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Northern Democracy 2019 A Northern Democracy Introduction to Central and Local Governance in Sweden Editorial notes MANUSCRIPT Gunnar Andersson, Ordbildarna AB LAYOUT AND ILLUSTRATIONs Viera Larsson, Ordbildarna AB EDITORIAL SUPPORT AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT Lucia Acosta, SIPU International; Bengt Carlsson, Ordbildarna AB; Kajsa Nylander, KP Nylander; Björn Möller, ICLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDITING John Roux, Ordbildarna AB PHOTOS When not stated by Gunnar Andersson and Viera Larsson This material has been developed by SIPU International and ICLD as a resource and background reading for participants of International Training Programmes (ITP) implemented by ICLD. ITPs are supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Copyright for the final product is with ICLD CONTACT ADDRESS ICLD, Box 1125, 621 22 Visby, Sweden WEBSITE www.icld.se E-MAIL [email protected] PHONE +46 (0) 498 299 180 FAX +46 (0)498 299 160 ISBN 978-91-86725-39-6 A Northern Democracy Introduction to Central and Local Governance in Sweden A NORTHERN DEMOCRACY • ICLD • 2019 1 Welcome to Sweden! Since 2009, The Swedish To meet the need of general and overall International Centre for Local information we have produced this book – an Democracy (ICLD) receives a large number introduction to the Swedish governance system of visitors from various countries. As profes- and Swedish society that covers the most sionals from the public and private sector these important features about Swedish governance. visitors are involved in different cooperation Our aim is that this introduction will provide activities within the ICLD such as the Inter- answers to some of the most frequently asked national Training Programmes, Municipal questions and serve as a starting point for Partnerships or study visits in general. further studies. I hope this book will be of both use and pleasure for our visitors. Jerker Stattin Chairperson Swedish International Centre for Local Democracy 2 A NORTHERN DEMOCRACY • ICLD • 2019 Contents About ICLD 4 References 5 Introduction 8 1. Modern History of Swedish Democracy and Development 10 2. The Swedish Government System 16 3. Elected Citizens’ Representatives 28 4. Political Parties as Democratic Actors 34 5. The Judicial Sector in Sweden 38 6. Local Self-Governance in Sweden 46 7. Citizens and Democracy in Sweden 60 8. Gender Equality Development in Sweden 72 9. Financing the Public Sector 90 10. Monitoring Public Affairs in Sweden 96 11. Delivering Services to Citizens at Local Level 104 12. A Changing Sweden in a Changing World 116 A NORTHERN DEMOCRACY • ICLD • 2019 3 About ICLD The Swedish International ICLD’s operations are financed by Sida and cover three main areas: Centre for Local Democracy 4 Municipal Partnerships – This programme The ICLD is a Non-Governmental Organisa- supports development cooperation in part- tion based on the island of Gotland, east of nerships between Swedish local authorities mainland Sweden. It has been in operation and local authorities in approximately 19 since 2008 with the aim to promote local partner countries. The goal is to strengthen democracy in developing countries. For the local democracy and local self-government ICLD, local democracy is about strengthen- in the relevant partner countries in order ing local institutions, decentralisation, local to reduce poverty and help to establish just autonomy, citizens’ involvement and collabo- and sustainable development. ration between different actors at local level. 4 International Training Programmes – These Co-operating with and strengthening programmes aim to reduce poverty by existing institutions and authorities, as supporting local democracy development, opposed to constructing parallel activities, effective local initiatives and to increase are fundamental to the ICLD. Combining the capacity of local administration and mutuality and local ownership, as well as local institutions. The programmes give key acting on the diverse contexts of the co- persons at local level in developing coun- operating partners, are also an integral part of tries an opportunity to implement change the work. projects in their contexts and to study ICLD’s aim is to utilize and build on the Swedish experiences, models and expertise. experience and know-how existing in Swed- 4 Knowledge and capacity development – The ish municipalities and regions, and also on Centre of Knowledge provides a research research and knowledge development in an network and a meeting place for Swedish international context concerning local democ- and international participants working with racy and local self-government. local democracy and decentralization. The Board of ICLD consists of representatives from its three main principals – The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, the University of Lund, and the Region of Gotland. 4 A NORTHERN DEMOCRACY • ICLD • 2019 References Books, booklets and fact sheets 11 tankar om medborgardialog i styrning, Kulissen kvar i det jämställda Sverige, SALAR, 2010 Sveriges Kvinnolobby, 2009 Central Government Budget Process, Könsuppdelad statistik, ett nödvändigt medel för Government Offices of Sweden, 2014 jämställdhetsanalys, SCB, 2004 Continuity or change? The refugee crisis and the Levels of Local Democracy in Sweden, end of Swedish exceptionalism, Henrik Emilsson, SALAR, 2014 Malmö University, 2018 Local Action on Climate Change – Swedish County Council Managers in a Gender Perspective, Experiences, SALAR, 2014 Landstingsförbundet, 1999 Local Government in Sweden, Demokrati, en generationsfråga?, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Kommunförbundet, 2003 Local Government Expenditure and Regional Elderly Care in Sweden, Growth in Sweden, Johan Lundberg, 2001 Svenska Institutet, fact-sheet Lokal demokrati i förändring – Medborgerliga Facts on water supply and sanitation in Sweden, och kommunala initiativ under nya villkor, The Swedish Water and Wastewater Association, 2000 Kommunförbundet, 2001 Gender Equality in Public Service, Medborgarinflytande i kommunalpolitiken, Government Offices of Sweden, 2007 Kommunförbundet, 2003 Gender Equality in Sweden, Medborgarnas inflytande – Hur fungerar Swedish Institute, fact-sheet demokratin?, Kommunförbundet, 2003 Geography of Sweden, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Monarchy in Sweden, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Handbook: Sweden’s feminist foreign policy, Municipalities and regions on the competitive Government Offices of Sweden, 2018 edge, SALAR, 2009 Har storleken någon betydelse? – Om länsgränser Pengar nu! En handbook i gender budgeting, och gränsöverskridande samarbete i den regionala Sveriges Kvinnolobby, 2008 utvecklingsplaneringen, På Scen – en feministisk genomgång av budget- Landstingsförbundet, 2001 propositionen 2010, Sveriges Kvinnolobby, 2010 Higher Education and Research in Sweden, Public Finances in Sweden, SCB, 2017 Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Regional Development in Sweden, History of Sweden, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Kommunförbundet, 2003 Just Progress! Applying gender mainstreaming in Regionala partnerskap – Utveckling på bekostnad Sweden, Government Offices of Sweden, 2001 av demokratin?, Landstingsförbundet, 2000 Jämställt paradigmskifte – genusbudget ett Religion and Religious Change, redskap på väg, Miljöpartiet, 2008 Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Jämställd forskning ger bättre vård, Social Insurance in Sweden, Forskning och Medicin, No 4 2006 Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Kommunerna och arbetsmarknadspolitiken, Spelrum för självstyre – rum för demokrati, SALAR, 2010 Kommunförbundet, 2002 A NORTHERN DEMOCRACY • ICLD • 2019 5 w Stadens tekniska system – naturresurser i With the Swedes at the helm – Local authorities, kretslopp, county councils and regions during the Swedish Birgitta Johansson, Byggforskningsrådet, 1997 presidency of the EU, Kommunförbundet, 2000 Sveriges Digitaliseringskommun 2015, SALAR, 2015 Women and men in Sweden, Statistics Sweden, 2018 Sweden and the Swedes, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Swedish Childcare, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Swedish Government at Work, Selected websites Government Offices of Sweden, 2014 Arjeplog Municipality Swedish Government Offices Yearbook, www.arjeplog.se Regeringskansliet, 2017 Borlänge Municipality www.borlange.se Swedish Economy, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Botkyrka Municipality Swedish Education, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet www.botkyrka.se Swedish Election Guide 2014, Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Regeringskansliet, 2014 www.svensktnaringsliv.se Swedish Healthcare, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Riksdag EU information site Swedish Judicial System, www.eu-upplysningen.se Government Offices of Sweden, 2015 Forum Syd – Organisations collaborating for global Swedish Massmedia, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet justice www.forumsyd.org Swedish Ombudsmen, Swedish Institute, fact-sheet Government of Sweden Swedish Parliament, Sveriges Riksdag, 2014 www.regeringen.se Svensk hälso- och sjukvård under 1990-talet, Göteborg Municipality Landstingsförbundet, 2002 www.goteborg.se Sveriges Statsskick – fakta och perspektiv, Ekonomifakta, Homepage Ekonomifakta Arne Halvarson, 1995 www.ekonomifakta.se Swedish Waste Management 2003, Norrköping Municipality Svenska Renhållningsföreningen, 2003 www.norrkoping.se Taxes in Sweden, Swedish Tax Authority, 2015 Parliament of Sweden www.riksdagen.se The Economy Report, SALAR, 2019 Region Skåne The role of civil society – the case of Sweden, www.skane.se Filip Wijkström, 2004 SIPU International Trender i det civila samhället i Sverige, Sida, 2001 www.sipuinternational.se Utvecklingskraft för hållbar välfärd,
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