 13 455 13 455 Accrued expenses and deferred income 25 7 776 7 776 8 655 8 655

Total current liabilities 283 174 283 174 352 174 352 174

Total liabilities 350 560 350 560 419 617 419 617

Total equity capital and liabilities 6 516 124 7 314 435 6 164 212 6 724 099

PLEDGED ASSETS 26 Property mortgages 67 914 67 914 Bonds pledged for derivatives 18 861

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Grants approved to be disbursed from return in the year ahead 95 344 138 362 130 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Cash ﬂow statement SEK ’000

2003 2002

Cash flow from the operating activities Profit/loss for the year 700 748 –1 388 746 Adjustment for non-cash items: Depreciation of tangible fixed assets 6 448 6 525 Reversed write-downs of tangible fixed assets –47 000 – Write-downs of tangible fixed assets – 17 900 Reversed write-downs of financial fixed assets –1 079 019 – Write-downs of financial fixed assets 345 955 1 079 018 Accrued acquisition value at zero coupon bonds – –5 717 Capital results 287 229 449 395 Change in provisions for pensions –56 –89 Change in accrued income interest -6 335 4 645 Change in accrued expense interest –102 –142

Cash flow from the operating activities before changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities 207 868 162 789

Cash flow from changes in short-term operating receivables and liabilities Changes in short-term receivables –105 445 –24 287 Changes in short-term liabilities 4 827 281 404

Cash flow from the operating activities 107 250 419 906

Cash flow from investment activities Investments in tangible fixed assets –3 157 –292 Disposals of tangible fixed assets – 160 235 Investment in progress Sånglärkan 12 finalized 2003 1 740 –1 740 Investments in financial fixed assets –1 945 789 –6 888 338 Disposals of financial fixed assets 1 940 665 7 014 433

Cash flow from investment activities –6 541 284 298

Cash flow from financing activities Change in long-term liabilities – –48 931

Cash flow from financing activities 0 –48 931

Cash flow from grants approved Change in grants approved but not yet disbursed –73 725 –27 383 Grants approved for the year –279 779 –349 971

Cash flow from grants approved –353 504 –377 354

Net cash flow for the year –252 795 277 919

Cash and bank at start of year 513 917 798 806 Cash and bank at end of year 261 122 513 917 Annual Report 131

Accounting and valuation principles

The Annual Report and the accounting and valuation principles utilized are in conformity with the Swedish Annual Accounts Act.

valuation of tangible assets

Valuation book values Tangible assets are valued at acquisition value with deductions for write-downs and linear depreciation. Here, the following percentages are adopted for annual depreciation: Buildings 2% Equipment 20% Computers 33,33% Land is valued at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Investments in software, both developed in-house and acquired, are expensed as incurred.

Valuation The market values of properties are based on external valuations made market values by reputable valuation ﬁrms. Equipment and computers are valued at book value.

valuation of financial assets

Valuation book values Share-related securities are valued individually at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Hedge funds are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Interest-bearing securities are valued collectively at acquisition value less requisite write-downs. Accrued interest on coupon bonds is shown as accrued income in the balance sheet. Zero coupon bonds are valued at accrued acquisition value. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate at the time of acquisition.

Valuation Interest-bearing and share-related securities are valued at real value. market values Real value is normally the last paid rate on the balance sheet date or, if such is missing, the last buy rate. Hedge funds are valued at real value. Real value is normally the value that is reported from each fund manager. Foreign securities are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. 132 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

valuation of current assets

Valuation book value Receivables are posted at the amount that, after individual assessment, is estimated to be paid. Receivables in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Non-matured currency futures are valued on the principle of the lowest value. Thus, if the asset class “currency futures” has a negative marked value, it is entered as a liability and the corresponding write- down is made. The difference between forward and spot rates is perio- dized over the term of the futures and is entered as accrued interest income. Accrued interest on commercial papers is entered as accrued income in the balance sheet. Bank deposits in foreign currency are valued at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

Valuation Market values correspond to book values except for currency futures, market values which are valued at real value.

valuation liabilities

Liabilities in foreign currency are valued on the basis of the exchange rate on the balance sheet date.

approved research grants

Approved research grants are reported directly against non-restricted equity capital. Approved grants are debited at the time the decision is taken.

equity capital

At book value Booked equity capital comprises restricted and non-restricted equity capital. The restricted equity capital (donation capital) consists of the Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg’s Donations. According to the terms of the donation, the real value of these donations is to be maintained over time. That will be done through an annual allocation to restricted capital, which is calculated on the basis of the development of the Swedish consumer price index between the years. The restricted equity capital is not accessible for distribution. Non-restricted equity capital consists of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation and the retained earnings. In the case of the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation, the terms of the donation state that its capital may be used for research grants. Within the scope Annual Report 133

of the non-restricted equity capital, an allocation is, however, made in order to maintain the real value of the Donation. The retained earnings consists of proﬁts less allocation for maintaining the real value of the Donations and less approved research grants. According to a decision taken by the Board in 1992, the lowest amount for the retained earnings shall be equal to a normal three-year distribution of research funds.

At market value The equity capital at market value corresponds to the Foundation’s net assets, i.e. assets less liabilities at market values. 71 The contract-labour system in manorial production – the case of Skåne, 1800–1950

136 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Notes AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

Note 1. Dividends

2003 2002

Shares 89 077 70 991 Hedge funds 21 377 –

Total 110 454 70 991

Note 2. Interest income

2003 2002

Bonds 74 861 78 154 Commerial papers 29 104 32 286 Currency futures 1 644 – Bank 12 576 16 270

Total 118 185 126 710

Note 3. Result properties

2003 2002

Income from rents 40 663 44 498 Income from disposal of property – 36 503 Depreciation –6 083 –7 071 Reversed write-downs 47 000 – Write-downs – –17 900 Other expenses –36 465 –21 536

Total 45 115 34 494 Of the property income, 2 276 constitutes an estimated internal rent for the Foundation's own premises. The interest expense reported in the income statement relates to loans secured against the Foundation's properties. See also notes 13 and 14.

Note 4. Result from disposal and write-downs of financial instruments

2003 2002

Capital result bonds 56 313 28 432 Capital result shares –346 287 –514 330 Reversed write-downs shares 1 078 944 – Write-downs shares –345 955 –1 078 943 Capital result hedge funds 2 745 – Reversed write-downs hedge funds 75 – Write-downs hedge funds – –75

Total 445 835 –1 564 916 Annual Report 137

Note 5. Foreign exchange result etc.

2003 2002

Unutilized grants 2 877 1 818 Reimbursement from SPP – 1 072 Exchange result unrealized –5 986 –32 956 Exchange result currency futures 11 534 – Write-downs currency futures –60 – Tax refund 408 – Miscellaneous 1 1

Total 8 774 –30 065

Note 6. Financial expenses

2003 2002

Safe-custody charge 355 1 270 Management fees 328 880 Other financial expenses 1 255 1 202

Total 1 938 3 352

Note 7. Salaries, other remuneration and social security costs

2003 2002

Salaries and other remuneration: Board and Managing Director 2 512 1 621 Other staff 6 024 5 579 Accrued salaries 10 100

Total 8 546 7 300

Social security costs 6 872 4 652 – of which pension costs 3 323 1 842 Of pension costs 658 (467) relate to the Board and Managing Director.

Note 8. Average number of employees

2003 2002

Women 6 6 Men 7 7

Total 1313 138 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 9. Information of absence due to illness

During the period of 1 July 2003 to 31 Dec. 2003 there is no absence due to illness to report.

Note 10. Remuneration to auditors

2003 2002

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers (internal audit and consulting) 215 246

Total 215 246

Note 11. Change in unrealized gains

2003 2002 CHANGE

Properties 290 861 341 077 –50 216 Bonds 97 656 127 296 –29 640 Shares 369 335 39 990 329 345 Hedge funds 40 459 51 524 –11 065

Total 798 311 559 887 238 424

Note 12. Allocation for maintenance of real value

The average consumer price index in 2003 was 278.1. The corresponding index for 2002 was 272.9, giving an increase between 2002 and 2003 of 1.91%. The indexed real value of the donation capital (restricted capital) will therefore increase by 2 327 883 x 0.0191 = 44 463 while the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation (non-restricted capital) is increased by 1 683 386 x 0.0191 = 32 153. See also note 21 and 22.

Note 13. Properties

BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Styrpinnen 23, Stockholm 79 154 90 000 Claus Mortensen 24, Malmö 76 410 94 000 Brännaren 7, Stockholm 15 728 49 000 Kampsången 4, Stockholm 10 755 33 500 Sländan 2, Stockholm 7 878 34 000 Trädlärkan 2, Stockholm 14 716 27 000 Rekryten 6, Stockholm 25 122 77 000 Snöklockan 1, Stockholm 21 806 54 500 Jasminen 4, Stockholm 14 807 35 000 Apelträdet 5, Stockholm 14 144 29 500 Hjorten 17, Stockholm 16 978 56 000 Sånglärkan 12, Stockholm 40 141 49 000

Total 337 639 628 500

The properties are owned by 100%. Annual Report 139

Note 14. Properties

2003 2002

Buildings Acquisition values, brought forward 302 618 404 500 Investments for the year 3 100 – Disposal of building for the year – –101 882

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 305 718 302 618

Depreciation, brought forward –53 224 –64 957 Disposal of building for the year – 17 785 Depreciation for the year –6 083 –6 052

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –59 307 –53 224

Write-downs, brought forward –62 700 –64 958 Disposal of building for the year – 14 258 Reversed write-downs Styrpinnen 23 32 900 – Write-downs for the year – –12 000

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –29 800 –62 700

Land Acquisition values, brought forward 135 128 214 747 Investments for the year – – Disposal of land for the year – –79 619

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 135 128 135 128

Write-downs, brought forward –28 200 –48 042 Disposal of land for the year – 25 742 Reversed write-downs Styrpinnen 23 14 100 Write-downs for the year – –5 900

Accumulated write-downs, carried forward –14 100 –28 200

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 337 639 293 622

Tax-assessment values, buildings 312 520 296 690 Tax-assessment values, land 174 775 164 954

The market values of properties are specified in note 13. See also note 3. 140 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Note 15. Equipment

2003 2002

Acquisition values, brought forward 3 482 4 207 Purchases 57 292 Sales and rejects – –1 017

Accumulated acquisition values, carried forward 3 539 3 482

Depreciation, brought forward –2 803 –3 332 Sales and rejects – 1 002 Depreciation of the year –364 –473

Accumulated depreciation, carried forward –3 167 –2 803

Residual value according to plan, carried forward 372 679

Note 16. Bonds

MATURITY YEAR NOMINAL BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE VALUE

Swedish nominal-interest bonds 2004 140 000 145 508 142 902 2005 410 000 417 527 421 444 2006 250 000 257 100 259 409 2007 100 000 100 149 104 427 2009 100 000 106 510 106 769 2014 25 000 28 526 28 939

Total 1 055 320 1 063 890

Swedish real-interest bonds 2008* 150 000 152 476 183 371 2015 278 000 287 335 324 940 2020 50 000 46 914 65 578 2028 60 000 70 276 72 197

Total 557 001 646 086

Total bonds 1 612 321 1 709 976

*of which a nominal value of 18 861 is pledged for derivatives Annual Report 141

Note 17. Shares

SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Altima 20 000 0 1 400 Assa Abloy B 375 000 32 062 32 063 AstraZeneca SDB 365 000 127 933 127 933 Atlas Copco A 240 000 41 279 61 800 Autoliv SDB 100 000 24 690 27 300 Axfood 150 000 23 015 24 975 Axis 495 000 6 426 8 415 Ballingslöv 96 000 6 144 7 536 Bergman & Beving B 640 000 24 959 29 312 Billerud 65 000 6 797 7 053 Biotage A 207 800 2 431 2 431 Boliden 250 000 9 600 9 600 Cardo 30 000 5 252 5 985 Electrolux B 400 000 54 977 63 200 Elekta B 60 425 6 049 8 157 Eniro 100 000 6 134 6 900 Ericsson B 16 000 000 206 400 206 400 Expanda B 250 000 7 400 7 400 Finnveden B 290 500 11 950 12 550 FöreningsSparbanken A 700 000 82 016 99 050 G&L Beijer 225 000 15 098 18 225 Gambro B 359 600 21 396 21 396 Getinge Industrier B 250 000 13 977 17 250 Hennes & Mauritz B 825 000 141 075 141 075 Holmen B 50 000 10 423 12 775 Hufvudstaden A 400 000 11 267 13 880 Industrivärden C 300 000 26 393 32 550 Investor B 1 200 000 83 400 83 400 Kinnevik B 40 000 6 277 9 440 Lagercrantz Group B 558 600 12 568 12 569 Lindex 9 900 1 824 2 178 Mekonomen B 103 500 5 740 18 992 MTG B 75 200 11 393 11 393 NCC B 200 000 11 100 11 100 Nobia 200 000 11 022 15 000 Nokia SDB 200 000 24 900 24 900 Nolato B 30 000 1 298 1 482 Nordea 3 165 000 135 583 170 910 Observer 221 520 7 598 7 598 142 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

SWEDISH SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Sandvik 270 000 57 613 66 960 SCA B 330 000 81 986 97 020 Scania B 280 000 50 008 56 840 SEB A 700 000 57 084 74 200 Securitas B 250 000 23 466 24 250 Skandia 800 000 20 960 20 960 Skanska B 750 000 47 625 47 625 SKF B 100 000 23 961 27 800 SSAB B 200 000 17 686 24 700 Svedbergs 209 300 18 992 21 139 Svenska Handelsbanken A 900 000 119 693 132 300 Tele2 B 180 000 49 987 69 120 Telelogic 550 000 6 325 6 325 TeliaSonera 2 425 000 81 482 91 180 Teligent 146 800 2 848 2 848 Trelleborg B 335 200 33 768 39 218 Volvo B 450 000 66 992 99 000

Total Swedish shares 1 998 322 2 277 058

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Denmark AP Moeller Maersk 800 29 868 41 417 Danske Bank 100 000 15 323 16 832 DSV 50 000 13 267 15 860 Jyske Bank 30 000 7 163 11 375 Topdanmark 50 000 14 557 19 202 Finland Huhtamäki 22 950 1 942 1 943 Kone B 30 000 8 931 12 362 Nokia A 180 000 22 349 22 349 Novo Group 539 750 16 602 21 996 Tecnomen 423 238 5 251 5 251 Tieto-X 254 000 4 992 4 992 Uponor 50 000 9 594 11 320 France Alcatel 235 000 21 692 21 729 Atos 25 000 11 054 11 479 Aventis 60 000 27 741 28 473 Annual Report 143

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Axa 115 000 17 674 17 674 BNP Paribas 25 000 9 288 11 302 Carrefour 60 000 23 648 23 648 Hermes 13 000 18 060 18 060 Pernod-Ricard 14 500 10 968 11 575 Pinault Printemps 12 000 8 330 8 330 Schneider Electric 30 000 11 334 14 101 Société Générale A 40 000 19 654 25 357 Total Fina Elf 25 000 30 009 33 372 Vivendi Universal 70 000 9 814 12 216 Germany BMW 30 000 9 984 9 984 DaimlerChrysler 25 000 8 377 8 377 E.ON 25 000 10 039 11 714 SAP 8 000 9 647 9 647 Siemens 30 000 16 975 17 252 Great Britain Barclays 375 000 23 214 24 001 Compass Group 300 000 14 644 14 644 GlaxoSmithKline 100 000 16 442 16 442 Legal & General Group 1 750 000 22 114 22 536 Royal Bank of Scotland 70 000 14 452 14 801 Scottish Power 320 000 15 302 15 302 Serco Group 300 000 6 628 6 628 Vodafone 1 500 000 24 157 26 687 WPP Group 125 000 8 807 8 807 Italy ENI 125 000 15 577 16 935 Telecom Italia 759 200 15 533 16 157 Unicredito Italiano 400 000 15 128 15 504 Netherlands Euronext 25 000 4 544 4 544 ING Groep 150 000 16 441 25 117 Royal Dutch 60 000 21 288 22 713 V N U 25 000 5 671 5 671 Norway Norsk Hydro 30 000 10 901 13 279 Orkla A 70 000 10 163 11 247 Telenor 430 000 15 014 20 170 Spain Acerinox 35 000 11 740 11 848 B.B.V.A. 250 000 20 652 24 791 144 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

FOREIGN SHARES NUMBER BOOK MARKET VALUE VALUE

Switzerland Holcim 35 000 11 710 11 710 Nestle 14 000 23 718 25 127 Novartis 40 000 12 484 13 045 Roche 30 000 21 738 21 738 Serono 4 500 22 377 23 053 USA Berkshire Hathaway 20 11 920 12 141 Citigroup 70 000 22 402 24 483 General Electric 30 000 6 697 6 697 Pfizer 120 000 30 549 30 549 Wells Fargo 45 000 17 917 19 095

Total foreign shares 914 051 1 004 651

Grand total shares 2 912 373 3 281 709

Note 18. Hedge funds

NUMBER OF UNITS BOOK VALUE MARKET VALUE

Eikos 358 50 000 61 839 Nektar 73 562 120 714 146 079 Tanglin 17 828 25 000 25 000 Valhalla 7 500 7 200 7 391 Zenit 1 466 52 745 55 809

Total 255 659 296 118

Note 19. Other receivables

2003 2002

Rental receivables etc. 243 3 Tax 250 – Value Added Tax (VAT) 368 484 Claim on SPP -1 072 Securities sold but not paid for 64 424 – Miscellaneous 430 –

Total 65 715 1 559 Annual Report 145

Note 20. Deferred expenses and accrued income

2003 2002

Accrued interest 40 566 34 231 Deferred expenses 773 572 Accrued income 408 –

Total 41 747 34 803

Not 21. Equity capital, book value

RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2002 2 327 883 1 683 386 1 733 326 5 744 595 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 44 463 32 153 –76 616 Profit/loss for the year 700 748 700 748 Research grants approved –279 779 –279 779

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2003 2 372 346 1 715 539 2 077 679 6 165 564

Not 22. Equity capital, market value

RESTRICTED CAPITAL* NON-RESTRICTED CAPITAL EQUITY CAPITAL

HUMANITIES AND RETAINED SOCIAL SCIENCES DON. EARNINGS

Equity capital, 31 Dec. 2002 2 327 883 1 683 386 2 293 213 6 304 482 Allocation for maintenance of real value of donation capital 44 463 32 153 –76 616 Change in equity capital at market value 939 172 939 172 Research grants approved –279 779 –279 779

Equity capital 31 Dec. 2003 2 372 346 1 715 539 2 875 990 6 963 875

* Bank of Sweden Donation and Erik Rönnberg's Donations. 146 147 96 Hortus Rudbeckianus – the botanic garden and florilegia of Olof Rudbeck sr. 148 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Not 23. Currency futures

PURCHASED/SOLD CURRENCY NOMINAL AMOUNT BOOK VALUE MARKET VALUE

MATURITY MONTH 03-2004 SEK/CHF 14 622 22 22 SEK/EUR 122 924 –414 –414 SEK/GBP 26 832 –72 –72 SEK/NOK 8 788 151 151 SEK/USD 15 439 253 253

Total 188 605 –60 –60

Note 24. Other current liabilities

2003 2002

Employees' tax at source 942 420 Securities purchased but not paid for 16 896 12 037 Rent deposits 24 - Tax owed – 119 Management of funds from the Swedish Research Council 448 740 Management of funds from the Riksdag 135 139 Management of funds for project Foundation 94/04 1 300 –

Total 19 745 13 455

Note 25. Accrued expenses and deferred income

2003 2002

Social costs 878 367 Holidays earned in advance, but not utilized 500 500 Special (salary) tax on pension insurance premiums 778 454 Accrued salaries 1 457 2 311 Accrued interest on mortgage loans 246 348 Deferred rental income 3 143 3 664 Miscellaneous, properties 711 728 Other accrued expenses 63 283

Total 7 776 8 655 Annual Report 149

Note 26. Pledged securities

2003 2002

For own allocations and debts In respect of liabilities for secured loans and derivatives Property mortgage 67 914 67 914 Bonds pledged for derivatives 18 861 –

Total 86 775 67 914

Note 27. Approved grants for research

2003 2002

Grants from the Bank of Sweden Donation, incl. the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 109 149 118 360 Grants from the Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 169 920 230 716 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 540 675 Grants from Erik Rönnberg's Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 170 220

Total 279 779 349 971

For more detailed information, see the sections "New research projects in 2003" (page 65 ff) and "Statistical information on research grants" (page 105 ff). 150 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

stockholm 9 february 2004

Eva Österberg Sonia Karlsson Per Bill Chair Vice Chair

Johan Bygge Bernt Ekholm Christer Jönsson

Lennart Kollmats Mats Larsson Lars-Erik Klangby

Lars Lilja Majléne Westerlund Panke Christina Garsten

Dan Brändström Managing Director

the auditors’ report was signed by riksrevisionen (the swedish national audit office) on 12 february, 2004.

Lennart Grufberg Kerstin Jönsson Annual Report 151

Auditor’s report for the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

The Swedish National Audit Office has examined the Annual Report of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation for the year 2003, which was approved by the Board of Trustees on February 9, 2004. The Board of Trustees and the Managing Director are responsible for the accounting records and the administration of the Foundation. It is the responsibility of the Swedish National Audit Office to examine the Foundation’s Annual Report in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards with the aim of reaching an assessment of whether the Annual Report and the underlying documentation are reli- able and that the accounts are true and fair, and whether the management’s administration of the Foundation has observed applicable regulations and any special decisions. The audit has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This means that the audit has been planned and performed with the aim of obtaining reasonable grounds for making an assessment of whether the annual report is true and fair. The examination has accordingly included a selection of significant transactions and decisions made by the Foundation. The audit gives reasonable grounds for the statements below. The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with the Law governing the preparation of the Annual Report and thus gives a true and fair picture of the performance and position of the Foundation in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The members of the Board of Trustees have not contravened the Trust Law or the Regulations governing the Foundation. The decision in this matter was made by Lennart Grufberg, Auditor General. The audit was presented by Kerstin Jönsson, Audit Director.

Lennart Grufberg Kerstin Jönsson 152 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Audit Report

In our capacity as internal auditors we have examined the Annual Report, the accounting records and the administration by the Board of Trustees of the Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond for the year 2003. The Board of Trustees is responsible for the accounts and the administration of the Foundation. Our responsibility is to express our opinion concerning the Annual Report and the administration on the basis of our audit. This audit has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards in Sweden. These standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance that the Annual Report is free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the accounts. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and their application by the Board of Trustees, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of information in the Annual Report. We have examined signiﬁcant decisions, actions taken and circumstances of the Foundation in order to be able to assess whether any member of the Board of Trustees is liable to pay damages to the Foundation, whether there are grounds for dismissal or whether any member of the Board of Trustees has, by any other means, contravened the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation. We are of the opinion that our audit gives reasonable grounds for our statements below. The Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with the Annual Accounts Act, thereby giving a true and fair view of the Foundation’s ﬁnancial position and results of operations in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden. The members of the Board of Trustees have not contravened the Foundation Act or the Deed of Foundation.

stockholm, 12 february, 2004

Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers AB

Ulrika Granholm Dahl authorized public accountant The Swedish fable, 1600–1800: history of a genre 79 154 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

donations at

market value AMOUNTS IN SEK ’000

The funds administered by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are derived from ﬁve different donations. • The donation from the Bank of Sweden to promote and support scien- tiﬁc research (the Bank of Sweden Donation) • The Nils-Eric Svensson Fund • The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses • Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years (For a more detailed description of the purposes of the various donations, please refer to the section “Activities in support of research”.) All funds donated to the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are managed jointly. The yields of the various donations are, however, earmar- ked for different purposes. The Foundation’s total yield on managed funds must therefore be split between these donations.

At the beginning of 2003 the market values of the various donations were as follows:

1.The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund 4 205 126 (66,7006%) 2.The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation 2 080 956 (33,0076%) 3.Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses 14 057 (0,2230%) 4.Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years 4 343 (0,0689%) total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2002 6 304 482 Donations at Market Value 155

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation’s total return in 2003 (reported proﬁt for the year + change in unrealized gains = 700 748 + 238 424 = 939 172) is to be allocated proportionately to the various donations.

1. The Bank of Sweden Donation, including the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund

Value, brought forward 4 205 126 Share of total return for the year 626 433 Grants for the year –109 149 market value on 31 dec. 2003 4 722 410

The grants from the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund have no direct link to the return on managed funds. The Board of the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation has undertaken to ensure that the grants made each year can amount to a particular sum – which for 2003 is 300. The donation is to be regarded as used up by the end of 2015. In this summary the Nils-Eric Svensson Fund has therefore been combined with the Bank of Sweden Donation.

2. The Humanities and Social Sciences Donation

Value, brought forward 2 080 956 Share of total return for the year 309 998 Grants for the year –169 920 market value on 31 dec. 2003 2 221 034

3. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on ageing and age-related illnesses

Value, brought forward 14 057 Share of total return for the year 2 094 Grants for the year –540 market value on 31 dec. 2003 15 611

4. Erik Rönnberg’s Donation for research on illnesses during the early childhood years

Value, brought forward 4 343 Share of total return for the year 647 Grants for the year –170 market value on 31 dec. 2003 4 820

total capital at market value on 31 dec. 2003 6 963 875

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 157

Publications by the Foundation Liv. Verk. Tid. Till biograﬁskrivandets renässans (Life, Works, Times. For the Renaissance of Biography). Book issued in cooperation with the Royal Academy of Music (Publications Series No. 82). Tabergs tryckeri AB (1995) Research reviews and documentation from In the Eye of the Beholder: Opinions on Welfare and symposia, conferences etc. arranged by the Bank of Justice in a Comparative Perspective. Editor: Stefan Sweden Tercentenary Foundation are published Svallfors. The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary either in series form or as independent publications. Foundation in association with Impello, Umeå The staff of the Foundation’s secretariat will gladly (1995) supply information about the contents of the Riksdagsutskotten inifrån. Tretton ledamöters publications as well as the addresses to which orders hågkomster (The Parliamentary Standing should be sent. Thirty-six volumes in the series have Committees from the inside. Recollections of appeared between 1977 and 1989. thirteen members). Editor: Lars Gustafsson, The books published since 1990 are as follows: Gidlunds Bokförlag (1996) Björn von Sydow: Parlamentarismen i Sverige. Forskning i ett föränderligt samhälle, Stiftelsen Utveckling och utformning till 1945 Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 1965–1990. Editors: (Parliamentarianism in Sweden. Evolution and Editors: Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, shaping until 1945). Gidlunds Förlag (1997) Gidlunds Bokförlag (1990) War Experience, Self-Image and National Identity: Swedish Research in a Changing Society, The Bank of The Second World War as Myth and History, Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 1965–1990. Edited Editors: Stig Ekman and Nils Edling, Gidlunds by Kjell Härnqvist and Nils-Eric Svensson, Förlag (1997) Gidlunds Bokförlag (1990) Trying to Make Democracy Work. The Nordic Riksdagen inifrån. Tolv riksdagsledamöters hågkomster, Parliaments and the European Union. Editor: erfarenheter och lärdomar. (The Riksdag from Matti Wiberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1997) within. Twelve Members of Parliament recollect Forskningens roll i offensiv kulturarvsvård (The role their experiences and lessons learned). Editor: of research in assertive care of cultural heritage). Nils Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1991) Report from a seminar on 14 November 1996, Att åldras. Rapport från ett symposium om forskning Gidlunds Förlag (1997) kring åldrande och åldrandets sjukdomar (Growing Promoting Cultural Research for Human Development. Old. Report from a symposium on ageing and Report on seminars held by the Bank of Sweden age-related diseases). Editor: Bengt Pernow, Tercentenary Foundation within the framework of Gidlunds Bokförlag (1992) the Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Riksdagen genom tiderna (The Riksdag: a history of Policies for Development (“The Power of Culture”) in the Swedish Parliament). H. Schück, G. Rystad, Stockholm, 30 March–2 April, 1998. Editor: Carl- M.F. Metcalf, S. Carlsson & N. Stjernquist, Johan Kleberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1998) (1992, second edition) Arkitekturforskning med betydelse för konst och Europa – historiens återkomst (Europe – the return of his- gestaltning – inventering och kommentarer. tory). Editor: Sven Tägil, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1992) (Architectural research of signiﬁcance for art and Research Funding and Quality Assurance. interpretation – a catalogue and comments). A symposium in honorem Nils-Eric Svensson. Björn Linn, Jan Ahlin och Gunilla Enhörning. Gidlunds Bokförlag (1993) Published by Chalmers University of Technology Bengt Wieslander: The Parliamentary Ombudsman and the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary in Sweden. Gidlunds Bokförlag (1994) Foundation, Teknolog Tryck (1998) Bengt Wieslander: JO-ämbetet i Sverige. Gidlunds Kulturarvet, museerna och forskningen (Cultural Bokförlag (1995) heritage, museums and research). Report from a Parlamentarismen i de nordiska länderna: En egen conference on 13–14 November, 1997. Editors: modell? (Parliamentarianism in the Scandinavian Annika Alzén & Magdalena Hillström, Gidlunds countries. A distinctive model?). Editor: Nils Förlag (1999) Stjernquist, Gidlunds Bokförlag (1995) 158 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Konkursinstitutets betydelse i svensk ekonomi (The Staden, husen och tiden: Rapport från seminarieserien importance of bankruptcy in the Swedish Staden – allas rum, samt reflektioner om stadens economy). Editors: Karl Gratzer & Hans egenart (The City, Dwellings and Times: Report Sjögren. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) from a series of seminars on: “The City – a room Globalisering, ideologi och nationell politik for all, and reflections on its distinctive (Globalization, Ideology and National Policy). character”). Björn Linn, Gunilla Enhörning & Editor: Håkan Holmberg, Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Hans Fog (2001) Kultur och kreativitet i lärarutbildningen. Rapport Europe. The Return of History. Editor: Sven Tägil, från två seminarier (Culture and Creativity in Academic Press (2001) Teacher Training. Report from two seminars). Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1945–1949 (Tage Erlander: Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Diaries, 1945–1949). Edited by Sven Erlander, Den vackra nyttan. Om hemslöjd i Sverige (Attractive Gidlunds Förlag (2001) and Useful. About handicraft in Sweden). Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1950–1951 (Tage Erlander: Editor: Gunilla Lundahl. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Diaries, 1950–1951). Edited by Sven Erlander, Vetenskapsbärarna. Naturvetenskapen i det svenska Gidlunds Förlag (2001) samhället, 1880–1950 (The Bearers of Science. Rösträtten 80 år. Forskarantologi (Eighty Years of Natural science in Swedish society 1880–1950). Suffrage: Research Anthology). Editor: Christer Editor: Sven Widmalm. Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Jönsson, Swedish Information Service (2001) Magnus Isberg: Riksdagsledamoten i sin partigrupp. När Tage Erlander styrde landet. Rapport från ett 52 riksdagsveteraners erfarenheter av partigruppernas seminarium i Riksdagshuset 19 september 2001. arbetssätt och inflytande (Members of Parliament (When Tage Erlander governed the country. in their party faction. The experiences of 52 parlia- Report from a seminar in the Riksdag on mentary veterans of the modus operandi and influ- 19 September 2001). Editor: Leif Andersson. ence of party factions). Gidlunds Förlag (1999) Gidlunds Förlag (2002) Jan Johansson: Hur blir man riksdagsledamot? En Tage Erlander: Dagböcker 1952. (Tage Erlander: undersökning av makt och inflytande i partiernas Diaries, 1952). Edited by Sven Erlander. Gidlunds nomineringsprocesser (How does one become a Förlag (2002) member of the Riksdag? An investigation of Colin Mercer: Towards Cultural Citizenship: Tools for power and influence in the party nomination Cultural Policy and Development. Gidlunds Förlag processes). Gidlunds Förlag (1999) (2002) Den representativa demokratins framtid. Seminarium Creative Europe: On Governance and Management of vid Umeå universitet (The future of the represen- Artistic Creativity in Europe. An ERICarts Report tative democracy. Seminar at the University of presented to the Network of European Foundations Umeå), 18 October, 1999. Gidlunds Förlag (2000) for Innovative Co-operation (NEF). Danielle Musik, Medier, Mångkultur – förändringar i svenska Cliche, Ritva Mitchell, Andreas Wiesand (Eds.). musiklandskap (Music, Media, Multi-culture – European Research Institute for Comparative changes in Swedish musical landscapes). Dan Cultural Policy and the Arts (ERICarts) (2002) Lundberg, Krister Malm & Owe Ronström. Björn Hettne: Culture, security and sustainable social Gidlunds Förlag (2000) development. Sector Committee for Research on Ekonomisk brottslighet och nationalstatens kontrollmakt Culture, Security and Sustainable Social (Economic crime and the nation-state’s power of Development. Gidlunds förlag (2003) control). Editors: Leif Appelgren & Hans Tage Erlander. Dagböcker 1953. (Tage Erlander: Sjögren, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Diaries, 1952). Edited by Sven Erlander. Gidlunds Förståelse och inlevelse i lärandet. Rapport från ett förlag (2003) seminarium om konstens och kulturens roll i skola och Kultur, säkerhet och hållbar samhällsutveckling efter 11 lärarutbildning. (Understanding and insight in september. (Culture, security and sustainable social learning: Report from a seminar on the role of development after September 11). Editor: Fredrik art and culture in school and teacher training). Lundmark, Gidlunds förlag (2003) Editor: Egon Hemlin, Gidlunds Förlag (2001) Bertil Fiskesjö: Talmannen i den svenska riksdagen Björn Hettne: Kultur – Säkerhet – Hållbar samhälls- (The Speaker in the Swedish Riksdag utveckling (Culture – Security – Sustainable deve- [Parliament]). Gidlunds förlag (2003) lopment). Gidlunds Förlag (2001) The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 159

The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

board of trustees finance committee 1 November 2003–31 October 2004 Director Lars-Erik Klangby (Chair) Director Johan Bygge Members Professor Eva Österberg, Chair Sonia Karlsson, MP (s), Vice Chair auditors Professor Christer Jönsson Riksrevisionen is the Foundation’s external auditors Professor Mats Larsson according to the Act (2003-07-01) when The Assistant Professor Christina Garsten* Auditors to the Riksdag was replaced by the new Director Lars-Erik Klangby State Audit Institution ‘Riksrevisionen’. Director Johan Bygge The auditors appointed by the Board of Trustees Per Bill MP (m) in accordance with the statutes of the Foundation Berndt Ekholm MP (s) are Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers. Principal Lennart Kollmats MP (fp) Auditor: Ulrika Granholm Dahl (Authorized Public Lars Lilja MP (s) Accountant). Majléne Westerlund Panke MP (s)

Deputies preparatory committees Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius 2003–2004 Lena Sandlin-Hedman, MP (s) Professor Claes Sandgren Professor Margareta Ihse Preparatory committee 1 Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, Anne-Marie Pålsson MP (m) Uppsala University (Chair) Hans Hoff, MP (s) Professor, Claes Göran Alvstam, Culture Yvonne Ångström MP (fp) Geography, Göteborg University Christina Nenes MP (s) Professor Anders Björklund, National Economy, Ronny Olander MP (s) Stockholm School of Economics Professor Riitta Hjerppe, Economic History, (s) Social Democratic Party Helsinki University (m)Moderate (conservative) Party Professor Margareta Ihse, Natural Resource (fp) Liberal Party Management, Stockholm University Professor Bengt Jacobsson, Business Economics, Södertörn University College advisory committee MPs Hans Hoff, Anne-Marie Pålsson and Yvonne Ångström Professor Eva Österberg (Chair) Sonia Karlsson, MP Director Lars-Erik Klangby

*Started work on 21 January 2004. 160 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Preparatory committee 2 Professor Thorleif Pettersson, Sociology of Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social Religion, Uppsala University Anthropology, Stockholm University (Chair) Professor Wlodek Rabinowicz, Philosophy, Lund Professor Peter Allebeck, Social Medicine, University Karolinska Institutet Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament Professor Gunilla Bohlin, Psychology, Uppsala Exegetics, University of Oslo University MPs Lennart Kollmats and Majléne Westerlund Professor Jan-Eric Gustafsson, Pedagogics, Panke Göteborg University Professor Olli Kangas, Social Policy, Turku Preparatory committee 6 (The Humanities and University Social Sciences Donation) MPs Per Bill and Christina Nenes Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University (Chair) Preparatory committee 3 Professor Peter Allebeck, Social Medicine, Professor Christer Jönsson, Political Science, Lund Karolinska Institutet University (Chair) Assistant Professor Christina Garsten, Social Professor Kent Asp, Media- and Communication Anthropology, Stockholm University Science, Göteborg University Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, History of Professor Claes Sandgren, Law, Stockholm Literature, Lund University University Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Professor Bengt Swensson, Statistics, Örebro München, University Professor Riitta Hjerppe, Economic History, MPs Berndt Ekholm, Lars Lilja and Lena Sandlin- Helsingfors University Hedman Professor Margareta Ihse, Natural Resource Management, Stockholm University Preparatory committee 4 Professor Christer Jönsson, Political Science, Lund Professor Eva Haettner Aurelius, History of University Literature, Lund University (Chair) Professor Olli Kangas, Social Policy, Turku Professor Östen Dahl, Linguistics, Stockholm University University Assistant Professor Henrik Karlsson, Musicology Professor Thomas Hall, History of Art, Stockholm Professor Mats Larsson, Economic History, University Uppsala University Professor Annegret Heitmann, Scandinavian Professor Turid Karlsen Seim, New Testament Studies, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Exegetics, University of Oslo München Professor Eivind Smith, Law, University of Oslo Assistant Professor Henrik Karlsson, Musicology MPs Sonia Karlsson and Lennart Kollmats Professor Brynja Svane, French Literature, Uppsala University MPs Sonia Karlsson and Ronny Olander

Preparatory committee 5 Professor Eva Österberg, History, Lund University (Chair) Professor Anders Andrén, Archaeology, Lund University Professor Ella Johansson, Ethnology, Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin Professor Sven-Eric Liedman, History of Ideas, Göteborg University The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 161

sector committees Sector committee for research on the civil society Research Director, Ass. Professor Mats Rolén Sector committee for research on the knowledge society (Chairman) Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström Ass. Professor Erik Amnå (Chairman) Ass. Professor Christina Garsten Beatrice Ask, MP Former Minister for Culture Bengt Göransson Professor Boel Berner Former Secretary General Marianne af Malmborg Professor Lars Engwall Birgitta Ohlsson, MP, Liberal Party Professor Peter Gärdenfors Deputy Governor Kristina Persson Professor Thorsten Nybom Professor Lars Svedberg Vice Chancellor, Professor Ingegerd Palmér Ass. Professor Håkan Thörn Professor Ulla Riis Ass. Professor Hans Westlund Professor Bo Rothstein Ass. Professor Filip Wijkström Director Roger Svensson Malin Gawell, BSc (Secretary) Professor Sverker Sörlin Majléne Westerlund Panke, MP Dr. Kjell Blückert (Secretary)

Sector committee for research into culture, security and sustainable social development Managing Director, Professor Dan Brändström (Chairman) Professor Göran Bexell Berndt Ekholm, MP Professor Björn Hettne Professor Alf Hornborg Professor Magnus Jerneck Director Lena Johansson Göran Lennmarker, MP Director Anders Mellbourn Professor Thorleif Pettersson Professor Birgitta Skarin Frykman Professor Peter Wallensteen Professor Mats Widgren Professor Lars-Olof Åhlberg Dr. Fredrik Lundmark (Secretary) 162 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

graduate schools The Swedish School of Advanced Asia Pacific Studies (SSAAPS) Languages Professor Olof Ruin (Chairman) Professor Inge Jonsson (Chairman) Professor Hans Blomqvist Professor Lars Gunnar Andersson Dr. Ida Nicolaisen Professor Lennart Elmevik Professor Thommy Svensson (Co-ordinator) Professor Gunnel Engwall Professor Stein Tønnesson Professor Moira Linnarud Professor Peter Wallensteen Professor Inger Rosengren Dr. Kjell Blückert (Co-opted member) Professor Astrid Stedje Director Roger Svensson (Co-opted member) Research Director Mats Rolén (Secretary) Malin Flobrink, STINT (Secretary)

Mathematics The Nordic Museum Graduate School for Museum Officials Professor Hans Wallin (Chairman) Professor Mats Andersson Ass. Professor Sten Rentzhog (Chairman) Assistant Lecturer Maria Bjerneby Häll Christina Mattsson, Director General Assistant Lecturer Ulla Dellien, Professor Janken Myrdal Lecturer Gerd Brandell Ass. Professor Mats Rolén Lecturer Barbro Grevholm Professor Birgitta Svensson Lecturer Bengt Johansson Professor Eva Östberg Professor Mikael Passare Dr. Ulrich Lange (Secretary and co-ordinator) Secondary school teacher Karin Wallby Research Secretary Anna-Lena Winberg (Secretary) The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation 163

secretariat Håkan Lundmark Telephone International: +46 8-50 62 64 00 Head of European Equities Fax International: +46 8-50 62 64 35 08-50 62 64 18 Management: +46 8-50 62 64 31 [email protected] Finance Dept.: +46 8-50 62 64 30 Daniel Wändin Research Dept. : +46 8-50 62 64 35 Financial Analyst E-mail: [email protected] 08-50 62 64 06 [email protected] Management Board Professor Dan Brändström Research Department Managing Director 08-50 62 64 02 Ass. Professor Mats Rolén [email protected] Research Director 08-50 62 64 17 Margareta Bulér [email protected] Secretary to the Managing Director 08-50 62 64 01 Dr. Kjell Blückert [email protected] Research Secretary Preparatory committee 6, Annsofi Lövgren Infrastructural support Office Assistant 08-50 62 64 22 08-50 62 64 09 [email protected] annsofi[email protected] Dr. Fredrik Lundmark Finance Department Research Secretary Björn Olsson Preparatory committee 4 & 5 Finance Director 08-50 62 64 21 08-50 62 64 04 [email protected] [email protected] Kerstin Stigmark Christina Alm Research Secretary Controller Preparatory committee 1 & 3 08-50 62 64 14 08-50 62 64 07 [email protected] [email protected]

Patrik Hellgren Anna-Lena Winberg Portfolio Manager Research Secretary 08-50 62 64 16 Preparatory committee 2 [email protected] 08-50 62 64 08 [email protected] Elisabeth Hong Accounts and Personnel 08-50 62 64 05 [email protected] 164 The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation Riksbankens Jubileumsfond 165

Picture captions

page 6 Ingmar Bergman filming Smiles of a page 87 Photo: Robert Blombäck, Bildhuset Summer Night, 1955. Photo: Bonnier Arkiv, page 99 Map of Hjulesten in the parish of Pressens bild Stentorp, Skaraborg, showing a farm cottage, page 4, 8 Photo: Jonas Berggren fields, meadows, hop gardens and a mill. page 10 Photo: Hasse Schröder This map is taken from a state publication page 12 Photo: Getty Images now in the Swedish Land Survey’s research page 24 The J35 Draken and pilots. The archives in Gävle. The map was made in prototype had its maiden flight in 1955. This 1647. aeroplane was mass-produced from 1958. page 104 Alida Valli and Louis Jordan in The Photo: Nordiska Museet Paradine Case by Alfred Hitchcock, 1947. page 35 Sonja Åkesson, about 1968 Photo: page 116 From Kerala State, India. Photo: Arne Jönsson, Pressens bild Corbis page 46 Photo: Corbis page 123 King Karl XIV Johan, portrait by page 56 Photo: Pressens bild F. Westin. Photo: Nationalmuseum page 60 Elsa Marianne von Rosen and Julius page 134 Farm-worker’s tied cottage in Skåne, Mengarelli in Birgit Cullberg’s ballet Miss 1946. Photo: Nordiska Museet Julie, 1950. Photo: Enar Merkel Rydberg, page 146 From Olof Rudbeck’s Flora. Balsam, Royal Opera House Library Impatiens balsamina and Balsam cucumber, page 64 Photo: Ulf Huett Nilsson, Bildhuset Momordica balsamina. Photo: Uppsala page 77 Women’s school at Nganda, University Library a Swedish missionary station in the Congo. page 153 Title page of a book of fables, 1738 This picture was taken before 1901 and is in page 156, 164 The offices of the Bank of Teofol Ceder’s and Per Markus’s collection. Sweden Tercentenary Foundation. Photo: © Ethnographical Museum (the photo has Jonas Berggren been cut).

Graphics & layout, illustrations editorial dept. Sandler Mergel, www.sandler.se English Translation Michael Knight Printed and reproduced by I & N Graﬁsk kommunikation Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond The Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation

Postal address: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Box 5675,SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Visits: Tyrgatan 4. Telephone International: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 00. Fax International: +46 (0)8-50 62 64 35 E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.rj.se. Postal Giro: 67 24 03-3