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An Environmental History of the Salmon Management Philosophies of the North Pacific: Japan,Russia Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

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An Environmental History of the Salmon Management Philosophies of the North Pacific: Japan,Russia Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Xanthippe Augerot for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography presented on April 27, 2000. Title: An Environmental History of the Salmon Management Philosophies of the North Pacific: Japan,Russia Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Abstract approved: Julia Allen Jones Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. An Environmental History of the Salmon Management Philosophies of the North Pacific: Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States by Xanthippe Augerot A THESIS Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PresentedApril 27, 2000 CommencementJune 2001 ©Copyright by Xanthippe Augerot April 27, 2000 All rights reserved Doctor of Philosophy thesis of Xanthippe Augerot presented on April 27, 2000 APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Geography Chair ofDepartment of Geosciences Dean of Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Xanthippe Augerot, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The core of this work was funded through my participation in the Bikin Demonstration Project (Russian and American Cooperative Project to protect and restore salmon, watersheds, and forests of the Russian Far East; Michael Unsworth, P.I., Center for the Analysis of Environmental Change, EPA CX 822715-01-0) and the Pacific Rim Project (Conservation Strategies for Restoration of Salmonids of the Pacific Northwest, Michael Unsworth, P.I., Center for the Analysis of Environmental Change, EPA CR-821588-01). Senator Mark Hatfield's foresight and leadership in securing funding for the original Conservation Strategies Project made the Pacific Rim work possible, laying the foundation for this dissertation. I also received funding from a cooperative agreement between the Ecosystems Program of the US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and OSU (J. A. Jones, P.I.). Thanks also to Bob Malouf (Oregon Sea Grant), Stan Gregory, (Fisheries and Wildlife), Ted Vinson (Civil Engineering), Olga Krankina and Mark Harmon (US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station) and the Department of Geosciences, who provided other short-term sources of funding during my tenure at Oregon State University. I would also like to thank Guido Rahr, Pete Soverel and the Wild Salmon Center for raising funds to continue the Pacific Rim Project and hiring me to continue the work of mapping the distribution and stock status of salmonids around the North Pacific. The foundations supporting the Pacific Rim Project are the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Trust for Mutual Understanding, the Weeden Foundation, the Carolyn Foundation, W. A. Jones, and several individual donors. I have had many rewarding personal interactions during the course of my studies and research. I would especially like to acknowledge Dan Bottom, Jeff Rodgers and Stan Gregory, who have supported my work and discussed several of the ideas in this study as it progressed. My Russian colleagues Sergey Zolotukhin, Anatolii Semenchenko, Vadim Turaev, Viktor Ermoshin, Alexei Makhinov, Mikhail Korolyov, and Vladimir Burkanov were invaluable sources of information and support during my research. Yutaka Okamoto opened many doors and insights into the fisheries world in Japan. Thanks to Peter Riggs and David Gordon for making that connection. Additionally, I consulted with Kim Hyatt, Bill Otway, Ben Muse, and many others by phone and by email, and I am thankful to all of them for their willingness to share their knowledge and opinions. More specifically, I would like to thank Steven Hare for sharing his Pacific Northwest, Alaska and British Columbia salmon harvest data, Cathy Dey for assembling such a rich collection of documentary data regarding salmon harvests in the North Pacific for the Pacific Rim Project, Jeff Rodgers for establishing the Geographic Information Database that I have drawn upon to compile the maps for the dissertation and hours of computer support, Dorie Brownell for her cartographic skills, and Linda Ashkenas for teaching me how to use Sigmaplot. My committee has been very patient and supportive through a meandering dissertation process- former members Mike Unsworth and Fred Swanson, and current members Gordie Reeves, Bill Robbins, Keith Muckleston and most especially, Julia Jones. Thanks also to Joanne and Therese, who helped me make my way through Geosciences Department requirements and were always ready to share a laugh. Lastly and most importantly, I want to thank my family - my husband Josiah and my young son Silas. Thank you for putting up with long absences and months of single-parenting. I am on my way home! TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1 2. METHODS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY...............................................7 2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................7 2.2 Salmon in the North Pacific Ocean Basin..........................................9 2.2.1 International Organizations......................................................9 2.2.2North Pacific Studies..............................................................10 2.3 Data on Salmon Harvests ...................................................................11 2.3.1 Japan .......................................................................................11 2.3.2Russia .....................................................................................13 2.3.3British Columbia ....................................................................15 2.3.4Alaska .....................................................................................16 2.3.5American Northwest..............................................................17 2.4 Sources for Salmon Fisheries Historical Narratives...........................19 2.4.1 Japan .......................................................................................19 2.4.2Russia ..................................................................................... 20 2.4.3British Columbia....................................................................24 2.4.4Alaska.....................................................................................26 2.4.5American Northwest ............................................................... 27 3. HISTORY OF SALMON FISHERIES AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Japan...................................................................................................34 3.1.1 Pre-1870 ................................................................................. 34 3.1.21870-1896..............................................................................
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