A look on dual naming in multicultural areas in Central Europe Gerhard RAMPL* This paper mainly aims to give input on a possible future definition of the terms 'dual names/dual naming' and 'multiple names/multiple naming' in the UNGEGN Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names. Therefore some topic-related German language literature that might be hardly accessible for non-German-speakers will be discussed. As a result recommendations for a future definition are given. A second aim is to show that although no definition of 'dual names/dual naming' exists yet it is de facto used by the cartographic institutions that are co-responsible for national standardization in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Therefore a look on the various database structures and cartographic realizations of dual names is given to show how implementations of the dual/multiple name concept can look like. INTRODUCTION At the 2013 International Seminar on Sea Names, Isolde Hausner presented an article (Hausner 2013) in which she proposed adding the terms 'dual names/dual naming' and possibly 'multiple names/multiple naming' to the UNGEGN Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names (UNGEGN 2002; short UNGEGN Glossary). Using many examples, she showed that the claim one feature - one name contributes to conflicts by preventing the onymic representation of certain population groups like ethnic/linguistic minorities on maps etc. Hausner comprehensively presented the UNESCO framework and The European Charter of Minority and Regional Languages in relation to the recognition of names as intangible cultural heritage. Furthermore, she pointed out conflicts and solutions by means of different handling of dual and multiple naming in different countries. She concluded with the assessment that dual and multiple names were an existing fact, which should not be disregarded by name standardization. The report of the Working Group on Exonyms on its 15th anniversary points in this direction, too. Peter Jordan proposes to adopt a "one feature - one name per language" approach instead of the formerly UNGEGN-promoted "one feature - one name" (Jordan 2017, p. 3). * Professor, University of Innsbruck, Austria Gerhard RAMPL 37 This paper is based on Hausner's article in many respects and tries to supplement it in two ways: 1) even in 2018 we still have the situation that ‘dual names’ and ‘multiple names’ do not exist as terms in the UNGEGN Glossary. For a possible future definition, the development of the similar terms "Doppelname" (dual name) and "Namenpaar" (pair of names) in hardly accessible German-language (linguistic) literature will be presented. 2) Existing (official) dual names in Austria, Germany and Switzerland will be used to illustrate how they are stored in databases of national geographical institutions and represented on their corresponding maps. ON THE HISTORY OF THE TERM "DOPPELNAME" (DUAL NAME) IN AUSTRIAN/GERMAN ONOMASTICS In German language based onomastics, dual names are already a topic in the early days. Thus, as early as 1863, one of the most important founders of German onomastics, Ernst Förstemann, tried to elaborate a kind of schema for multiple names for one reference objects. In "Die deutschen Ortsnamen" (1863) in chapter XI, in which he deals with the relationship between German and non-German names, he also uses the term "Doppelname" (dual name). Interestingly, it is used exclusively for names created entirely independently (Förstemann 1863, p. 316). Examples he cites include "Rosenberg Prabut, Riesenburg Oleschno, Slrassburg Brodoitza, and Hammerstein Tscharne" (Förstemann 1863, p. 316). All these names do not have any etymological or translation context whatsoever. In the same book he also uses the term "Namenpaar" (pair of names). Its definition is, however, less easily graspable. On the one hand he cites "Hermalle Basse und Hermalle Haute" (Förstemann 1863, p. 225) as an example for pairs of names (thus a variation of the common name component with basse and haute). On the other hand he cites "Bielawy Weissendorf, Kamionken Steinhof, Lipnicki Lindenhof" (Förstemann 1863, p. 311); names that could be described as translations of their appellative components. In Austrian onomastics of this early period the term "Doppelname" (dual name) was used in a somewhat different meaning. Lessiak, who explicitly refers to Jaksch (1891), understands dual names as "the coexistence of places, of which one, usually the larger one, has a German name, the other one bears an equivalent Slovenian name [...]" (1910, p. 276). Kranzmayer, who continued Lessiak's work in many respects, also used the term in this meaning. In this way he defined "dual names are designations with equal or similar meaning of immediate neighboring places; in most cases the more important place usually bears the name from the older language, while the less important place bears the corresponding translated name from the most recent language" (Kranzmayer 1997b, p. 302). However, he also uses the term "(Orts- )Namenpaar" (pair of place-names) and initially understands it to describe the naming of a place with two names and the condition that "the name of one language precisely translates the name of the other" (Kranzmayer 1997a, p. 41). Later, he refines the terminology and distinguishes between "Übersetzungspaar" (translation pairs – in which the meaning and designation of the other language are adopted), "Entlehnungspaar" (pairs of linguistic calque – in which only the phonetic form is borrowed but the meaning is ignored) and "Freie Paare" (free pairs – in which the name of one language is in no relation at all to that of the other language) (Kranzmayer 1997c, p. 63). This distinction is subsequently largely adopted in 38 SESSION II German-language onomastics and is maintained to this day (cf. Pfister 1995, p. 1414). However, there are considerable terminological differences and in addition to "Doppelname" and "Namenpaar". There are terms such as "Doppelform" (dual form), "Dublette" (duplicates), "doppelsprachige" and "zweisprachige Ortsnamen" (dual- language or bilingual place names), "alloglotte Namenpaare" (alloglotte pairs of names) etc.. (cf. Besse 2017, p. 17; Back 1983, p.3), whereby the individual terms may differ considerably in their definitional width. It therefore makes sense to look for a definition in linguistic dictionaries, which in a certain way cover the consensus about the usage of a term. The only problem is that in German-language linguistic dictionaries the terms "Doppelname" or "Namenpaar" are usually not considered at all or they refer exclusively to personal names. A single exception is the "Sprachwissenschaftliches Wörterbuch" by Johann Knobloch, which was initiated in 1963 and discontinued after the letter F- in 1989. As Besse (2017, p. 18) aptly analyses, five different meanings can be derived from the definitions given in this dictionary: 1. so-called geographical dual names, whereby two names are used side by side due to national circumstances (see the description of the situation of Switzerland below); 2. two neighboring places which have the same name in the different languages; 3. dual forms, which result from the fact that a name is adopted in a foreign language and both names develop differently due to the phonetic laws of the different languages; 4. translated names= name compounds; 5. independent dual names due to historical conditions or arbitrary renaming. Besse (2017, pp. 19-24), who cites further attempts of definitions, concludes for German that the term "Namenpaar" (pair of names - with the subdivisions defined by Kranzmayer) would be better suited as a term for naming a reference object with two names as "Doppelname" (dual name). But she gives the constraint that "in recent years the term "Doppelname" dual name has increasingly assumed the meaning of Kranzmayer's term "Namenpaar" (pair of names) [....]". (Besse 2017, p. 25). This development might be pushed forward by the international usage of the term "dual name" in this sense. Another possible template for a new definition in the UNGEGN Glossary can be found in the glossary of the volume "Namenarten und ihre Erforschung" (Name types and their corresponding study) that was elaborated for didactical purposes. Here "Namendublette" (name duplicate) with the synonyms "Allonym" (allonym), "Doppelname" (dual name) and "Dublette" (doublet) is defined as follows: "Name of an object for which there is at least one other name" (Brendler and Brendler 2004, p. 859). This is a very broad definition, which does not take into account the possible relationship and the languages of the names.1 However, this has the advantage that 1 A very similar and broad definition is given in the paper of Choo Sungjae also in this book. Gerhard RAMPL 39 most of the above meanings stated by Knobloch can be included. Only meaning 2 from the early days of onomastics is excluded, since it is also the only one in which refers to two names for two different reference objects. Also excluded are names which have developed from the physical merger of two entities and which now have a new name that is a compound form of the two old entity names. For example, in the course of the structural reform of the municipalities in the province of Styria (Austria), some of the municipalities that formed from mergers decided to take their new names from components of former individual municipalities. Examples are Stadl-Predlitz (formerly Stadl van der Mur and Predlitz-Turrach), Teufenbach-Katsch (formerly Teufenbach and Frojach-Katsch), Pöls-Oberkurzheim (formerly Pöls and Oberkurzheim), Irdning-Donnersbachtal (formerly Irdning, Donnersbach and Donnersbachwald) etc. Although these names are compounds with parts connected by a hyphen, they should definitely be regarded as a single name, since the individual components of the names do not refer to the same reference object as the compound. THREE COUNTRIES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND As can be seen from the above definitions, an essential factor for dual naming is the coexistence of two languages. If this coexistence is historical (meaning that one language is not actively spoken anymore), often one name prevails and the other disappears.