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Economy of the Sangam Age in South India

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Economy of the Sangam Age in South India Economy of the Sangam Age in South India 5.1 Do you know? Description Image Source The balance of payments is comprised of current, capital and financial accounts. The current account depicts the effects of foreign transactions, such as the trade in goods and services, primary income and Balance of Payment in secondary income, on the national income and on Courtesy: Indo-Roman Trade the balance between savings and investments in the economy. The above concept is used in the contemporary contexts and it cannot be applied to the ancient Indo-Roman trade. Sherd with Tamil-Brahmi Courtesy: from Quseir al Qadhim. It Roberta read ca ta n. A personal Tomber name. A stone with the inscription found in Kuan Courtesy: Luk Pat in Thailand. It P.Shanmuga probably refers to a m goldsmith or trader. Source: http://www.c The Map of Peutingerian olumbia.edu/ table showing the southern itc/mealac/pr parts of India, Sri Lanka itchett/00ma and the ports of Muziris plinks/early/r and Tyndis. oman300s/in diamax.jpg Courtesy: A Potter of Indian origin Roberta with the name Panai Ori. Tomber A jewel, pendant in the Courtesy: P.J forms of a megalithic axe. Cherian and Found at Pattanam, KCHR Kerala. The A personal name Harappan ...Nanthai kIran on a site of pottery from Khor Rori, Binjore, Oman. Rajasthan Source: ASI An intaglio in a precious stone of the Roman god Fortuna found at Pattanam, Kerala. Courtesy: P.J Evidence of Roman ideas Cherian and reached, perhaps traders KCHR visiting Indian coasts as well as through travelling Indian merchants 5.2 Timeline Timelines Image Description 1940s Wheeler’s Excavation at Arikamedu Courtesy: ASI 19260s Kaveripumpattinam excavations Courtesy: ASI Gold ring of the Early Historic period found at 1980s river bed Karur. Courtesy: R Nagasamy Excavation at Azhagankulam. Ship on a pottery sherd. 1990s Courtesy: Tamil Nadu State Archaeology Department Excavation at Arikamedu 1990s Courtesy: Steven E Sidebotham Excavation at Pattanam. Glass Beads. 2007-15 Courtesy: P.J Cherian and KCHR West Asian Jar fragments. Excavation at Pattanam. 2007-15 Courtesy: P.J Cherian and KCHR 5.3 Glossary Staring Relat Charac Term Definition ed ter Term A Amphora An amphora ( amphorae pl.) is a jar used for carrying wine, garum sauce and olive oil. Mainly used in the Roman World. It occurs in various shapes and many of them have double handles. A Aurei Aureus. The aureus (pl. aurei — "golden") was a gold coin of ancient Rome valued at 25 silver denarii. Source: http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary /SMIGRA*/Aurum.html A Arritine A Ceramics of Roman origin found at a few sites in India. It is also known as terra sigillata. B Barter Exchange of commodities one against another B Balance of The balance of payments is comprised of current, capital and Payment financial accounts. The current account depicts the effects of foreign transactions, such as the trade in goods and services, primary income and secondary income, on the national income and on the balance between savings and investments in the economy. C Cameo An ornament with the image carved in bas-relief. It is part of a Roman ornaments. It is also found in India in the Early Historic period. The raw materials for these ornaments were exported from India. C Charition Charition is a mime, a Greek theatre play and it refers to India mime and its people and language in the Play. C Cheras The political entity of Cheras who ruled the Kerala region and parts of Western Tamil Nadu C Chiefdom A kinship based socio-political organization. C Cholas The political entity of Cholas who ruled the central eastern and the Kaveri delta D Denarius Denarius silver coin. Its plural is Denarii E Exchange A mode of giving one commodity and receiving another. G Graffito Post-firing marking found on pottery. Illustrations and scripts were written on the pottery. I Intaglio A gemstone ornament with the figures carved in recess. K Kurinji The hilly landscape of the Sangam Classification M Marutam The riverine tract. Fertile land that witnessed rice cultivation. M Mullai The forested land according to the Sangam Classification N Noduttal The mode of exchange or barter. N Neytal The coastal land according to the Sangam Classification P Palai The dry region in the classification of the Sangam Age P Punch Coins of the Early Historic India. Produced with punched Marked symbols. Found in South India as well and used in the Sangam Coins Age P Papyrus A kind of paper made from papyrus plant. Vienna Papyrus is a source document for Indo-Roman trade P Pandyas The Vendars who ruled the southern part of Tamil Nadu with Madurai as capital and they are identified with "Pada" mentioned in the Asokan Inscriptions P Peutingeria A Map of Roman times copied during the later times available n Table at a Vienna Museum. R Rouletted A fine dish with flat base and incurved sides. It is an Indian Ware ceramics S Sesteres Ancient Roman coin was known as sestertius (plural sestertii), or sesterce (plural sesterces). In the Republican age it was a small silver coin issued rarely. In the time of Roman Empire it was a large brass coin. S Solidi Plural of solidus. S Solidus It is a pure gold coin of the Roman Empire and its plural is solidi. T Terra Terra Sigilatta earlier known as Arretine is a fine red slipped Sigilatta ware of Roman origin T Torpedo Torpedo Jars are of Mesopotamian and Southern Persian Gulf Jar origin and they are found in the sites of Indian coast. 5.4. Weblinks Web links https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature https://sangamtamilliterature.wordpress.com/book-list/ http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank- article/sangam_literature_as_a_source_of_evidence_on_indias_trade_with_the.pdf http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/84069/6/06_chapter%201.pdf http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol45_1_2_JDeloche.pdf http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/ragh/ccs/CCSPublications/GR/Gurukkal%20Jun%202013-EPW.pdf http://www.epw.in/journal/1967/20/book-reviews/indo-roman-trade.html http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank- article/roman_contacts_with_tamilnadu.pdf https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/indoroman-trade-the-ceramic- evidence-from-egypt/CDA47C699DF12B02954DDFD32FFC4FB6 http://ignca.nic.in/mausam/ProfOsmund_presentation.pdf http://eprints.nmlindia.org/5805/1/92-103.PDF http://www.archeologia.univ.rzeszow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/analecta_5/4_Sudyka.pdf http://www.ijssh.org/papers/606-C10015.pdf http://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/chinnian.pdf http://download.nos.org/srsec315new/History%20Book_L06.pdf https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=1611&chapterid=1637 http://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/SecICHCour/English/CH.06.pdf http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Aurum.html 5.5. Bibliography Abdul Majeed, A., D. Thulasiraman and S. Vasanthi (1992). Alagankulam-A Preliminary Report. Madras, State Department of Archaeology. Allchin, F.R. (1960). Excavations at Piklihal. Andhra Pradesh Archaeological Series No. 1. Hyderabad, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Allchin, F. R. (1995). The Archaeology of Early historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Allchin, F.R. (1997a). Poor Man’s Thalis: A Deccan Potters Techniques, in F.R. Allchin and D.K. Chakrabarti eds. A Source Book of Indian History: Settlement, Technology and Trade. Vol. 2, pp 420-427. New Delhi, Munshiram and Manoharlal Allchin, F.R. (1997b). Textile Impressions from South Indian Iron age, in F.R. Allchin and D.K. Chakrabarti, eds. A Source Book of Indian History: Settlement, Technology and Trade. Vol. 2, pp. 427-430. New Delhi: Munshiram and Manoharlal. Ardika, I. W., and P. Bellwood (1991). Sembiran: The beginnings of Indian contact with Bali. Antiquity 65: 221-232. Ardika, I.W., P.S. Bellwood, R. A. Eggleton and D.J. Ellis (1993). A single source for South Asian export-quality Rouletted Ware. Man and Environment 18(1).: 101-109. ARE, 1918. Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy. Archaeological Survey of India. Athiyaman, N. (2000). Pearl and Chank Diving of South Indian Coast. Thanjavur, Tamil University. Begley, V. (1983). Arikamedu Reconsidered. American Journal of Archaeology 87: 461-481. Begley, V. (1986a). From Iron Age to Early Historical in South Indian Archaeology, in Jacobson ed., Studies in the Archeology of India and Pakistan, pp. 297-320. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH. Begley, V. (1986b). Rouletting and Chattering, Decoration on Ancient and Present-Day Pottery in India. Expedition 28 (1): 47-54. Begley, V. (1988). Rouletted Ware at Arikamedu: A New Approach. American journal of Archaeology 6:93-108. Begley, V. (1996a). Changing Perceptions of Arikamedu, in Begley, et al., The Ancient port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992. pp.1-39. Pondicherry, Ecole Francaize D’Extreme-Orient. Begley, V. (1996b). Pottery from the Northern Sector, 1989-1992, in Begley et al. The Ancient port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992. pp.115-286. Pondicherry, Ecole Francaize D’Extreme-Orient. Begley, V. (2004a). Pottery from the 1992 Excavations in the Southern Sector, in V. Begley et al. The Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992. Vol 2.104-324. Paris, Ecole Francaize D’Extreme-Orient. Begley, V. (2004b). Critique of V.D. Gogte’s Interpretations of X-Ray Diffraction Analyses of Arikamedu Pottery, in V. Begley et al. The Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992. Vol 2.631-642.. Paris, Ecole Francaize D’Extreme-Orient. Begley, V. 1994. Are there Imported Fines at Alagankulam, South India?, in J.M. Kenoyer From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asian in Memory of George F Dales, Jr.
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