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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali Malazgirt Öncesi Kafkasya'da Türk Varliği

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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali Malazgirt Öncesi Kafkasya'da Türk Varliği T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI MALAZGİRT ÖNCESİ KAFKASYA'DA TÜRK VARLIĞI DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. M. Beşir AŞAN Zekiye TUNÇ ELAZIĞ - 2012 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANA BİLİM DALI MALAZGİRT ÖNCESİ KAFKASYA'DA TÜRK VARLIĞI DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. M. Beşir AŞAN Zekiye TUNÇ Jürimiz, ………tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu yüksek lisans / doktora tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. Prof. Dr. 2. 3. 4. 5. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun …... tarih ve …….sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Malazgirt Öncesi Kafkasya’da Türk Varlığı Zekiye TUNÇ Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Genel Türk Tarihi Bilim Dalı Elazığ – 2012, Sayfa: XVI+176 Kafkasya Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi arasında doğu-batı paralelinde uzanan ve yüksekliği orta kısımlarda beş bin metreyi aşan bölgeye verilen addır. Kuzey-güney ve doğu-batı yollarının birleştiği bölgede olması nedeniyle etnik açıdan farklı kavimlerin uğrak yeri olmuştur. Türkler, Kafkasya’ya ana yurtları olan Asya’dan gelmişlerdir. Kafkasya bölgesinde M.Ö.4000’lere tarihlenen bozkır kültürünü temsil eden kurganların Asya’dan gelen göçerler tarafından oluşturulduklarına dair çalışmalar yapılmıştır. M.Ö.2000’lere gelindiğinde Proto-Türk olarak kabul edilen kabilelerin Kafkasya bölgesine geldikleri ve miladın başlarına kadar burada hâkim oldukları görülmüştür. Kronolojik olarak bakıldığında M.Ö.2000 yıllarının başlarından M.Ö.8. yy’a kadar Kimmerlerin, M.Ö.8. yy’dan M.Ö.2.yy’la kadar İskitlerin, sonrasında ise Sarmatların aynı coğrafyada varlıkları tespit edilmiştir. Milatın başlangıcından itibaren sırasıylaAlan, Hun, Bulgar, Sabir, Avar, Göktürk Türk kavimlerinin varlığı, miladın yedinci yüzyılına gelindiğinde ise Hazar devletinin Kafkasya’da kurulduğu görülmektedir. 10. yy’a gelindiğinde Hazar Devleti gücünü kaybedince Türkler burada zayıflıyor. 11. yy başlarından itibaren ise Kıpçakların etkili olmamakla birlikte varlıklarının tespit edilmesinin yanı sıra asıl güç olarak Selçukluları görmekteyiz. III Bunlar 1010 yıllarından itibaren Kafkasya akınlarına başlayıp 1071’e kadar da devam etmişlerdir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kafkasya, Kimmer, İskit, Sarmat, Alan, Hun, Bulgar, Sabir, Avar, Göktürk, Hazar, Kıpçak, Selçuk, Türk. IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Turkish existence in Caucasus before Malazgirt Zekiye TUNÇ Fırat University Institute of Social Sciences Department of History General Turkish History Elaziğ – 2012, Page: XVI+176 Caucasia is the name of the region that lies between Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the east-west parallel and its elevation exceeds five thousand meters in the middle sections. It was a frequented place for tribes that have different ethnic features, since it is located in a region where north-south and east-west routes join with each other. Turks have come to Caucasia from their homeland Asia. Studies have been made which show that cairns representing moorland culture and dated to B.C.4000 are constituted by migrants coming from Asia. It is seen that in B.C.2000 tribes accepted as Proto-Turk came to Caucasia and predominated the land till the beginning of the milestone. Chronologically existence of Cimmerians from the beginning of B.C.2000 till B.C. 8th century, and Scythians from B.C.8th century till B.C.2nd century and later on existence of Sarmatians are determined. Existence of Turkish tribes being Alans, Huns, Bulgars, Sabirs, Avars, and Gokturks in chronological order is observed starting from the beginning of the milestone, and it is seen that Khazar Empire is established in Caucasia in the A.D. seventh century. Turks began to fall into decline when Khazar Empire started to lose power in the 10th century. We see Seljukians as the major power besides the existence of Kipchaks starting from the beginning of 11th century, even though they are not so influential. They started raids to Caucasia starting from 1010’s and continued until 1071. Key Words: Caucasia, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Huns, Bulgars, Sabirs, Avars, Gokturks, Khazars, Kipchaks, Seljukians, Turks. V İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. V HARİTALAR LİSTESİ ............................................................................................ VIII ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... X KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................ XII KONU VE KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................ XIII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. ESKİ DÖNEMLERDEN MİLADA KADAR KAFKASYA’DA TÜRKLER ..... 13 1.1. M.Ö. IV. Binyılından II. Binyıla Kafkasya’da Türkler ........................................ 13 1.1.1. Sümer-Türk İlişkilerinin Kafkasya Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ................. 16 1.2. M.Ö. II. Binyıldan M.S. II. yy’a Kadar Kafkasya’da Türkler .............................. 20 1.2.1. Kimmerler ...................................................................................................... 20 1.2.1.1. Arkeolojik Veriler Işığında Kimmer Bozkır Kültürü .............................. 28 1.2.2. İskitler ............................................................................................................ 30 1.2.2.1.İskit Coğrafyasında Kafkasya’nın Yeri .................................................... 32 1.2.3. Sarmatlar ........................................................................................................ 41 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. MİLATTAN VII. YY’A KADAR KAFKASYA’DA TÜRK KAVİMLERİ ........ 45 2.1. Alanlar .................................................................................................................. 45 2.1.1. Kafkasya’da Alanlar....................................................................................... 48 2.2. Hunlar ................................................................................................................... 49 2.3.Bulgarlar ................................................................................................................ 55 2.3.1. Bulgarların Kafkasya’ya Yerleşmeleri ve Siyasi Durumları ......................... 61 2.4. Sabirler ................................................................................................................. 65 2.5. Avarlar .................................................................................................................. 69 2.6. Göktürkler ............................................................................................................. 73 VI ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. KAFKASYA COĞRAFYASINDA HAZAR DEVLETİ (VII-X. YY’LAR ARASI) ........................................................................................................................... 75 3.1. Hazarlar ................................................................................................................ 75 3.1.1. Hazarların Kafkasya Coğrafyasındaki Konumları ......................................... 79 3.1.1.1. Hazar-Arap İlişkileri ................................................................................ 83 3.1.1.1.1. Emeviler Dönemi Arap-Hazar İlişkileri ............................................ 86 3.1.1.1.1.1. Mesleme Dönemi ........................................................................ 86 3.1.1.1.1.2. Cerrah b. Abdullah el-Hakemî .................................................... 87 3.1.1.1.1.3. Mesleme’nin İkinci Dönemi ....................................................... 88 3.1.1.1.1.4. Cerrah b. Abdullah el-Hakemi’nin İkinci Dönemi ..................... 90 3.1.1.1.1.5. Said İbn Amr el-Haraşî Dönemi ................................................. 90 3.1.1.1.1.6. Mesleme’nin Üçüncü Dönemi .................................................... 91 3.1.1.1.1.7. Mervan b. Muhammed Dönemi .................................................. 92 3.1.1.1.2. VIII. yy’da Abbasi-Hazar İlişkileri ................................................... 95 3.1.1.1.2.1. El-Mansur Dönemi ...................................................................... 95 3.1.1.1.2.2. El-Mehdi Dönemi........................................................................ 97 3.1.1.1.2.3. Harun Er-Reşid Dönemi .............................................................. 97 3.1.1.1.3. IX. yy’da Abbasi-Hazar İlişkileri ...................................................... 99 3.1.1.1.3.1. El-Memûn Dönemi...................................................................... 99 3.1.1.1.3.2. El-Mutasım Dönemi .................................................................. 100 3.1.1.1.3.3. El-Vâsık Dönemi ....................................................................... 101 3.1.1.1.3.4. El-Mütevekkil Dönemi.............................................................. 101 3.1.1.1.4. X. yy’da Abbasi-Hazar İlişkileri ....................................................
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