A Look on Dual Naming in Multicultural Areas in Central Europe

A look on dual naming in multicultural areas in Central Europe

Gerhard RAMPL*

This paper mainly aims to give input on a possible future definition of the terms 'dual names/dual naming' and 'multiple names/multiple naming' in the UNGEGN Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names. Therefore some topic-related German language literature that might be hardly accessible for non-German-speakers will be discussed. As a result recommendations for a future definition are given. A second aim is to show that although no definition of 'dual names/dual naming' exists yet it is de facto used by the cartographic institutions that are co-responsible for national standardization in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Therefore a look on the various database structures and cartographic realizations of dual names is given to show how implementations of the dual/multiple name concept can look like.

INTRODUCTION

At the 2013 International Seminar on Sea Names, Isolde Hausner presented an article (Hausner 2013) in which she proposed adding the terms 'dual names/dual naming' and possibly 'multiple names/multiple naming' to the UNGEGN Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names (UNGEGN 2002; short UNGEGN Glossary). Using many examples, she showed that the claim one feature - one name contributes to conflicts by preventing the onymic representation of certain population groups like ethnic/linguistic minorities on maps etc. Hausner comprehensively presented the UNESCO framework and The European Charter of Minority and Regional Languages in relation to the recognition of names as intangible cultural heritage. Furthermore, she pointed out conflicts and solutions by means of different handling of dual and multiple naming in different countries. She concluded with the assessment that dual and multiple names were an existing fact, which should not be disregarded by name standardization. The report of the Working Group on Exonyms on its 15th anniversary points in this direction, too. Peter Jordan proposes to adopt a "one feature - one name per language" approach instead of the formerly UNGEGN-promoted "one feature - one name" (Jordan 2017, p. 3).

* Professor, University of Innsbruck, Austria

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This paper is based on Hausner's article in many respects and tries to supplement it in two ways: 1) even in 2018 we still have the situation that ‘dual names’ and ‘multiple names’ do not exist as terms in the UNGEGN Glossary. For a possible future definition, the development of the similar terms "Doppelname" (dual name) and "Namenpaar" (pair of names) in hardly accessible German-language (linguistic) literature will be presented. 2) Existing (official) dual names in Austria, Germany and Switzerland will be used to illustrate how they are stored in databases of national geographical institutions and represented on their corresponding maps.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE TERM "DOPPELNAME" (DUAL NAME) IN AUSTRIAN/GERMAN ONOMASTICS In German language based onomastics, dual names are already a topic in the early days. Thus, as early as 1863, one of the most important founders of German onomastics, Ernst Förstemann, tried to elaborate a kind of schema for multiple names for one reference objects. In "Die deutschen Ortsnamen" (1863) in chapter XI, in which he deals with the relationship between German and non-German names, he also uses the term "Doppelname" (dual name). Interestingly, it is used exclusively for names created entirely independently (Förstemann 1863, p. 316). Examples he cites include "Rosenberg Prabut, Riesenburg Oleschno, Slrassburg Brodoitza, and Hammerstein Tscharne" (Förstemann 1863, p. 316). All these names do not have any etymological or translation context whatsoever. In the same book he also uses the term "Namenpaar" (pair of names). Its definition is, however, less easily graspable. On the one hand he cites "Hermalle Basse und Hermalle Haute" (Förstemann 1863, p. 225) as an example for pairs of names (thus a variation of the common name component with basse and haute). On the other hand he cites "Bielawy Weissendorf, Kamionken Steinhof, Lipnicki Lindenhof" (Förstemann 1863, p. 311); names that could be described as translations of their appellative components. In Austrian onomastics of this early period the term "Doppelname" (dual name) was used in a somewhat different meaning. Lessiak, who explicitly refers to Jaksch (1891), understands dual names as "the coexistence of places, of which one, usually the larger one, has a German name, the other one bears an equivalent Slovenian name [...]" (1910, p. 276). Kranzmayer, who continued Lessiak's work in many respects, also used the term in this meaning. In this way he defined "dual names are designations with equal or similar meaning of immediate neighboring places; in most cases the more important place usually bears the name from the older language, while the less important place bears the corresponding translated name from the most recent language" (Kranzmayer 1997b, p. 302). However, he also uses the term "(Orts- )Namenpaar" (pair of place-names) and initially understands it to describe the naming of a place with two names and the condition that "the name of one language precisely translates the name of the other" (Kranzmayer 1997a, p. 41). Later, he refines the terminology and distinguishes between "Übersetzungspaar" (translation pairs – in which the meaning and designation of the other language are adopted), "Entlehnungspaar" (pairs of linguistic calque – in which only the phonetic form is borrowed but the meaning is ignored) and "Freie Paare" (free pairs – in which the name of one language is in no relation at all to that of the other language) (Kranzmayer 1997c, p. 63). This distinction is subsequently largely adopted in

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German-language onomastics and is maintained to this day (cf. Pfister 1995, p. 1414). However, there are considerable terminological differences and in addition to "Doppelname" and "Namenpaar". There are terms such as "Doppelform" (dual form), "Dublette" (duplicates), "doppelsprachige" and "zweisprachige Ortsnamen" (dual- language or bilingual place names), "alloglotte Namenpaare" (alloglotte pairs of names) etc.. (cf. Besse 2017, p. 17; Back 1983, p.3), whereby the individual terms may differ considerably in their definitional width. It therefore makes sense to look for a definition in linguistic dictionaries, which in a certain way cover the consensus about the usage of a term. The only problem is that in German-language linguistic dictionaries the terms "Doppelname" or "Namenpaar" are usually not considered at all or they refer exclusively to personal names. A single exception is the "Sprachwissenschaftliches Wörterbuch" by Johann Knobloch, which was initiated in 1963 and discontinued after the letter F- in 1989. As Besse (2017, p. 18) aptly analyses, five different meanings can be derived from the definitions given in this dictionary: 1. so-called geographical dual names, whereby two names are used side by side due to national circumstances (see the description of the situation of Switzerland below); 2. two neighboring places which have the same name in the different languages; 3. dual forms, which result from the fact that a name is adopted in a foreign language and both names develop differently due to the phonetic laws of the different languages; 4. translated names= name compounds; 5. independent dual names due to historical conditions or arbitrary renaming. Besse (2017, pp. 19-24), who cites further attempts of definitions, concludes for German that the term "Namenpaar" (pair of names - with the subdivisions defined by Kranzmayer) would be better suited as a term for naming a reference object with two names as "Doppelname" (dual name). But she gives the constraint that "in recent years the term "Doppelname" dual name has increasingly assumed the meaning of Kranzmayer's term "Namenpaar" (pair of names) [....]". (Besse 2017, p. 25). This development might be pushed forward by the international usage of the term "dual name" in this sense. Another possible template for a new definition in the UNGEGN Glossary can be found in the glossary of the volume "Namenarten und ihre Erforschung" (Name types and their corresponding study) that was elaborated for didactical purposes. Here "Namendublette" (name duplicate) with the synonyms "Allonym" (allonym), "Doppelname" (dual name) and "Dublette" (doublet) is defined as follows: "Name of an object for which there is at least one other name" (Brendler and Brendler 2004, p. 859). This is a very broad definition, which does not take into account the possible relationship and the languages of the names.1 However, this has the advantage that

1 A very similar and broad definition is given in the paper of Choo Sungjae also in this book.

Gerhard RAMPL 39 most of the above meanings stated by Knobloch can be included. Only meaning 2 from the early days of onomastics is excluded, since it is also the only one in which refers to two names for two different reference objects. Also excluded are names which have developed from the physical merger of two entities and which now have a new name that is a compound form of the two old entity names. For example, in the course of the structural reform of the municipalities in the province of Styria (Austria), some of the municipalities that formed from mergers decided to take their new names from components of former individual municipalities. Examples are Stadl-Predlitz (formerly Stadl van der Mur and Predlitz-Turrach), Teufenbach-Katsch (formerly Teufenbach and Frojach-Katsch), Pöls-Oberkurzheim (formerly Pöls and Oberkurzheim), Irdning-Donnersbachtal (formerly Irdning, Donnersbach and Donnersbachwald) etc. Although these names are compounds with parts connected by a hyphen, they should definitely be regarded as a single name, since the individual components of the names do not refer to the same reference object as the compound.

THREE COUNTRIES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND

As can be seen from the above definitions, an essential factor for dual naming is the coexistence of two languages. If this coexistence is historical (meaning that one language is not actively spoken anymore), often one name prevails and the other disappears. So an actual bilingual situation would therefore be an indicator for areas in which dual names would occur. That is why with a few brief strokes the linguistic situation of the three countries examined will be outlined below. All three countries have signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and are committed to protecting and promoting minority languages. This includes "the use or adoption, if necessary in conjunction with the name in the official language(s), of traditional and correct forms of place-names in regional or minority languages." (European Council 5.XI.1992, Article 10.2 g) Austria German is the national language of Austria. Recognized and legally protected minority languages (1976, Ethnic Group Act) are Hungarian, Slovenian, Burgenland Croatian, Czech, Slovak and Romani. The minority rights of the Burgenland Croats and the Slovenes in Carinthia and Styria are guaranteed in the Austrian State Treaty (1955). Minority languages of cartographic relevance are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovenian. Of the other minority languages, there are no officially recognized toponyms. (cf. Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kartographische Ortsnamenkunde 2012, pp. 9-12) Germany The official language throughout Germany is German; Danish, North Frisian, Sater Frisian, Sorbian and Romanes are recognized as minority languages and Low German is recognized as a regional language. While from the first four languages official toponyms exist in their respective variants in addition to the German names, this is not the case with Romanes and Low German. (See Standing Committee on Geographical Names 2016, pp. 18-20).

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Switzerland Switzerland has four official languages, namely German, French, Italian and Romansh. Yenish and Yiddish are recognized as minority languages without territory. There are no officially recognized toponyms of the latter.

REPRENTATION OF DUAL NAMES IN DATABASES AND MAPS

Since above we arrived at a linguistic definition for the term dual names the question is, if the actual usage of dual names in databases and maps corresponds with this definition. Therefore a comparison of official maps and databases of Austria, Switzerland and Germany will be carried out.

Figure 1. Place Names from respective databases (© GeoBasis-DE / BKG 2018; © swissNAMES3D / swisstopo 2018; © Geonam, BEV 2018)

The data used in this paper are exclusively from official sources which are the corresponding national authorities: Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying - BEV (Austria), Federal Office of Topography swisstopo (Switzerland) and Federal Office of Cartography and Geodesy - BKG (Germany). The Austrian data consists of the extract "Geographical Names" from the "Digitales Landesmodell" (DLM-N), which was purchased by the BEV. The name data of Switzerland are freely available as dataset called "swissNAMES3D".2 The German dataset from the BKG is also freely available as open data under the title "GN250".3 Austrian and German data come as point layers, the Swiss dataset consists of point, line and polygon layers. The databases are very different in terms of both, the object classes they contain and their level of detail. For better comparability, only the object classes containing settlements (settlement names)

2 https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/products/landscape/names3D (Stand: 10.8.2018) 3 http://www.geodatenzentrum.de/geodaten/gdz_rahmen.gdz_div (Stand: 10.8.2018)

Gerhard RAMPL 41 are used. These are named "NAM_7100_Siedlung_P" (Austria), "TLM_Siedlungsname" (Switzerland) and "AX_Ortslage" (Germany). Although these data still are not identical they contain very similar object types, in all three cases these are names of populated areas. In addition, the polygons of the Swiss dataset were converted into points. So, as a starting point we get the following basemap (figure 1):

DATABASE STTUCTURES

Germany To represent dual names, the GND 250 contains the attribute fields NAME, SPRACHE, GENUS und NAME2, SPRACHE2, GENUS2. The NAME field always contains the German name variant, NAME2 contains the name in the minority language 4 that is specified in field LANGUAGE2. The languages are freely selectable and this model can therefore also be used to map German-only dual names.5 Example: NAME: Bautzen – SPRACHE: deutsch – NAME2: Budyšin – SPRACHE2: obersorbisch. Austria The BEV DLM-N database contains the fields NAME, NAME_KROAT, NAME_SLOW, NAME_UNG and VAR_NAME for toponyms. As the naming of the fields already suggests, the German names can be found in the first field, the Croatian names in the second, the Slovenian names in the third and the Hungarian names in the fourth. The fields for dual names are therefore fixed to the minority languages described in the Ethnic Groups Act. The field VAR_NAME is intended to be used for German only dual names. Example: NAME: Bleiburg – NAME_KROAT: unbekannt – NAME_SLOW: Pliberk – NAME_UNG: unbekannt – VAR_NAME: unbekannt Switzerland The Swiss data model differs considerably from those already mentioned. Due to the situation with four official languages, the database is designed to be multilingual from the outset and prepared for multiple names. Names are linked to corresponding reference objects by an m: n link to the geometry table of the GIS. The name table itself contains the attribute fields NAME, SPRACHCODE, NAME_TYP (and actually the field NAMENGRUPP with the relevant geometry key as a link to the reference object). The field SPRACHCODE can take the values of the respective language, the field NAME_TYP specifies whether the name is an exonym, an endonym or a name pair ("Namenspaar").

4 In the data record description NAME2 is defined as: "Synonym of the object name (e.g. Sorbian or Frisian or Danish name)" (Federal Office of Cartography and Geodesy 2018, p. 5. Synonym here is to be understood as allonym). 5 However, the dual names in German in the database are mostly spelling variants of the type St. Ulrich/Sankt Ulrich, Garching b. München/Garching bei München etc.

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Example: the following two entries are connected via identical key in NAMENGRUPP: 1) NAME: Falera – SPRACHCODE: ROH (Rumantsh) – NAMEN_TYP: Endonym 2) NAME: Fellers – SPRACHCODE: GER (German) – NAMEN_TYP: Exonym The definitions of endonym and exonym are given in the product information as follows: • "Endonym There are several names for the named object. The specified name is an endonym that is a name used in the area in which the object is located." (Federal Office of Topography swisstopo 2018b, p. 20) • "Exonym There are several names for the named object. The specified name is an exonym that is a name used in an area other than the one in which the object is located". (Federal Office of Topography swisstopo 2018b, p. 20) Dual names in the sense mentioned above are defined as "Namenspaar" (name pair) as follows: • "Namenspaar Multilingual names are separated by "/" (Federal Office of Topography swisstopo 2018b, p. 20) These dual names are not connected to one feature via shared ID but have a single database-entry with both names separated by slash in the NAME field; the field SPRACHCODE subsequently gets the value"multilingual". Example: NAME: Biel/Bienne – SPRACHCODE: Mehrsprachig – NAMEN_TYP: Namenspaar. Dual names can easily be extracted from all databases and displayed on a map (figure 2).6 The resulting map is interesting as it directly shows the areas of the recognized minorities in Germany and Austria. A comparison of the data models shows some advantages but also a disadvantage of the Swiss model: firstly, it is more flexible with regard to the number of names; possible multiple names can easily be added here, since they are linked to the geometry via m: n relation and are not realized as fixed attribute fields. Secondly, the model provides additional information about the type of relationship between the names (dual name, endonym, exonym).

6 For Switzerland only the dual names of the type "name pair" were selected, for Germany German-German dual names were omitted.

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Figure 2. Excerpt of existing dual names from the above mentioned datasets

But, there is also a disadvantage in the way that dual names are stored in one field separated by a slash: This procedure fixes the display of dual names in the manner specified in the field (order of names and separator). If the link via geometry table also would have been selected for the dual names, displaying these names would have been more flexible in terms of order and separator ("/"). Also, thinking in a more global context, storing dual names from different languages in different scripts in one field seems to be prone to create technical problems (e.g. when mixing right-to-left and left- to-right scripts, different fontsets etc).

MAPS

In the following section, we will discuss how the existing dual names are represented in cartographic products of the respective mapping agencies. Germany The Toponymic Guidelines of Germany explicitly address the written cartographic form of dual names: "The forward slash is a punctuation mark which substitutes for "and", "or", or "alternatively" or separates name forms of equal value, e.g. in different languages. It is also used to indicate street corners or road junctions. The slash is written, like the hyphen, without spaces." (Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen 2016, p. 14; underlined as in the original) Furthermore, it is explicitly pointed out that the slash may not be used to represent names that are not equivalent: "in no case: New York/USA or Neustadt/Bremen but: New York (USA) or Neustadt (Bremen)." (Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen 2016, p. 14)

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Parentheses are used for geographical adjuncts or explanations: "Parenthetical additions may be dropped in cartographic products when space is lacking. In some cases, however, the parenthesized name addition is part of the officially approved name." (Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen 2016, p. 15) Figure 3 shows that the Digital Topographic Map 1:250 000 already exists according to the guidelines, but not (yet) all other online map products in other scales. In these maps the name of the minority language is shown in brackets and with a smaller font size (e.g. figure 4: TopPlus-P50 Open). Due to the use scenarios of parentheses mentioned in the Toponymic guidelines, the latter representation is not ideal, since it indicates an inequality in value of the names.

Figure 3. Digitale Topographische Karte 1:250 000 (© GeoBasis-DE / BKG 2018)

Figure 4. TopPlus-P50 Open (© GeoBasis-DE / BKG 2018)

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Austria The Austrian Toponymic Guidelines currently do not contain any information on the representation of names of minority languages and name variants. In the example below (ÖK 50 UTM) the name in the minority language is shown in brackets and an in smaller font size (figure 5). This implies similar questions about the equality of names as already mentioned in the German example.

Figure 5. Representation of German-Slovenian dual name Bleiburg/Pliberk (ÖK 50 UTM 4115 © BEV 2018)

Naming variants in German-only are less common but they are treated equally in respect to font size and parentheses (figure 6), this even applies to other object types (figure 7). Thus the spelling with parentheses and smaller font size is at least consistent

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Figure 7. German dual name Saile/Nockspitze, feature type "mountain" (ÖK 50 UTM 2228© BEV 2018) Switzerland The display of dual names of the name type "Namenspaar" (name pair) follows the spelling in the database with both names separated by a slash and in equal font size.7 This is not the case for dual names of the type "Endonym/Exonym", even if both names are typed as endonyms they can have different fonts, as in the example below (figure 8). Other dual names, such as the Italian-only dual mountain name "Pizzo di Claro/Visagno" (see also Bundesamt für Landestopographie swisstopo 2018a) are not separated by a slash but displayed with fonts of the same size (figure 9).

7 Strictly speaking, this is only the case for oikonyms of the feature type "Ort". The dual name "Bötzingen/Boujean" visible in the map above is also indicated as name type "Namenspaar", but of the feature type "Quartier“ - the writing in the map is with different fonts and without slash.

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In summary, it can be said that no common form of representation of dual names has yet been established in these three countries. Also in the maps there are differences in the representation of dual names of different object classes. In terms of the equivalence of the value of names, a spelling in fonts of equal size/type and separated by a slash would certainly be desirable. Whether this is always possible from a cartographic point of view remains questionable. Finally, it should be noted that this is not a specific problem of national institutional cartography. A quick look at e.g. OpenStreetMap shows that there is still no uniformity in the display either (figure 10).

SUMMARY

In this article, the term "Doppelname" (dual name), as used in German onomastics literature, was presented and examples of the integration of existing data into databases and maps of national institutions in Austria, Germany and Switzerland were presented. It can be determined • that dual names exist in all three countries and that the data infrastructure is already designed for recording these duplicate names. • that the described institutions implicitly or explicitly endeavor to guarantee the equal value of dual names. • that the inclusion of dual names in the data structures mentioned above is particularly important with regard to the representation of minority languages. • that dual names even play a role when only working within one language system. • that for these reasons a "one feature - one name" strategy can certainly be questioned. These considerations support Hausner's (2013) call for adding the terms 'dual names/dual naming' and possibly 'multiple names/multiple naming' to the UNGEGN Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names. As explained above, the definition should be rather broad in order to include different forms of dual names.

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Schreibweise geographischer Namen für Herausgeber von Kartenwerken und anderen Veröffentlichungen für den internationalen Gebrauch Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Toponymic Guidelines for map and other editors for international use Federal Republic of Germany. 2016, www.stagn.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/StAGN_Publikationen/ 161018_TopR06.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3. Accessed 10 Aug. 2018. UNGEGN, editor. Glossary of terms for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations, 2002. United Nations publication.

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