Federal Republic of Nigeria E4839 V5

Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR)

Public Disclosure Authorized

STATE EMPLOYMENT AND EXPENDITURE FOR RESULTS (SEEFOR)

Final Report of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Road Rehabilitation Project in Eku, Ethiope East LGA, Delta State

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

State Project Coordination Unit (SPCU) Delta State

May 30, 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Acronyms viii Units of Measure ix Executive Summary x

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 1.1 Project / Activities Description 1 1.2 Rationale for the Project 2 1.3 Rationale for the ESMP 3 1.4 Scope of Work 5

CHAPTER TWO 7 2.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by SEEFOR Projects 7 2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 7 2.1.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) 8 2.1.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) 8 2.1.4 Forest (OP 4.36) 8 2.1.5 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) 9 2.1.6 Forest (OP 4.36) 10 2.1.7 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines 11 2.2 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 12 2.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment 13 2.2.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 13 2.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) 14 2.2.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 14 2.2.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation 14 2.2.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations 14 2.2.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations 14 2.2.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) 15 2.2.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit 15 2.2.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) 15 2.2.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 15 2.2.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) 16 2.3 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal Level 16 2.3.1 Land Use Act of 1978 16 2.3.2 Forestry Act 16 2.3.3 Criminal Code 16 2.3.4 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) 17 2.4 State Legislations 17 2.4.1 Delta State Ministry of Environment 18 ii | P a g e E K U E S M P

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2.4.2 Ministry of Lands, Urban and Regional Planning 20 2.4.3 Ministry of Works 21 2.4.4 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources 21 2.4.5 Ministry of Water Resources Development 21 2.4.6 Ministry of Women Affairs Community and Social Development 22 2.4.7 Delta State Directorate of Youth Development 23 2.5 SEEFROR - Adequacy of Legal Instruments for Environmental & Social Issues 23

CHAPTER THREE: GENERAL METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 ESMP Requirements 25 3.2.1 Screening 26 3.2.2 Scoping 26 3.3 ESMP Process 27 3.4 Baseline Study Methodology 27 3.5 Existing Conditions 28 3.6 Mapping of the Project Area 28 3.7 Socio-economic Survey 28 3.7.1 Data Collection and Sampling Methodology 29 3.8 Impact Significance Assessment 31 3.8.1 Method for Determining Event Magnitude 31 3.8.2 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity 31 3.9 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts 32 3.10 Mitigation and Monitoring 33

CHAPTER FOUR DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS 34 4.0 Introduction 34 4.1 Description of Project Site 34 4.2 Description of the Selected Road Networks 35 4.3 Physical Environment 35 4.3.1 Relief and Drainage 38 4.3.2 Geology and Hydrogeology 38 4.3.3 Climate and Meteorology 39 4.3.4 Rainfall 39 4.3.5 Temperature and Relative Humidity 40 4.3.6 Sunshine Hours 41 4.3.7 Wind Patterns 42 4.3.8 Air Quality and Noise 42 4.3.9 Groundwater Quality 43 4.3.10 Surface Water Quality 45 4.3.11 Soil Quality 47 4.3.12 Terrestrial Flora (Vegetation) 50 4.3.13 Fauna (Wildlife) 52

CHAPTER FIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION 54 5.0 Introduction 54 5.1 Methodology 55 iii | P a g e E K U E S M P

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5.2 Population Characteristics of the Proposed Project Area 56 5.3 The Socio-demographic Characteristics 56 5.3.1 Sex Profile 56 5.3.2 Age Profile 57 5.3.3 Ethnic Groups 58 5.3.4 Marital Status 58 5.3.5 Residential Status of Respondents 59 5.3.6 Duration of Residency 60 5.3.7 Educational Status of Respondents 61 5.3.8 Employment Status of Respondents 62 5.3.9 Income Level of the Respondents 63 5.4 Assessment of Social Infrastructure and Standard of Living 64 5.4.1 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area 64 5.5 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households 66 5.5.1 Assessment of Ailment/Sickness Dominant in the Project Area 66 5.6 Sources of Domestic water 68 5.7 Assessment of Waste Management Methods 68 5.8 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs) 69 5.9 Impact Evaluation of the Road Rehabilitation Intervention Activities 70

CHAPTER SIX ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 6.0 Introduction 72 6.1 Potential Impacts 72 6.1.1 Positive impacts 72 6.1.2 Negative Impacts 74 6.1.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase 74 6.1.2.2 Construction Phase 75 6.1.2.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase 78 6.1.3 Social Impacts 80 6.2 Analysis of Alternatives 82 6.2.1 No-Action alternative 83 6.2.2 The Use of Civil Works 83

CHAPTER SEVEN 86 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 86 7.0 Introduction 86 7.1 Mitigation Measures 86 7.1.1 Pre-construction Phase 86 7.1.2 Construction Phase 92 7.1.2.1 Biological impact 110 7.1.2.2 Socio-economic Impact 116 7.1.2.3 Public Health 128 7.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 138 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities 150 7.2.1 Pre-construction Phase 150 7.2.1.1 Key Agencies 150 7.2.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies 151 7.2.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up 151 7.2.2 Construction Phase 152 iv | P a g e E K U E S M P

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7.2.2.1 Key Agencies 152 7.2.2.2 Role of Involved Agencies 152 7.2.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up 153 7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 154 7.2.3.1 Key Agencies 154 7.2.3.2 Role of Involved Agencies 154 7.2.3.3.1 Institutional and implementation arrangements for implementing the ESMP at the local level 156 7.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 156 7.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan 158 7.3.2 Waste Management Plan 158 7.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan 160 7.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan 163 7.3.5 Water Management Plan 163 7.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan 164 7.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan 164 7.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan 165 7.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan 167 7.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan 168 7.3.11 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan 169 7.3.12 Community Health & Safety Plan 170 7.3.13 Stakeholder Engagement Plan 171 7.3.14 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) 173 7.3.15 Training Programmes 174 7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation 175 7.5 Implementation Schedule 177 7.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 178

CHAPTER EIGHT 180 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 180

Appendix I 181 Appendix II 189 Appendix III 192

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: SEEFOR and Likely Triggered Safeguard Policies 2 Table 2.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by Eku Road Rehabilitation Project Table 3.1: Details of the sampling methodology and the questionnaires administered 11 Table 4.1: Description of SEEFOR intervention projects in Eku town 37 Table 4.2: Geological units of the Niger Delta 38 Table 4.3: Climatic Characteristics of the Project Area 39 Table 4.4: Result of ambient air quality and noise measurements conducted at the study area 42 Table 4.5: Physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples in the study area 43 Table 4.6: Microbial properties of groundwater samples in the Study Area 44 Table 4.7: Physico-chemical properties of surface water samples from the study area 45 Table 4.8: Microbial properties of surface water samples in the Study Area 47 Table 4.9: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area 48 Table 4.10: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area 49 Table 4.11: Plant species recorded in the study area and their biodiversity status 51 Table 4.12: Fauna species in the study area 52 Table 5.1: Type of Building 65 Table 5.2: Ailment/Sickness Rampant Among the Sampled Households 67 Table 5.3: Sources of Domestic water 68 Table 5.4: Perceived Environmental and Socioeconomic Adverse Impact 70 Table 6.1: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 85 Table 7.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction phase 88 Table 7.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction phase 93 Table 7.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction phase 111 Table 7.4: Mitigation Measures for the socioeconomic impacts in the Construction phase 117 Table 7.5: Mitigation Measures for the public health impacts in the Construction phase 129 Table 7.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation phase 140 Table 7.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 173 Table 7.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan 175 Table 7.9 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures 177 Table 7.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule 178 Table 7.11: Cost Analysis of the Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance ESMP Implementation 179

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1: The ESMP Methodology 25 Fig. 3.2: IDI with a youth in the Project site 30 Fig.3.3: IDI with a woman leader in the project site 30 Fig.4.1: Map of Delta State showing the Ethiope East LGA 34 Fig 4.2: Eku market road 35 Fig. 4.3: Eku market road 35 Fig. 4.4: Ireferi road 36 Fig. 4.5: Orusi street 36 Fig. 4.6: Iwarhe street 36 Fig. 4.7: Ighele road 36 Fig. 4.8: Jehovah Street 37 Fig. 4.9: Agambi Street 37 Fig 4.10: Rainfall Characteristics of the Project Area 40 Fig 4.11: Characteristics of Daily Temperature within the Project Area 41 Fig 4.12: Characteristics of Relative Humidity within the Project Area 41 Fig 5.1: Population Estimation and Projection of the Project Site 56 Fig. 5.2: Sex Profile of Respondents 57 Fig. 5.3: Age Profile of Respondents 57 Fig. 5.4: Ethnic groupings and Classification of the Respondents 58 Fig 5.5: Marital Status 59 Fig. 5.6: Residential Status of Respondents 60 Fig. 5.7: Length of Residence 61 Fig. 5.8: level of Education of Respondents 61 Fig. 5.9: Main Occupation of Respondents 63 Fig. 5.10: Income Status 64 Fig. 5.11: Health facility used by respondents 66 Fig. 5.12 Solid Waste Management Methods 69 Fig. 5.13: Possible causes of youthful restiveness during the project 71

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LIST OF ACRONYMS ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand DO - Dissolved Oxygen DSMB - Delta State Waste Management Board EA - Environmental Assessment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment GPS - Global Positioning System

H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide IDI - In-Depth Interviews ISO - International Standard Organisation IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature LGA - Local Government Area MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Programme PMU - Project Management Unit VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds SMoE - State Ministry of Environment SMoW - State Ministry of Works SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TSS - Total Suspended Solids WHO - World Health Organisation

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UNITS OF MEASURE 0C - degree Centigrade 0F - degree Fahrenheit cfu - colony forming units

CO2 - carbon dioxide dB - decibel g - gram Ha - Hectare hr/h - hour kg - kilogramme km - kilometer L - litre m - metre max - maximum mg - milligram ms-1 - metre per second

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Delta State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World Bank and grant from the European Union (EU) Assisted Project on State Employment and Expenditure for Results (SEEFOR). The advance is to used to improve the composition and effectiveness of public expenditure by strengthening public management systems and service delivery while also enhancing employment generation in the State. There is, therefore, the need to assess the Environmental and Social Impacts of the intervention project by the Delta SEEFOR’s call for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the proposed interventions at Eku, Ethiope East Local Government Area.

Description of Project Activities This assessment covers the proposed project activities financed by World Bank SEEFOR at Eku, Ethiope East Local Government Areas, Delta State, Nigeria. The project is aimed at Rehabilitation and maintaining of existing roads network, cleaning/sweeping of travelled surface roads, desiltation of drains, construction of drainages, feeders roads, vegetation control and painting of kerbs while simultaneously generating employment opportunities for the youths in the proposed project affected areas through civil works.

Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESMP This ESMP was drafted in accordance with The World Bank Operating Policy 4 and is consistent with the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) that was prepared and disclosed by the project. The ESMP is designed to guide the process of the proposed intervention projects with a view to enhancing project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental and social practice for sustainable development in the State. The SEEFOR project activities in Delta State have been categorised as B. As a consequence, the potential environmental and social impacts of activities that are eligible to fund under this project are site-specific, non-cumulative, relatively easy to mitigate to acceptable levels and thus requires mainly ESMP. .

Institutional Framework SEEFOR involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. Effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project require inter-ministerial and inter-state coordination,

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR) collaboration, and information sharing. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity of the project is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. To this end, the various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation. The investments would be executed through the Delta SEEFOR, as the state has the primary responsibility for land management in the state.

The National Project Coordinating Unit (NPCU) is the lead implementing agency for SEEFOR. The Nationall Project Management Unit (NPCU) is headed by a National Coordinator and hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination of the project. The Delta State Project Coordinating Unit (Delta-SPCU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Delta State Ministry of Environment is responsible for project coordination in the State, thus is directly responsible for the coordinating activities of the proposed projects including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into SEEFOR projects. The Delta State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of this ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the road rehabilitation and maintenance Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities. The World Bank will provide oversight and guidance to the borrower as needed. However, it is the responsibility of the borrower/proponent (Delta SEEFOR SPCU in this instance) to ensure that World Bank safeguards policies are complied with in the implementation of the SEEFOR Project.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The requirement for an Environmental Assessment and Social Management Plan is in compliance with the Federal Republic of Nigeria’s (FRN) laws and World Bank policies that are geared towards achieving sustainable development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her citizens. This report is prepared in accordance with SEEFOR provision of ESMF, PAD, PIM and RPF. However, in the event of dissonance between the World Bank Safeguards Policies and the Extant laws of Nigeria, World Bank Safeguard Policies will supersede.

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Biophysical Environment The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covers general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, regional hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, crops, fauna and wildlife resources. In this regard, the values of all the measured parameters, are within FMENV acceptable limits and other international standards Also, none of the plant species and wildlife found is recorded in the vulnerable category of the IUCN.

Socio-Economic Characteristics A study of the socio-economic characteristics of the project area reveals that:  The threat posed by the proposed project is minimal and can be curtailed using the proposed measures in this ESMP;  A high proportion of respondents in the working class and have lived in the area for over five years and have a sound knowledge of the roads history;  A high proportion of married individual with average family size;  Average proportion of literate population with secondary level of education attainment;  High proportion of individual engaging in farming.  Income level is largely between N5,000 to N20,000; and  Malaria and typhoid fever are the predominant ailments of the people.

Potential Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact The social impacts of the proposed project are highly positive. There was a unanimous agreement among respondents that the proposed project will enhance accessibility and encourage high productivity. It was also expressed that it will reduce economic hardships imposed on commuters especially during rainfall and reduces travel distance to some strategic location within the area.

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Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work Overall Protection of This will not benefit the The maintenance and Environment and Human concerned stakeholders and rehabilitation of the road will Health (General protection community residents owing lead to improvement in the mechanisms) to the observed level of quality of life of the people. damages from the road Properties will be secured, lives networks. Unemployment will be saved, resources being will continue to increase, recovered, transportation poor road condition will facilities enhanced and general remain and this will restoration of livelihood. It will continue to reduce benefit the Project Affected accessibility to sources of People and the residents. livelihood.

Short-term Effectiveness The No-Action alternative The timeline for the civil and will not add any specific other construction works is long input to the stated criteria. term. Nevertheless, the benefits derivable are still better than a No-Action alternative.

Long-term Effectiveness This alternative will not Civil works will provide long- and Permanence meet the long-term term effectiveness for the roads. effectiveness and permanence criteria.

Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Potential impacts, especially during the implementation phase include: flood issues, air quality issues, soil compaction, waste management, traffic and transportation including diversion during construction. Measures were developed to mitigate the identified impacts. Other identifiable components of the environment, social sphere and health implications were also considered with respect to the projects to be implemented. Environmental and social impacts analysis reveals that the benefits of the proposed SEEFOR project at Eku, Ethiope East Local Government Areas, Delta State, Nigeria outweigh the adverse impacts. Consequently, this ESMP hereby recommend the implementation of the proposed projects. Best available control technology including; dust suspension techniques, routine watering, proper drainage alignment and leveling, community mobilization amongst others were stated as mitigation measures. Other controls measures for specific impacts include; proper waste disposal systems, speed limit indications and speed breaker, engagement of the community on health, safety and the environment amongst others. A cost estimate of about Forty One Thousand Three Hundred and Ten dollars ($41,310: 00) was estimated for the proposed xiii | P a g e E K U E S M P

Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR) mitigation measures. It was concluded that to enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention by the Delta State SEEFOR at all phases of the projects’ execution, the mitigation measures provided in the Eku SEFFOR ESMP must be strictly followed.

Recommendations and Conclusion Environmental and social impacts analysis shows that the benefits of the proposed SEEFOR intervention project at Eku outweigh the adverse impacts. Consequently, this ESMP study recommends the implementation of the proposed road project in the study area. Through consultations with stakeholders and the proposed project affected communities, it is realized that the project will enhance effective and efficient intra and inter urban mobility while it will simultaneously generate employment opportunities for the youth in the area. As it is obvious, the responses from the host communities and individuals on implementation were highly positive.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background The Government of Nigeria has requested for the assistance of the World Bank through the preparation of STATE EMPLOYMENT AND EXPENDITURE FOR RESULTS (SEEFOR). The project development objective (PDO) is to improve the composition and effectiveness of public expenditure by strengthening public management systems and service delivery whilst simultaneously enhancing employment generation in participating States.

It is not anticipated that the project will lead to any large scale acquisition of land or denial of access to usual means of livelihood or disruption of environmental amenities. However, for the purpose of due diligence, it has become necessary to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the implementation of the SEEFOR Project. 1.1 Project / Activities Description

The project is designed around two main components - Public Financial Management (PFM and service delivery - under which selected activities will be implemented to produce outputs that will contribute towards the achievement of the PDO. The latter will have three sub-components: (a) training and skills development; (b) youth employment and (c) Community Driven Development (CDD). The activities to be supported for which this ESMF was designed include: Rehabilitation and maintaining of existing roads network, cleaning/sweeping of travelled surface roads, de-siltation of drains, construction of drainages, feeders roads, vegetation control and painting of kerbs. The potential environmental impacts identified in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) are those associated with: (i) rehabilitation and maintenance of existing roads and public buildings, (ii) community infrastructure and (iii) agricultural development which is expected to lead to increased production for rural farmers and value added processing and marketing for such farmers.

The SEEFOR project triggered a number of World Bank Safeguard Policies. These are indicated in Table 1.1.

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Table 1.1: SEEFOR and Triggered Safeguard Policies Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01) [x] [ ] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [x] [ ] Pest Management (OP 4.09) [x] [ ] Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11) [ ] [x] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [x] [ ] Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20, being revised as OP 4.10) [ ] [x] Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [x] [ ] Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [ ] [x] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60) [ ] [x] Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP 7.50) [ ] [x]

To mitigate the risks of environmental impacts as identified in the Social Assessment and the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), the project components incorporates a range of environmental safeguards elements and ensure active community compliance with the safeguards as detailed in the ESMF and the RPF.

1.2 Rationale for the Project The level of youth unemployment in Delta State, similarly to what obtain in other States of the Niger Delta region is significantly high. This is more so, as youth unemployment in the Niger Delta reflect a global phenomenon of unemployment as driven by demographic, educational and economic factors. Specifically, two-thirds of the population of the Niger Delta is below 30 years of age. With pervasive poverty and unemployment in the region, many youths are pliable to being recruited into militancy and criminal activities. The persistent tension in the region has further encouraged more youths to prefer quick and profitable gains from conflict over longer term and frequently unavailable investments in education and training. Youth restiveness and persistent conflict in the Niger Delta region hurt both the local land, but extension, national economy and even the global economy.

With the right interventions in skills development and training, this army of unemployed youth could be turned into a huge asset for the economy. The situation in the region has been worsened by poor governance, which further contributes to poverty and social unrest. With declining economic performance leading to rising unemployment or underemployment, the lack of access to basic necessities of life such as water, shelter, food and clothing and discriminatory policies that deny access

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to positions of authority and prevent people from participating in shaping the rules that deny participation of local people in governance are clear indications of bad governance. In spite of the increased revenue allocation to States and local governments in the Niger Delta, a recent citizen report card shows that many communities have seen little sign of government presence in terms of development projects, pointing to ineffective public finance management in the States.

The SEEFOR project is thus designed to respond to both the short term and medium term needs of Delta State by improving: 1. Jobs availability, 2. Poverty Alleviation, 3. Better Resource Management, 4. Elimination of Corruption and 5. Sustain Economic Development. Specifically, in Eku, it is however, estimated that the expected (indicative) labor requirements for the proposed project will range between 100 and 130 people.

1.3 Rationale for the ESMP The major developmental objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision- making and to ensure that implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. Significantly, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the SEEFOR. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions in intervention sites, livelihood adaption, etc), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project.  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements including stake holder engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects;  Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with Nigerian and World Bank guidelines and safeguards. ;  Provide a strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub-projects;

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 Ensure that l positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects are enhanced and that measures are designed to avoid or minimize, a any potential adverse impacts;  Provide measures to mitigate any potential negative impacts of the project and a detailed management plan to manage the social and environmental impacts of the project.  Provide guidelines to appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social impacts of the program and sub-projects;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP;  Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the program and sub projects;  Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project.  Establish clear directives and methodologies for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) as might be needed for specific sub-projects.  Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects.  Ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project’s Environmental Management Plans and the projects’ Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E).

This ESMP report for the Road rehabilitation project will be used by the SEEFOR in Delta State in seeking to implement the proposed SEEFOR project. It is, to this end, mandatory on the government of Nigeria to take into cognizance relevant state-owned laws, where the project will be executed to comply with all national and international environmental requirements in order to meet legal obligations and to ensure a sustainable project.

1.4 Scope of Work Expectedly, the objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for road rehabilitation intervention activities in Eku town, Delta State. The specific tasks include the following: a) Describe the existing status of the roads and review of relevant documentation;

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR) b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; d) Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the road management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by SEEFOR Projects

The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harms to people and their respective environment in the developmental processes. These policies provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The effectiveness and development impact of projects and programs supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of attention given to these policies. Safeguard policies have also provided a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design, and have been an important instrument for building ownership among local populations. The environmental and social safeguard policies of the World Bank triggered by SEEFOR and the proposed intervention are as follows:

2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (EA) OP 4.01 The State Employment and Expenditure for Results (SEEFOR) is a category B project which indicates minor and non-cumulative potential impacts on the environment and social life of the people in the participating states. As such the project impacts can easily be managed to an acceptable level. This is due to its scale, the types of problems it addresses, the possibilities of significant adverse impacts if the interventions it supports are not correctly designed and implemented, and the challenges presented by the need to strengthen institutional capacities at Federal, State and Local levels, where the functions of environmental enforcement and SEEFOR implementation are closely linked. In essence, an Environmental Assessment is conducted to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. Any World Bank project that is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence requires an EA indicating the potential risks, mitigation measures and environmental management framework or plan.

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2.1.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) This Policy is triggered by the SEEFOR in the sense that the project has the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). For projects with potential adverse impacts on the natural habitat, the Bank takes into consideration the borrower's ability to implement the appropriate conservation and mitigation measures. If there are potential institutional capacity problems, the project then must include components that develop the capacity of national and local institutions for effective environmental planning and management. If the environmental assessment indicates that the project and sub- project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the proposed project will not be eligible for financing.

2.1.3 Pest Management (OP 4.09) The SEEFOR intervention projects as noted above will inevitably lead to loss of natural habitats and forests. These two activities will at the long run culminate in the prevalence of pests; hence the use of pesticides, which trigger the pest management policy of the World Bank. The Bank’s position is that rural development and health sector projects have to avoid using harmful pesticides. A preferred solution is to use an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technique which encourages their use in the whole of the sectors concerned.

Thus, if pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector- borne disease, the Bank-funded project should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

2.1.4 Forest (OP 4.36) The SEEFOR projects also triggered the forest operational policy of the World Bank. This is more so as the policy applied to the following types of Bank financed investment projects: a. Projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; b. Projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests;

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR) c. Projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. Since some of the sites have direct link to forest resources, the SEEFOR project ultimately triggers the Forest (OP 4.36) policy. This is particularly true of the Road rehabilitation intervention site.

This operational policy is designed to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The policy recognizes the role forests play in poverty alleviation, economic development, and in providing local as well as global environmental services.

2.1.5 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) In order to effectively tackle the problem of soil erosion and land degradation, the SEEFOR will involuntarily resettle persons in the most affected areas. This automatically triggers the policy on involuntary resettlement. The goal of this policy is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The key objectives of the World Bank policy on involuntary land acquisition are to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production level, or at least in restoring them; encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected people must move to another location. In triggering this policy, a Resettlement Action Plan or an abbreviated plan would be prepared when less than 200 people are affected by the project. In situations, where all the precise impacts cannot be assessed during project preparation, provision is made for preparing a Resettlement Policy Framework.

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2.1.6 Forest (OP 4.36) The SEEFOR projects also triggers the forest operational policy of the World Bank. This is more so as the policy applied to the following types of the Bank financed investment projects: a. Projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; b. Projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; c. Projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. Since some of the sites have direct link to forest resources, the SEEFOR project ultimately triggers the Forest (OP 4.36) policy. This is particularly true of the Road rehabilitation intervention site.

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Table 2.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by Eku Road Rehabilitation Project Safeguards Safeguards Policies Triggered by Policies Eku Road Rehabilitation World Bank Safeguard Triggered Policies by SEEFOR Project Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 3 Lot 4 Environmental Assessment [x] [X] [X] [X] [X] (OP/BP/GP 4.01) Natural Habitats (OP/BP [x] [X] [X] [X] [X] 4.04) Pest Management (OP [x] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

4.09) Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

4.11) Involuntary Resettlement [x] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (OP/BP 4.12) Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20, being revised as OP [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

4.10) Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [x] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Safety of Dams (OP/BP [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 4.37) Projects in Disputed Areas [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (OP/BP/GP 7.60) Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP/GP [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 7.50)

2.1.7 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines The Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to the guidelines,  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.

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 Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA it requires, namely:  Category A projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

This World Bank categorization ( A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project.

However, in the event of conflict between the two, the World Bank safeguard policy shall take precedence over the Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards. In the same vein, the Federal laws overrule the Delta State policy in case of conflict.

2.2 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks A number of national and local environmental guidelines are applicable to the operation of the SEEFOR. A summary of these are provided below:

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2.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment The Act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activity, operations and emissions are carried out within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards. The Ministry is also responsible for ensuring compliance with relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria. To fulfill this mandate a number of regulations and/or instruments are available (See section on National Legal Instruments on Environment). However, the main instrument for ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMEnv prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major developmental projects or activities without due consideration, at early stages, for environmental and social impacts. The Act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the Ministry has produced Sectoral guidelines detailing the necessary requirements of the EIA process from each Sector. One of these Sectoral Guidelines that apply to the proposed intervention project is the Sectoral Guidelines on Infrastructure Development. The relevant National Legal Instruments on Environment will be explained as follows:

2.2.2 The National Policy on the Environment (NPE) of 1989 The National Policy on Environment 1989 (revised 1999) provides for “a viable national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which requires the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government that is, federal, state and local government”. The objective of the policy is to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria pertaining to:

 Securing a quality environment adequate for good health and wellbeing;

 Conserving the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;

 Raising public awareness and promoting understanding of the essential linkages between the environmental resources and developments and encouraging individual and community participations in environmental improvement efforts;

 Maintaining and enhancing the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity; and

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 Co-operating with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.

2.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) This Act provides guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs.

2.2.4 The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria This was launched on March 12th 1991 and represents the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution.

2.2.5 The National Effluents Limitations Regulation This instrument makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti-pollution equipment, make provision for further effluent treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed for discharge, and spell out penalties for contravention. It also provides that all industries in Nigeria should be operated on the basis of Best Available Technology (BAT).

2.2.6 The NEP (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations Restrictions are imposed on the release of toxic substances and requirement of Stipulated Monitoring of pollution to ensure that permissible limits are not exceeded; Unusual and accidental discharges; Contingency plans; Generator's liabilities; Strategies of waste reduction and safety for workers.

2.2.7 The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations These regulate the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste for municipal and industrial sources and give the comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity categories.

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2.2.8 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999) The guidelines establish the requirements for an Environmental Management System (EMS) in all organizations and facilities in Nigeria. They also state that this EMS should be audited annually or as deemed necessary.

2.2.9 National Guidelines for Environmental Audit These are designed to serve as references for compliance with the Environmental Audit requirements of the FMEnv. The guideline states that it is mandatory for a company to carry out an audit every 3 years or at the discretion of the Hon. Minister of the FMEnv.

2.2.10 National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv) This policy addresses the need to combat erosion in the country by utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by the WIC Environmental Committee, which was set up to plan an operational platform for these issues. This particular policy has a direct bearing on the SEEFOR project activities.

2.2.11 National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 The FMEH is the regulatory agency charged with enforcing ambient air quality standards in Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards were adopted in 1991 as the national standards by the FMEH. These standards define the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded in order to protect public health.

2.2.12 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act 2007 (NESREA Act) After the repealing of the Federal Environmental Protection Act of 1988, the NESREA Act, 2007 became the major statutory regulation or instrument guiding environmental matters in Nigeria. It specially makes provision for solid waste management and its administration and prescribes sanctions for offences or acts, which run contrary to proper and adequate waste disposal procedures and practices.

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2.3 Other Relevant Acts and Legislations at Federal Level 2.3.1 Land Use Act of 1978 2.3.2 Forestry Act This Act of 1958 provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment, to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood deficit nation. In order to ameliorate the situation, the policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self- sufficiency in all aspects of forest production through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on already deforested fragile land.

Specifically, the National Agricultural Policy of 1988 in which the Forestry Policy is subsumed, provides for:  Consolidation and expansion of the forest estate in Nigeria and its management for sustained yield;  Regeneration of the forests at rates higher than exploitation;  Conservation and protection of the environment viz: forest, soil, water, flora, fauna and the protection of the forest resources from fires, cattle grazers and illegal encroachment;  Development of Forestry industry through the harvesting and utilisation of timber, its derivatives and the reduction of wastes; and  Wildlife conservation, management and development through the creation and effective management of national parks, game reserves, tourist and recreational facilities, etc.

2.3.3 Criminal Code The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for any person who:  Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way: or

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 Does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal?

2.3.4 Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) The Nigeria Inland Water Authority (NIWA) Act 13 of 1997 established NIWA whose functions are among others are to:  Provide regulations for inland navigation;  Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers with the economic centres using the river-ports as nodal points for inter model exchange;  Ensure the development of indigenous technical and managerial skill to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation; and  Carry out environmental impact assessment of navigation and other dredging activities within the inland water and its right-of-ways.

2.4 State Legislations In consonance with Part III of the FMENV Act and the need to protect public health and safety, and to restore and enhance environmental quality, and sustain economic vitality through effective and efficient implementation of environmental programmes, each of the three State Governments has set up State Ministry of Environment and/or Environmental Protection Agency that takes charge of Environment affairs in the States. The Ministries and/or EPA are charged with the responsibility of providing decent, orderly and reasonable conducive environment for habitable society, as contained in the assignments of Ministerial responsibilities. Inter alia, the Ministries are empowered to give direction to all issues concerning the environment, monitor and control pollution and the disposal of solid, gaseous and liquid wastes generated by various facilities in the states. Some of the functions of the State Ministries of Environment include: (i) Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMENV to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via development of National Policy on Environment

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(ii) Co-operating with FMENV and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry (iii) Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards, (iv) Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State, and (v) The implementation of EIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects in the State.

Largely, the federal legislation serves as the benchmark for the execution of standards in the States. Some laws in the States include:  Delta State Law No. 7 of 2007 (Ecology Law, 2006).  Delta State Waste Management Board Law No 4, 2004  Delta State Environmental Protection Agency (DELSEPA), Edict No. 5 of 1997 The administrative arrangements to handle environmental problems in Delta State are championed by the following parastatals:

2.4.1 Delta State Ministry of Environment The Ministry of Environment created April, 2001 is assigned the following responsibilities: 1. Environmental Policies: 2. Environmental protection and control ; 3. Environmental Technology including initiation of policy in relation to environmental research and technology 4. Planning designing and construction of ecological and environmental facilities; 5. Environmental Sanitation and Urban Waste Disposal and Management 6. Provision of Sanitary means o human disposal; 7. Liaising with oil companies on pollution and Environmental Matters: Forestry, Soil and water conservation, Wild life Preservation, Botanical Gardens, etc Parastatals in the Delta State Ministry of Environment a. Delta State Environmental Protection Agency (DELSEPA) The Agency has the following functions: 1. Prepare and update a State Environmental Action Plan to improve the quality of the environment.

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2. Cooperate with the Federal Environmental Protection Agency and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of Environmental education in the citizenry. 3. Monitor the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all development policies and projects within the State. 4. Clarify and reinforce the role of Local and State Administration in the Management of wastes and other forms of pollution. 5. Mobilize the inhabitants of all areas in the State for the effective observation of environmental rules and guidelines for the promotion of healthy and safe environment.

Management The Agency has the following Departments for effective and efficient performance of its functions: i. Finance and Administration; ii. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation; iii. Natural Resources Management; iv. Waste/Pollution Management and; v. Legal Services. b. Delta State Waste Management Board The Board performs the following functions: i. Clear refuse from designated refuse dumps and bins along the streets and corners of the villages, towns and cities in the state; ii. Manage the disposal and recycling of refuse and other waste materials in a manner that will cause little or no harm to the environment and people living in the state. iii. Acquire and maintain refuse dumpsites and recycling facilities in all Local Government Areas of the state; iv. Procure and maintain all vehicles and equipment necessary for proper management of refuse and waste materials in the state; v. Control, recycle and manage effluent discharge industrial and domestic waste from households and companies operating within the state; vi. License, register and regulate the operations of all waste management companies in the state;

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vii. Formulate and foster private sector participation schemes in waste management in partnership with registered waste management companies; viii. Educate the public on the importance and different methods of waste management for the purpose of maintaining a clean and sustainable environment and improving public sanitary habits and health standards; ix. Monitor and enforce complaints with waste management standards and practices prescribed under this law; x. Monitor and evaluate from time to time as the Board may determine the possible effects of the dumpsites waste on the environment and cast effective restoration; xi. Develop the skills and knowledge of its employees and provide facilities for training, education and research; xii. Undertake research in waste management methodology and technology; xiii. Establish waste treatment and recycling facilities in the states; xiv. Advise Government in the formulation of waste management policies and in the preparation review of action plans on waste management; and xv. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed by a law of the House of Assembly. Administrative Structure and Control The following Departments exist in the Board: (a) Department of Finance and Supplies; (b) Department of Operations; (c) Department of Administration and Human Resources; (d) Department of Legal Services and Compliance.

2.4.2 Ministry of Lands, Urban and Regional Planning The Ministry has the responsibilities for the following:  Land policies;  Advice on Land Tenure;  Management of Land and Government properties;  Administration of Land Use Decree;  Town Planning;  Urban Development;  City and Town Rejuvenation.

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Parastatals  Urban Planning Board;  Land Use and Allocation Committee.

Office of the Surveyor-General with responsibility for:  Boundary Surveys;  Mapping and Geo- Informatics;  Cadastral and Special Surveys

2.4.3 Ministry of Works This Ministry has the responsibilities for:  Public Works including the construction and maintenance of State Government Urban and Rural Roads, Bridges and Drainages;  Explosives;  Sewage and Waste Water Control.

2.4.4 Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Ministry of Agriculture has the major responsibilities in the followings:  Agricultural Services;  Produce Inspection;  Livestock;  Veterinary Services;  Fisheries;  Special Agricultural Projects. Parastatals  Agricultural Development Programme;  Delta Agricultural Procurement Agency;  Tree Crop Unit;  Tractor Hiring Unit;  Communal Farms

2.4.5 Ministry of Water Resources Development This Ministry was created in 2001 with the following functions: Responsibilities: i. Urban and Rural Water Supply;

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ii. Dam Development iii. Control of water bodies of both surface and underground iv. Hydrological and hydro geological research v. Supervision of: - Urban Water Board; and - Rural Water Supply Agency.

The Ministry is made up of Seven Departments: (i) Administration (ii) Planning, Research & Statistics (iii) Finance and Accounts (iv) Technical Services (v) Hydrology & Hydrogeology (vi) Rural Water Supply (vii) Urban Water Supply

Parastatals:  Urban Water Board.  Rural Water Supply Agency/Board

2.4.6 Ministry of Women Affairs Community and Social Development The Ministry was established in 1998, to serve as a veritable catalyst for the actualization of programmes and services. Its functions and activities permeate all spheres of human interests and cater for the needs of diverse group of individuals across the state, ranging from the aged, youths, women, physically challenged, destitute, and children  Carries out quite a number of activities which include o Commercial Snacks Productions o Grants to Widows living with HIV/AIDS o Residential Life Skill Acquisition Programme- The team visited the centre where about 21 young women are undergoing rehabilitation. It was exciting to know that the young women are being taught a number of skills ranging from snailry, fishery, catering, tailoring, hairdressing, etc. o Organizations of workshops on Women and Climate change

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2.4.7 Delta State Directorate of Youth Development This is charged with the responsibilities for: • Youth Registration and Development; • Development of Youth Skill Acquisition Centers and Poverty Eradication Programme; • Youth Clubs; • Children and Youth Day Celebration

Thus, for this ESMF, the Nigeria’s EIA requirements and World Bank operational procedures were harmonised as far as possible, hence it is made responsive to the objectives of good practice. It is especially made responsive with regard to the following:  Early consideration of environmental and social issues (starting at the screening stage);  Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;  Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and  Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design.

2.5 SEEFROR - Adequacy of Legal Instruments for Environmental & Social Issues As noted earlier, with regard to environmental and social management issues, legislations is in a continuing process of development in Nigeria. However, this is not to say that there is a dearth of pieces of legislation and guidelines to manage the SEEFOR activities to ensure no harm to people and the environment. Amongst the existing pieces of legislations highlighted above, there are a number of local, national and international environmental guidelines applicable to the sub-projects under the proposed SEEFOR project. In other words, the States have a good governance framework and laws to back up and manage the environmental and social safeguard issues that shall be triggered.

The Ministries’ officials are conversant with the Environmental Assessment (EA) legislation, procedures and framework applicable based on the Federal EIA Act 86 of 1992. In addition, although there are no State laws, the Land Use Act guides the processes of land acquisition and compensation in the various States which include:  Identification of Lands or Sites for various developments.-  The Publication/Service of Acquisition Notices –

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 Enumeration/Inspections, assessment of compensation and the payment of same.  Documentation of Acquisitions and Gazette

This ESMP is prepared in compliance with existing Federal, State and local laws of Nigeria as well as the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) safeguards instruments prepared for SEEFOR at the beginning of the project. Several laws policies, safeguards instruments and international conventions at various levels have been reviewed. However, in the case of conflict between the World Bank policies and any of the national, state and local Environmental laws, the World Bank policies take precedence.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 GENERAL METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents a description of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) process adopted for the road rehabilitation intervention Project in Eku, Delta State.

3.2 ESMP Requirements Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is internationally accepted as the effective way of achieving integration of environmental and social consideration into project implementation. In addition, the ESMP is expected to meet the requirements of regulators, project financing institutions, civil society and project affected communities, i.e. the stakeholders. There are two essential steps required and designed for this ESMP study, viz. screening and scoping.

3.2.1 Screening Screening is the first step in the ESMP process. It confirms the need (or otherwise) for an ESMP by appraising the type of project and its associated activities throughout the project’s lifecycle in the context of its biophysical, socio-economic, policy and regulatory environments. Given the location, scale and planned activities, it has been concluded that the project should be subjected to an ESMP under the Category “A”, and the ESMP should take account of applicable national and international legislation, which is addressed in the institutional framework chapter.

3.2.2 Scoping Scoping is a high level assessment of anticipated “interactions” between project activities and environment ‘receptors’. Its purpose is to focus the ESMP on key issues and eliminate certain activities from the full impact assessment process based on their limited potential to result in discernable impacts. To arrive at a conclusion, to “scope out” an activity or event, a combination of expert scientific judgment based on prior experience of similar activities and events and, in some instances, scoping level quantification/numerical analysis (e.g. emission and discharge inventories and generic modelling) is used.

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Based on the findings and results of these reviews, investigations and consultations, the ESMP Team identified:

• Potential project – activities and environment; and

• Where the extent, depth and/or quality of environmental, socio-economic and/or technical data is insufficient for the ESMP process, thus identifying additional work to complete the ESMP.

3.3 ESMP Process Since the assessment was based on a proposed project aimed at road maintenance and rehabilitation, the study focused on the construction and operational characteristics and the potential impacts on the environment and socio-economic activities of the affected persons. The key steps taken for the ESMP include:  Pre-study activities: This stage establishes the environmental, social and cultural considerations in advance of detailed studies. This study also involves collation of relevant secondary data for the ESMP.  The ESMP study: This stage concerns with the field survey. It involves site visit to gather environmental and socio-economic data on the project affected communities and their surroundings. Integral to this study is the development of measures to mitigate and reduce or remove adverse impacts.  The post-study stage: This stage concerns with the preparation of ESMP report. It involves the analysis, presentation and interpretation of primary and secondary data acquired, and the production of ESMP report.

3.4 Baseline Study Methodology For the impact assessment of the proposed project, a wide range of methodologies was employed. This section aims to provide an overview of all methodologies utilized for each of the environmental and socio-economic impacts assessment as well as provides criteria from which the current quality and importance of features can be evaluated. A good understanding of the baseline is important to the understanding of the nature and importance of the project impacts. 3.5 Existing Conditions In order to identify potential impacts, an understanding of the existing conditions was established regarding the project area and the proposed rehabilitation and related construction activities. This was based on primary data acquisition (including

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questionnaire administration) using employed experts and consultants. Based on empirical study, it was revealed that the projects have different impact components – positive and negative. However, the project is likely to affect the following receptor groups: Biological/Ecological; and Socio-Economic/Human.

3.6 Mapping of the Project Area Mapping of the study area was implemented using archival satellite images (Google Earth Imagery, March, 2014) and in situ GPS data collection. Essentially, the data used for capturing spatial details of the project area were based on the location of the project area cum identification of specific key socioeconomic features and infrastructures located in the area that might be impacted. A high accuracy Garmin GPS was used to collect in-situ data, particularly on the project area, with the consideration for key social and economic facilities such as schools, buildings, roads, churches, mosques (if any), and other socioeconomic facilities and germane infrastructures. ArcGIS 10.1 was used as the mapping software as well as for image preparation and processing. The images used were extracted from spatially-enabled Google Earth Pro which is a high spatial resolution image archive. The final maps are image maps detailing the building and environmental details of the project area.

3.7 Socio-economic Survey The socioeconomic assessment gives an insight into the social, cultural, and economic conditions of stakeholders including individuals, groups, communities and organizations through the administration of structured questionnaires for individuals and households and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) adopted at the overall community level. A blend of investigative methods which includes the following, were used to acquire the socio-economic data:  Review of existing data;  Reconnaissance survey to identify the focal community and the adjoining communities that will be directly or indirectly affected and to alert the communities’ leaders and residents on proposed project;  In-depth interviews with community leaders of the focal community (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders) as well as key investors in properties and assets.

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 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders and project affected peoples (PAPs) in the focal community;  Field observations by the consultants and interviewers using strategic instruments and devices to record and note observation and detections;  Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and to gather the perception of the PAPs on the proposed project. Simple random sampling technique was used for the administration of the questionnaire and enumeration of the combination of the fundamental socio-economic characteristics.  Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 200 questionnaires were administered and all were returned.

3.7.1 Data Collection and Sampling Methodology The socioeconomic data collected for the study was based on an integration of series of data collection approaches that were integrated within a universal sampling frame. Data collection was based on focus group discussion (Fig 3.2), pairwise questionnaire, individual questionnaire administration, and interviews. In specific terms, IDI (in- depth Interview) was employed to gather specific information from selected individuals who are mainly property owners in the project area. In general, data collection was based on the following criteria:  Adequate representation of the relevant social groups in the study location for general group discussion (FGD);  Inclusion of groups and individuals with different demographic cum population characteristics as well as socio-economic status;  Participation of those with access to relevant information;  Evidence of different type of livelihood activities;  Inclusion of males and females where possible; and  Inclusion of activities that connect land and the road.

The designed survey methodology designed is displayed in Table 3.1. It depicts the classified categories of the stakeholders sampled and the proportionality of the questionnaire administered with FGD, IDI and Town hall meeting held at the house of the eldest man in the community.

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Table 3.1: Details of the sampling methodology and the questionnaires administered Categories of Stakeholders Questionnaire Questionnaire IDI Sampled Administered Returned Direct Project Affected 50 50 3 Persons (PAPs) Key Stakeholders 20 20 3 Other members of the 130 130 3 community Total 200 200 9

Fig. 3.2: IDI with a youth in the Project site Fig.3.3: IDI with a women leader in the project site

Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed in order to understand the anticipated impacts of the intervention. The qualitative data collection involves the use of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview with key informants in the proposed project site. The FGD was used as a tool to obtain information from fundamental stakeholders, farmers, and property owners particularly landlords and other key groups such as youths and women. Questionnaires were administrated based on quantitative analytic terms to obtain credible information concerning roads and the impact the rehabilitation project would have on the environment and the social life of the residents prior, during and after the rehabilitation projects have been concluded.

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3.8 Impact Significance Assessment An impact is defined as “Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s environmental aspects (activities, products or services)” (EMS, ISO14001:2004). Where project activity and environmental receptor interactions occur, an impact is defined. The ESMP assesses impacts according to their “significance”, determined by considering project activity “event magnitude” and “receptor sensitivity”. Determining event magnitude requires the identification and quantification (as much as practical) of the sources of potential environmental and social effects from routine and non-routine project activities. Determining receptor sensitivity requires an understanding of the biophysical environment.

3.8.1 Method for Determining Event Magnitude o Extent / Scale: Events range from those affecting an area of up to 500m from the source; to those affecting an area greater than 500m and up to 1km from the source; and to those affecting an area of greater than 1km from the source. o Frequency: Events range from those occurring once; to those occurring up to 50 times; and to those occurring more than 50 times or continuously. o Duration: Events range from those occurring for less than 24 hours; to those occurring for more than 24 hours and up to one week; and to those occurring for periods longer than one week. o Intensity: Concentration of an emission or discharge with respect to standards of acceptability that include applicable legislation and international guidance, its toxicity or potential for bioaccumulation, and its likely persistence in the environment. This ranges from a low intensity event, to a moderate intensity event, and to a high intensity event.

3.8.2 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity (i) Biological/Ecological Receptors

• Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from species or community unaffected or marginally affected, to probability of species undergoing moderate but sustainable change which stabilizes under constant presence of impact source, with ecological functionality maintained; and to probability for substantial loss of

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ecological functionality (e.g. loss of species in key groups, substantially lower abundance and diversity).

• Presence: Routine, regular or reliably predictable presence of any species which is, in reverse order, a unique, threatened or protected species, to regionally rare or largely confined to project area or sensitive to disturbances; and to a species which is none of the above and is therefore assessed at the community level only.

(ii) Human Receptor . Presence: This ranges from people being uncommon in the study area of anticipated impact; to people being present some of the time (e.g. commercial property); to people being permanently present (e.g. residential property) in the area of anticipated impact. . Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from people being least vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise)) are well below applicable legislation and international guidance); to quite vulnerable to change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are below adopted standards)); and to the most vulnerable groups (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are at or above adopted standards)). Impact significance, as a function of event magnitude and receptor sensitivity was subsequently ranked as “Negligible”, “Minor”, “Moderate” or “Major”. Any impact classified as “major” is considered to be significant and where the impact is negative, requires additional mitigation. Impacts of negligible, minor or moderate significance are considered as being mitigated as far as practicable and necessary, and therefore, do not warrants further mitigation.

3.9 Mitigation and Monitoring A wide range of different measures to mitigate impacts have been identified in the ESMP Report. These have been brought together in an impact summary table. In addition an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project describes how the mitigation will actually be delivered and reporting. The ESMP will be in line with national and international performance requirements.

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CHAPTER FOUR

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.0 Introduction This chapter outlines the environmental conditions under which the proposed project will be implemented. It entails the description of the prevailing environmental variables such as the characteristics of the physical environment. The approach adopted focuses on those elements of the environment that may be impacted or have a direct impact on the proposed project. Relevant data on physical and biological characteristics of the project were sourced and used to define the environmental setting of the area.

4.1 Description of Project Site The Project site is located in Eku Town; one of the major towns in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria (Fig. 4.1). Eku is a semi-urban settlement situated in the Eastern part of the River Ethiope and hosts the famous historic Baptist Hospital, which was established by the missionary in the early 19th Century. The town is a forty minute drive to both Warri and Sapele respectively, and is bounded by Abraka, the town which host the Delta State University.

Fig.4.1: Map of Delta State showing the Ethiope East LGA

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The LGA has a population of 200,942 persons made up of 101,596 males and 99,346 females (NPC, 2006). Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria is made up of semi-urban settlements of about 100,000 inhabitants, located between latitude 5°N - 6°S and longitude 5.5°E - 6.5°W. Eku’s history can be traced to Isiokolo (Agbon) kingdom which is regarded as the ancestral home of the Okpara, Kokori, Eku, Orhoakpor and Ovu people.

4.2 Description of the Selected Road Networks

The selected roads traverses Eku town, Ethiope East LGA of Delta State. Specifically, the selected roads are those in dire need of rehabilitation and maintenance and spot improvements have been grouped into four (4) lots which include:  LOT 1: Eku market road  LOT 2: Ireferi and Orusi street  LOT 3: Ighele road and Iwarhe street  LOT 4: Agambi street and Jehovah street

All the roads in the different Lots are in varying states of disrepair requiring rehabilitation. While drain construction and vegetation control are proposed for some (LOT 1), road rehabilitation are anticipated (LOTs 2, 3 and 4) for others. A brief description of the roads in each LOT is presented below:

LOT 1 The road under this Lot is a single lane tarred road which connects other parts of the community to the community market and community hall (Fig 4.2 & 4.3). The proposed intervention by SEEFOR on this road is basically in the area of drainage construction, maintenance and vegetation control.

Fig 4.2: Eku market road Fig. 4.3: Eku market road

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LOT 2 The road is a single lane earth road and is situated within a residential and/or agrarian settlement (Fig. 4.4 & 4.5). The proposed intervention of SEEFOR on this road is in the area of road rehabilitation.

Fig. 4.4: Ireferi road Fig. 4.5: Orusi street

LOT 3 The road is a single lane earth road and is situated within a residential and/or agrarian settlement. The proposed intervention of SEEFOR on this road is in the area of road rehabilitation.

Fig. 4.6: Iwarhe street Fig. 4.7: Ighele road

LOT 4 The road is a single lane earth road and is situated within a residential and/or agrarian settlement. The proposed intervention of SEEFOR on this road is in the area of road rehabilitation.

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Fig. 4.8: Jehovah Street Fig. 4.9: Agambi Street

A summary of the proposed intervention of SEEFOR on the selected roads in the different Lots is presented in the table below:

Table 4.1: Description of SEEFOR intervention projects in Eku town LOT Road Location Nature Intervention 1  Eku market road Eku Single lane tarred Drain construction, road maintenance and Commercial and vegetation control residential 2  Ireferi road Eku Single lane earth road Road rehabilitation  Orusi street Residential/commerci al 3  Ighele road Eku Single lane earth road Road rehabilitation  Iwarhe street Residential 4  Agambi street Eku Single lane earth road Road rehabilitation  Jehovah street Residential

4.3 Physical Environment This section is basically concerned with the description of the physical component of the environment in the proposed intervention project area.

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4.3.1 Relief and Drainage The surface area is relatively flat. Elevation is within 1m amsl and in some area it is below sea level. Flooding and erosion are major problems especially during rainfall. Thus, the need for road design and landscaping that take into consideration, the peculiarities of the landscape of the proposed project site has become imperative. A significant drainage landmark is the Ethiope River. Only few roads (less than 5%) are lined with drainages while over 90% of the road network surfaces are not tarred.

4.3.2 Geology and Hydrogeology The geology of the region arises from a succession of transgressions and regressions of the three main Tertiary subsurface lithographic units of Akata, Agbada and Benin Formations (Short and Stauble, 1967). Table 4.2 shows the geologic units of the Niger Delta. The study area lies within the Quaternary Sombreiro – Warri deltaic plain with prominent seasonal freshwater swamps, which overlie the Benin Formation. Its geomorphologic setting is flat to sub-horizontal and slopes gently seawards. It comprises variable deltaic sediments of moderate to highly plastics clays that usually occur in the black swamps linking river channels, to sand and cohesive salty and clayey soils that are partly permeable.

Table 4.2: Geological units of the Niger Delta Geologic Unit Lithology Age Alluvium (General) Gravel, sand, clay, silt Freshwater, Backswamp Sand, clay, some silt and gravel and meander belt Quaternary Mangrove and salt Medium – fine sand, clay and water/backswamps some silt Sombreiro – warri deltaic Sand, clay and some silt plain Benin Formation (coastal Coarse to medium sand with Miocene plain sand) subordinate silt and clay lenses Agbada Formation Mixture of sand, clay and silt Eocene Akata Formation Clay Paloeocene Short and Staunble, 1967

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4.3.3 Climate and Meteorology The sequence of weather experienced at any place in Nigeria is determined primarily by the location of the place in relation to the fluctuating position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Inter- Tropical Front (ITF). The seasonal fluctuation of the ITF and the geographical location of the Niger Delta make it to experience a warm humid climate with high relative humidity, high rainfall and marked wet and dry seasons. The discussion of the data presented in this section of the report is based on archival information on meteorological parameters. On a detailed basis, this helps to determine the micro scale climatological conditions namely, precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind system (speed and direction).

4.3.4 Rainfall Eku is located in the equatorial climatic belt with moisture index range between of 19.5 and +18.5 based on Thornthwaite classification scheme. The area thus experiences high rainfall that falls throughout the year with over 80% of it falling between the months of May and September (Table 4.3 and Fig. 4.10). The region experiences double maximal pattern of rainfall with peaks in the months of July and September. This coincides with the period when the influence of South- Westerly wind is at its peak. On the average, the region receives annual rainfall of over 2,829.26 mm, however it is not uncommon to record total annual rainfall of over 3,200mm, for a very wet year.

Table 4.3: Climatic Characteristics of the Project Area

Temperature 0C Rainfall Humidity (%) Average (mm) Wind Speed Min Mean Max Mean 10:00Hrs 16:00Hrs Knots January 22.56 27.81 33.06 32.55 89 60 2.4 February 23.66 28.41 33.15 43.77 87 59 5.6 March 24.22 28.74 33.25 130.67 82 66 4.1 April 25.88 29.54 33.19 225.78 89 65 5.6 May 25.07 28.87 32.67 268.67 92 69 3.3 June 24.67 28.33 31.98 375.88 91 78 2.8 July 23.67 27.28 30.89 479.88 96 72 4.6 August 22.98 26.38 29.78 310.66 94 76 5.2

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Temperature 0C Rainfall Humidity (%) Average (mm) Wind Speed Min Mean Max Mean 10:00Hrs 16:00Hrs Knots September 22.67 27.22 31.76 480.76 95 75 3.8 October 22.87 27.83 32.78 325.78 92 74 2.6 November 22.98 28.04 33.09 108.88 96 70 2.8 December 21.89 27.50 33.11 45.98 92 60 3.7 Total 283.12 335.92 388.71 2829.26 1095 824 Mean 23.5933 27.9929 32.3925 235.772 91.25 68.6667 Min 21.89 26.38 29.78 32.55 82 59 Max 25.88 29.54 33.25 479.88 96 78

Fig 4.10: Rainfall Characteristics of the Project Area

4.3.5 Temperature and Relative Humidity An analysis of the existing historical records of climate obtained from the project area indicate that the mean maximum temperature for the wet season (April – October) and the dry season (November – March) are 29.3 oC and 33.6 oC respectively; while the mean minimum are 22.6 oC and 24.6 oC, with the hottest months being February and March (Table 4.3 above). The long term mean monthly relative humidity for the region at different times of the day shows that higher relative humidity (RH) values are recorded at 0900 h for both wet and dry seasons (September and March respectively). The mean RH for the wet season (September) at 0900 h and1500 h are 89.0% and 85.0% respectively while the values for the dry season (March) are 86.0%

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and 89.0% respectively. The observed field data significantly correlated with the historical climatic data (Table 4.3). Fig. 4.11 shows the temperature characteristics of the project area while Fig 4.12 shows the Relative Humidity.

Fig 4.11: Characteristics of Daily Temperature within the Project Area

Fig 4.12: Characteristics of Relative Humidity within the Project Area

4.3.6 Sunshine Hours The mean annual sunshine hour in the area is about 1,642 hours. The mean monthly values vary between 45 and 172 hours in the month of July and January respectively. The generally low amount of sunshine hours in July is due to the greater amount of cloudiness and rainfall characteristics of the area. Conversely, the higher January figure is due to the prevalent clear skies when the ITCZ has once more started its northward migration.

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4.3.7 Wind Patterns The wind pattern also follows the migratory ITCZ. Thus, it is mainly southwesterly during the rainy season and northeasterly during the dry season. In general, the southwesterly swell is prevalent. The wind speed varies between 2 and 6 knots for most of the year with an average speed of about 5 knots. Incidences of severe storms are now more frequent with some rare occasion’s beings as high as 55 – 60 knots. These are often associated with thunder and lightning especially during raining season.

4.3.8 Air Quality and Noise The result of the in-situ air quality and noise measurements conducted at eight (8) different locations in the study area is presented in Table 4.4. The air quality parameters measured include carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of Nitrogen (NOx),

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S),

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Ammonia (NH3) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM).

Table 4.4: Result of ambient air quality and noise measurements conducted at the study area

Sampling SPM Noise CO2 NO2 SO2 VOC H2S CO NH3 Code (mg/m3) Level (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm (ppm (ppm (ppm dB(A) ) ) ) ) SA1 0.061 45 0.01 0 0.02 0.1 0 3 ND SA2 0.018 23.5 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.2 0 1 ND SA3 0.054 47.5 0.01 0.01 0.03 0 0 2 ND SA4 0.089 38.4 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.4 0 1 ND SA5 0.043 51.9 0.01 0 0.02 0.1 0 1 ND SA6 0.065 47.2 0.01 0 0.02 0.1 1 0.5 ND SA7 0.071 39 0.01 0 0 0 0 2 ND SA8 0.039 61.4 0.01 0.03 0 0 0 1.5 ND Mean 0.055 44.237 0.0112 0.0087 0.0137 0.112 0.125 1.5 ND 5 5 5 5 5 Max. 0.089 61.4 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.4 1 3 ND Min. 0.018 23.5 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.5 ND FMENV 0.25 90 NS 0.04- 0.1 NS NS 10 NS Limits 0.06 Field Survey 2014 NS = Not Specified ND = Not Detected

The concentrations of air quality parameters recorded at the study area were generally below their respective Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) maximum

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permissible limits. The values obtained for CO, NO2, SO2 and VOC ranged from 0.5- 3.0 ppm; 0.0-0.03ppm; 0.0- 0.05ppm; and 0.0-0.4ppm respectively. SPM concentrations ranged between 0.034mg/m3 and 0.092mg/m3 with an average value of 0.064mg/m3. The SPM values fell below the FMENV permissible limit of 0.25mg/m3 indicating the ambient air environment of the study area is not polluted. Ambient noise levels recorded in the area ranged from 57.5dBA to 69.2dBA with a mean value of 62.39dBA. The noise levels were below the FMENV permissible limit of 90dBA for 8 hour exposure.

4.3.9 Groundwater Quality The results of physico-chemical and microbial parameters analyzed from groundwater samples collected from the study area are presented in Tables 4.5 and 4.6 respectively. The results were compared with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) limits as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in order to determine the groundwater suitability for domestic use.

Table 4.5: Physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples in the study area

WHO (Max. Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 Permissible FMENV Level) limits Limits Appearance Clear Clear Clear - - pH 5.82 5.96 6.05 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5 Conductivity, µS/cm 110 120 112 1000 - Temperature, 0C 30 30.5 32 NS <40 Turbidity, NTU 1 <1.0 <1.0 NS 1 TDS, mg/L 60 53 94 500 500 Dissolved Oxygen, 5 4 5.2 NS 7.5 mg/L BOD5, mg/L 0.43 0.25 0.66 NS 0 COD, mg/L 3.2 2.67 1.34 NS - Chloride, mg/L 43 57 60.8 600 250 Nitrate, mg/L 2.45 1.2 2.39 - 10 Sulphate, mg/L 20.3 18.79 32.5 400 500 Phosphate, mg/L 0.76 0.6 1.3 NS 5 Sodium, mg/L 32 7.8 14.5 NS 200 Calcium, mg/L 5.4 3.4 2.3 200 - Magnesium, mg/L 2.5 3.4 2 75 - Potassium, mg/L 3 4.3 1.2 NS - THC, mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 - Iron, mg/L 0.43 0.37 <0.001 1 1 Zinc, mg/L 0.67 1.2 0.057 15 5 Lead, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.05

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WHO (Max. Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 Permissible FMENV Level) limits Limits Mercury, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.001 Copper, mg/L 0.032 0.034 0.009 - 0.1 Chromium, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.05 Cadmium, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.01 Nickel, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.05 Arsenic, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS 0.2 Field Survey 2014 ND= Not Detected NS= Not Specified

Table 4.6: Microbial properties of groundwater samples in the Study Area

Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 FMENV Limits Total Heterotrophic Bacteria 1.0 x 102 0.5 x 102 0.5 x 102 NS (cfu/ml) Total Heterotrophic Fungi (cfu/ml) 15 10 10 NS Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria ND ND ND NS (cfu/ml) Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi ND ND ND NS (cfu/ml) Total Coliform (cfu/ml) ND ND ND 0 Field Survey 2014 ND= Not Detected NS= Not Specified

The pH of the groundwater samples ranged between 5.82 and 6.05 (slightly acidic), typical of raw underground water samples. In-situ water temperature ranged between 30.50C and 31.00C with a mean value of 30.7oC which fell below the FMENV recommended limit of <400C. Electrical conductivity ranged from 120µS/cm to 189µS/cm while total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged between 63.0mg/l to 94.0mg/l. The electrical conductivity and TDS values recorded in the groundwater samples were

within the permissible limits of 1000 µS/cm and 500mg/l respectively. BOD5 concentrations of the ground water samples were below 1.0mg/l indicating low organic load. COD recorded a range of 1.34ppm to 3.20ppm.

For cations, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+; Na+ recorded the highest concentration with a range of 7.80mg/l to 32.0mg/l below the WHO permissible limit of 200mg/l for drinking water. Chloride, had the highest concentration, among the anions analyzed in the groundwater samples, with a range of 43.0mg/l to 60.8mg/l. The chloride values were within the FMENV permissible limit of 250mg/l and the WHO maximum permissible of 600mg/l.

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No heavy metal pollution was noted in the groundwater samples based on the results of heavy metals recorded. Ni, As, Cd, Hg, Cr and Pb concentrations were all below 0.001mg/L while Fe, Zn and Cu were recorded in trace amounts and fell within the permissible limits. The total hydrocarbon content in the groundwater samples were less than 0.05mg/l suggesting no hydrocarbon pollution.

For microbial properties, total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged between 50 and 100 cfu/100ml while total heterotrophic fungi (THF) ranged between 10.0and 15.0cfu/100ml. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi counts as well as total coliform were not recorded in the groundwater samples.

4.3.10 Surface Water Quality Tables 4.7 and 4.8 present the results of physico-chemical and microbial parameters analyzed from surface water samples from the study area. The results were compared with the FMENV water standards for aquatic life in order to establish the quality of the surface water body.

The concentrations of physico-chemical parameters analyzed from the surface water samples were generally within their respective FMENV permissible limits for aquatic life. However, the concentrations of Zn (0.10-0.24mg/l), Cu (<0.001 – 0.082mg/l) and Ni (0.26 – 1.00mg/l) were higher than the FMENV permissible limits of 0.03mg/l, 0.004mg/l and 0.15mg/l respectively. The elevated concentrations of Zn, Cu and Ni recorded in the surface water samples could be due to non-point discharge of contaminated storm run-off to the water body.

Table 4.7: Physico-chemical properties of surface water samples from the study area Parameters SW SW2 SW3 FMENV water (Upstream) (Midstream) (Downstream) quality standard for Aquatic life (permissible limit)1 Odour None None None - Appearance Slightly Slightly Slightly - Turbid Turbid Turbid pH 6.25 7.32 7.45 6.0 -9.0

1 Source: National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality in Nigeria, 1999

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Parameters SW SW2 SW3 FMENV water (Upstream) (Midstream) (Downstream) quality standard for Aquatic life (permissible limit)1 Temperature (oC) in- 29.0 28.0 30.0 33 situ Electrical Cond. 99.5 103 116 NS (µS/cm) TDS (mg/L) 50.8 52 58.3 NS TSS (mg/L) 3 4 4 NS Turbidity (NTU) 2 5 5 NS DO (mg/L) 3.6 3.52 2.89 6.8

BOD5(mg/L) 0.98 1.56 1.6 4 COD (mg/L) 8.3 11 7.6 NS Nitrate (mg/L) 4 3.4 2.3 NS Phosphate (mg/L) 1 0.87 0.34 NS Sulphate (mg/L) 2.97 2.68 3.12 NS Chloride (mg/L) 18.8 26 38 NS Sodium (mg/L) 15.5 11 13 NS Potassium (mg/L) 1 1 0.65 NS Calcium (mg/L) 5.19 4.57 6 NS Magnesium (mg/L) 3 2.36 1.87 NS Iron (mg/L) 0.5 0.89 <0.001 1 Zinc, mg/L 0.17 0.1 0.24 0.03 Lead, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.0017 Mercury, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 Copper, mg/L <0.001 0.082 0.056 0.004 Chromium, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 Cadmium, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 Nickel, mg/L 1 0.26 0.35 0.15 Arsenic, mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.5 THC (mg/L) 0.27 0.23 1 NS Field Survey 2014 ND= Not Detected NS= Not Specified

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Table 4.8: Microbial properties of surface water samples in the Study Area FMENV Parameters SW1 SW2 SW3 Limits Total Heterotrophic Total 73 104 63 Bacteria Heterotrophic Bacteria Total Heterotrophic Fungi Total 12 6 9 Heterotrophic Fungi Hydrocarbon Utilizing Hydrocarbon ND ND ND Bacteria Utilizing Bacteria Hydrocarbon Utilizing Hydrocarbon ND ND ND Fungi Utilizing Fungi Total Coliform Total 2 3 2 Coliform Field Survey 2014 ND= Not Detected NS= Not Specified

4.3.11 Soil Quality The results of physico-chemical parameters analyzed in soil samples from the study area in Eku, Delta State are shown in Table 4.9 while the microbial counts recorded in the soil samples are presented in Table 4.10.

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Table 4.9: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 Limits Parameters Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil pH 5.2 6.71 5.4 5.9 6.8 8.1 6.3 7.2 7.5 7.2 8 4.5- pH 9.5

Conductivity 52.1 53.78 57.12 59.26 51.01 58.12 58.21 59.62 59.1 58.26 56.66 <500 Conductivity (µS/cm) (µS/cm) TOC (%) 1.12 1.29 1.66 2.59 2.12 1.67 2.68 2.45 2.64 1.19 2.2 NS TOC (%) Cu (mg/kg) 15.55 10.23 16.39 12.89 12.12 16.25 13.89 16.56 19.21 17.69 18.12 50- Cu (mg/kg) 100 Zn (mg/kg) 44.66 40.21 43.98 41.1 47.77 40.26 49.69 48.32 36.69 49.5 49.23 Oct- Zn (mg/kg) 50 Fe (mg/kg) 156.9 158.3 210.3 119.36 98.32 78.9 114.1 162.28 88.44 187.66 112.29 NS Fe (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.03- Cd (mg/kg) 0.3 Pb (mg/kg) 2.1 3.2 6.7 <0.001 1.89 <0.001 0.87 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 May- Pb (mg/kg) 20 Cr (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS Cr (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) 3.2 11 7.09 4 1.437 2.67 0.985 1.08 3.56 7.8 1.89 May- Ni (mg/kg) 50 Hg (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4 Hg (mg/kg) As (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 20 As (mg/kg) THC 2.4 1.62 <0.001 <0.001 0.82 0.33 0.46 0.34 0.28 2.03 0.25 50 THC Sulphate 41.21 40.12 49.58 46.2 48.48 44.21 44.12 44.32 40.12 38.29 48.12 NS Sulphate (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Phosphate 17.32 16.32 15.31 16.29 19.21 19.27 17.97 15.59 16.66 18.28 19.89 NS Phosphate (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Chloride 26.49 25.15 25.89 28.91 27.81 26.32 27.21 26.19 28.22 25.46 29.2 NS Chloride (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

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SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 Limits Parameters Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Nitrate 33.21 30.25 33.91 33.89 33.48 34.66 33.97 32.18 32.18 35.21 34.12 NS Nitrate (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Na (mg/kg) 86.45 78.31 88.12 72.12 76.23 90.64 98.05 76.56 80.39 81.96 88.89 NS Na (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) 54.21 58.34 56.99 55.58 53.19 50.59 53.18 58.27 65.39 57.11 51.11 NS K (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg) 67.29 63.28 66.64 93.21 70.12 63.26 68.19 65.99 64.27 65.54 68.89 NS Ca (mg/kg) Field Survey 2014 NS= Not Specified

Table 4.10: Physico-chemical properties of soil samples from the study area Parameters SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Top Sub Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Total 36 x 30 x 46 x 53 x 66 x 55 x 61 x 49 x 47 x 54 x 45 x Total Heterotrophic 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 Heterotrophic Bacteria Bacteria (cfu/gm) (cfu/gm) Total 3.9 x 4.1 5.2 x 7.2 x 4.9x 7.6 x 5.5 x 5.7 x 6.8 x 8.6 x 5.1 x Total Heterotrophic 104 x 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 104 Heterotrophic Fungi 104 Fungi (cfu/gm) (cfu/gm) Hydrocarbon 12.30 18.0 12.99x 13.33 18.15 14.77 10.68 11.98 12.36 14.84 16.16 Hydrocarbon Utilizing x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 x 103 Utilizing Bacteria 103 Bacteria (cfu/gm) (cfu/gm) Hydrocarbon 1.1 x 2. 0 1.2 x 2.1 x 1.2 x 2.0 x 1.3 x 1.5 x 1.3 x 1.5 x 1.6 x Hydrocarbon Utilizing 102 x 102 102 102 103 102 102 102 103 103 Utilizing Fungi 102 Fungi (cfu/gm) (cfu/gm) Field Survey 2014

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The top soil ranges from sandy clay to clayey. The pH of the soil samples ranged from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, that is 5.2 to 8.1, within the limit of 4.8 to 9.5. The electrical conductivity of the soil samples ranged from 51.01mg/kg to 59.23mg/kg suggesting moderately dissolved ions content.

For heavy metals, Iron (Fe) was the most abundant with a range 78.9mg/kg 210.3mg/kg followed by Zinc, then Copper. Zinc ranged between 36.69mg/kg to 49.69mg/kg while Copper ranged between 10.23mg/kg to 19.21mg/kg. Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the soil samples were below the detection limit of 0.001mg/kg. The heavy metals concentrations in the soil samples are within the naturally occurring levels; no elevated concentrations beyond the prescribed limits were noted.

For cations, Sodium (Na) ranged from 12.12mg/kg to 98.05mg/kg, Calcium (Ca) ranged from 63.26mg/kg to 93.21, Potassium (K) ranged from 50.59mg/kg to 65.39mg/kg while Magnesium (Mg) ranged from 40.12mg/kg to 49.12mg/kg. Among the anions, Nitrate concentrations in the soil samples from the area ranged from 30.25mg/kg to 35.21mg/kg, sulphate ranged between 38.29mg/kg to 49.58mg/kg, chloride ranged from 25.15mg/kg to 29.20mg/kg while phosphate ranged between 15.31mg/kg and 19.89mg/kg.

The concentrations of measured THC in soil samples from the project site ranged from <0.001mg/kg to 2.40mg/kg which fell below the limit of 50mg/kg for mineral oil in soil.

THB ranged from 30 x 106 cfu/g to 66 x 106 cfu/g while THF ranged between 3.9 x 104 cfu/g to 8.660 x 104 cfu/g. The THB and THF counts in the soils are similar to those occurring in natural level. The mean ratio of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria to total heterotrophic bacteria in all the soil samples was low.

4.3.12 Terrestrial Flora (Vegetation) The vegetation of the area is characterized by fresh water swamp forest, herbaceous plant rainforest and open herbaceous regrowth plants. The plant species recorded in the area are shown in Table 4.11 below.

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Table 4.11: Plant species recorded in the study area and their biodiversity status Plant Species Family Common Name Flora Biodiversity Name Type Status Adenia cissampeloides Passifloracea Adenia Herb Not e Threatened Alstonia boonei Apocynaceae Stool wood Tree Not Threatened Andropogon gayanus Poaceae Gamba grass Grass Not Threatened Anthocleista djalonensis Loganiaceae Cabbage Tree Tree Not Threatened Aspilia Africana Asteraceae Haemorrhage Herb Not plant Threatened Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem tree Tree Not Threatened Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Bamboo Tree Not Threatened Brillantasia patula Acanthaceae Brillantasia Herb Not Threatened Carica papaya Caricaceae Paw Paw Tree Not Threatened Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Siam weed Herb Not Threatened Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitacea Bitter gourd Herb Not e Threatened Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Sweet orange Tree Not Threatened Colocasia esculenta Araceae Cocoyam/ Herb Not wild taro Threatened Costus afer Zingiberaceae Ginger lily Herb Not Threatened Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae Nut grass Grass Not Threatened Dacryodes edulis Burseraceae Native Pear Tree Not Threatened Delonix regia Leguminosae Flame of the Tree Not forest Threatened Dioscorea sp. Dioscoriaceae Yam Herb/ Not Tuber Threatened Elaeis guineesis Arecaceae Oil palm Tree Not Threatened Eleusine indica Poaceae Bermuda grass Grass Not Threatened Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiacea Egele Herb Not e Threatened Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiacea Asthma weed Herb Not e Threatened Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Gmelina/ Tree Not Parrot's beak Threatened

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Plant Species Family Common Name Flora Biodiversity Name Type Status Mangifera indica Anacardaceae Mango Tree Not Threatened Manihot esculenta Euphorbiacea Cassava Shrub Not e Threatened Musa parasidiaca Musaceae Plantain Tree Not Threatened Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Tree Not Threatened Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Tree of life Tree Not Threatened Ocimum gratissimum Poaceae Lemon grass Grass Not Threatened Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae Elephant grass Grass Not Threatened Persea Americana Lauraceae Avocado pear Tree Not Threatened Phyllantus amarus Euphorbiacea Amarus plant Herb Not e Threatened Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Guava Tree Not Threatened Rauvolfia vomitora Apocynaceae Serpent wood Tree Not Threatened Sida acuta Malvaceae Horn bean- leaf Herb Not sida Threatened Sida corymbosa Malvaceae Country mallow Herb Not Threatened Spigelia anthelmia Loganiaceae Worm weed Herb Not Threatened Talinum triangulare Portulacaceae Water leaf Herb Not Threatened Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Tridax Herb Not Threatened Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae Bitter leaf Herb Not Threatened Zea mays Poaceae Maize Herb Not Threatened

4.3.13 Fauna (Wildlife) Table 4.12 presents the list of wildlife species in the study area. Table 4.12: Fauna species in the study area Common Species Family Class Biodiversity names status Frog Xenopus Pipidae Amphibia Not Threatened Toad Bufo bufo Bufonidae Amphibia Not Threatened

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Common Species Family Class Biodiversity names status Little sparrow Accipiter erythropus Accipitridae Aves Not Hawk Threatened Laughing Streptopelia senegalensis Columbidae Aves Not Senegal Dove Threatened White throated Merops albicollis Meropidae Aves Not Bee eater Threatened Grey plantain Crinifer piscator Musophagidae Aves Not eater Threatened Striated Heron Butorides striatus Ardeidae Aves Not Threatened Lizard buzzard Kaupifalcomonogrammicus Accipitridae Aves Not Threatened Horn bill Tockus sp. Bucerotidae Aves Not Threatened Cotton stainer Dysdercus sp Insecta Not Threatened Rhinoceros Oryctes sp. Scarabaeidae Insecta Not beetle Threatened Leaf eating Chrysochus sp. Chrysomelidae Insecta Not beetle Threatened Lady birds Coccinella sp. Coccineliidae Insecta Not Threatened Millipede Archispirostreptus gigas Spirostretidae Insecta Not Threatened Locust Schistocerca gregaria Acrididae Insecta Not Threatened Moth Chrysiridia rhipheus Insecta Not Threatened Tailor ants Cataulacus sp. Formicidae Insecta Not Threatened Bat Otocyon megalotis Canidae Mammalia Not Threatened African giant Crecetomys gambianu Nesomyidae Mammalia Not rat Threatened Tree squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus Sciuridae Mammalia Not Threatened Mona monkey Ceriopithecus mona Cercopithecidae Mammalia Not Threatened Snail Mollusca Not Archatina achatina Achatinidae Threatened Monitor lizard Varanus albigularis Varanidae Reptilia Not Threatened

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CHAPTER FIVE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION

5.0 Introduction The evaluation of the socio-economic characteristics of an area is an essential component of any meaningful and development-oriented environmental assessment study since it presents a foretaste or general overview of the nature of the area with respect to the proposed activities. It also gives an insight into the social, cultural, economic and political conditions of stakeholders including individuals, groups, communities and organizations. It thus becomes germane that these variables be carefully studied and presented succinctly and broadly such that the impact of either the proposed or existing project on the generality of the area is revealed.

The socio-economic variables for this study were grouped into various categories such as demographic, economic, public services and social impact aspects. While the social aspects is concerned with the lives as well as social and cultural attitude and values of the project Affected Persons, the community services were concerned with housing and requirements for public services such as water, sanitation, communications, solid waste disposal as well as health and educational services. Demographic aspects on the other hand are concerned with population growth structures and distribution while the economic categories are concerned with the general characteristics, structures and changes of various economic activities and employment of the communities within the project area.

In summary, the socio-economic baseline includes the following:  Assess the prevailing socioeconomic conditions in the study site. This includes provision of a baseline study and characterizing the existing state of the study site. This will assist in identifying the main areas of concerns;  Analyze the impacts of the prevailing environmental conditions on the socioeconomic structure of the study sites; and  Develop a set of guidelines for establishing viable communities.

5.1 Methodology A blend of investigative methods was used to acquire the socio-economic data. These include the following:

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 A review of secondary data pertaining to the study area;  Reconnaissance survey used to identify all communities that will be directly or indirectly affected and to alert the communities’ leaders and residents on the proposed project;  An in-depth interviews with community leaders of the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and youth leaders);  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholder and project affected communities, especially women; the summary of it is provided as Appendix III  Field observations by the consultants and interviewers;  Democratic tools used during FGDs, specifically community mapping, and paired needs ranking and case studies formulation; and  Structured questionnaire used to collect baseline information and the perception of the PAPs on the intervention. Simple random sampling was used for the administration of the questionnaire. The administration was done in such a way that the required number of questionnaires was actually returned in each of the communities. Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire survey and projection from 1991/2006 census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC).

5.2 Population Characteristics of the Proposed Project Area The proposed SEEFOR intervention project is located in Eku, Ethiope East Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Delta State. To this end, it is presumed that the communities and the settlements in these LGAs will be affected negatively and or positively by the project which thus makes the examination of the demographic profile of these settlements necessary.

Expectedly, the data used for the examination were drawn from all the relevant documents of the LGAs and the feedback forms (questionnaires) used during the field survey. In other words, the population sizes of the proposed project area were estimated using the overall population of LGAs in which they are sited. This is mainly due to the fact that the communities in the proposed project area do not have a specific population record as they constitute part of the overall population of their respective LGAs.

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Fig 5.1: Population Estimation and Projection of the Project Site

5.3 The Socio-demographic Characteristics A socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed intervention project was constructed through the administration of structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions with project affected people and communities. The socio- demographic information considered provides a description of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs).

5.3.1 Sex Profile The sex composition of the respondents is presented in Fig 5.2 below. The presented result shows that there are less male (37.8%) than female (62.2%) respondents.

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Figure 5.2: Sex Profile of Respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.3.2 Age Profile . The age distribution of respondents is presented in Fig 5.3 below.

Figure 5.3: Age Profile of Respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

The age distribution illustrated above shows that the highest proportion of the respondents fall within the age range of 45-65 years (46.67%) and this was followed by respondents with the age range of 18-45 years (26.67%). This also implies that, more than70% of the sampled individuals fall within the working class while less than

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30% of the respondents belong to the dependent population with the age range of less than 18 years and greater than 65 years.

5.3.3 Ethnic Groups The ethnic composition of the project area is depicted in Fig. 5.4 below. The ethnic composition as depicted below shows that most of the PAPs are Urhobo (77.8%). This is followed by the Itsekiri (15.56%), Edo (4.44%) and Igbo (2.22%). The predominance of the Urhobo and Itsekiri ethnic groups is expected as they are the traditional landowners. The relatively high presence of Igbo and Edo ethnic groups in the area can be explained by the proximity of their States to the project site.

Fig. 5.4: Ethnic groupings and Classification of the Respondents (Source: Field Survey, April, 2014)

5.3.4 Marital Status This item assesses the types of relationship existing between adults (male and female) within a particular population. With regards to the sampled individuals and households, the numbers of individuals of marriage age that are actually married and those who are yet to get married are captured. Figure 5.5 shows the marital status of respondents.

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Fig 5.5: Marital Status Source: Field Survey, April 2014

The Figure above illustrates that the most involved in the sampled frame are married (51%) respondents. This has inferences for which there is a potential population increase. This high proportion also determines the household type, the consumption power and the infrastructure needs of the residents of the area. Since marriage is indicative of the level of responsibility and because marriage influences the amount of risks an individual can take, it may in some way checkmate issues relating to destructive violence in the area. 27.0% of the sampled individuals are not married, that is, single while the divorced/separated and widowed respondents are about 6.67% and 15.56% of the population respectively.

5.3.5 Residential Status of Respondents An assessment of the residential status is illustrated in Figure 5.6 below. As presented in the figure, 73.33% of the sampled individuals and households are permanent residents in the proposed project area. This is followed by the returnees (Back Home Residents) with an estimated proportion of 22.22 % of the sampled frame while non- residents who were mostly relatives of the households with an estimated value of 6.7%. The residential status of the sampled households has implication for the study. It validates the information provided by the respondents of the situation in the project area. A detailed result is graphically shown in the Figure 5.6 below.

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Figure 5.6: Residential Status of Respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.3.6 Duration of Residency

Most of the sampled individuals and households (80%) have lived in the area for more 10 years while about 20% of the respondents have lived in the area for less than 10 years. This implies that the major groups of respondents are well-established residents who are quite familiar and understand the nitty-gritty of the environment. The graphic presentation of the result is shown in Fig 5.7 below.

Figure 5.7: Length of Residence Source: Field Survey, April 2014

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5.3.7 Educational Status of Respondents The educational status of the respondents is graphically presented in Fig 5.8 below.

Figure 5.8: level of Education of Respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

The finding presented above shows a high proportion of respondents having secondary school qualification (42.22%), followed by primary school qualification (33.33). 17.8% of the respondents do not have any formal education while 4.44% and 2.22% of the respondents have on e form of tertiary education. None of the respondents, however, has postgraduate education. This translates into a relatively high literacy level in the area. It also points to the likelihood of a genial relationship between the project affected people and the project managers. An added benefit of this is that, it will enhance diplomatic and clever resolution of conflicts among the communities if such occurs. This can indirectly be interpreted as a recipe for availability of high quality manpower needed for efficient and effective functioning of the activities and the productivity in the study area.

5.3.8 Employment Status of Respondents The employment status of a given population is an indication of what the major source of income of the household members of the population is likely to be. It gives an insight into the potential source of labour in such area. It also indicates what the inhabitants do to make a living.

The major occupations of the respondents are classic representatives of rural communities in Nigeria. These consist of farming, trading, and hunting and

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processing of agricultural products (e.g. cassava and palm produce). Trading varies from a small shop in front of a house to large scale buying and selling in local markets. Additional common occupations include carpentry, bricklaying, and other varieties of salary jobs or service provision. Men are generally accountable for heavy work whereas women generally tend plots of land and are involved in other informal sector activities, such as small scale trading and cassava processing. Most important crops include cassava, maize, plantain, banana and cocoyam. Plantation crops in the area are rubber and palm trees whereas melon, okra, pepper and other crops are grown in smaller quantities. Livestock nurture is also significantly present but this is mostly on a smaller scale

An assessment of the employment status of the sampled population illustrates that the preponderance of the respondents are farmers, which accounts for 46.67% of the total respondents. This was followed by respondents who are artisans (17.78%), trading (13.33%), self-employed (8.89%) and daily labourers, employed and unemployed with an estimated proportion of 4.44% respectively. The detail of finding is graphically presented in Fig 5.9 below.

Figure 5.9: Main Occupation of Respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.3.9 Income Level of the Respondents The income status of the sampled individuals and households refers to the average income a respondent expects to get daily, weekly, and monthly for engaging in an economic activity by either working personally or for an employer. It shows the

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economic status of a particular population. The income status of the respondents as estimated on monthly basis is graphically presented in Fig 5.10 below.

The Figure shows that the highest proportion of respondents have monthly incomes that are within the range of N6,000.00 – N20,000 (42.2%). Most of the respondents within the group engage in trading and shop keeping. The respondents within the income range of less than N5,000.00 have an estimated proportion of 33.3% of the total responses. The main monthly income group of at least N21,000-N60,000 recorded the lowest with an estimated figure of 4.44%. The detail illustration of findings is depicted in Fig 5.10 below.

Figure 5.10: Income Status Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.4 Assessment of Social Infrastructure and Standard of Living 5.4.1 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area The housing profile of the sampled individuals and households describes the distribution of residential buildings and types of such buildings existing presently in the proposed intervention project area and its surrounding. It differentiates the desirable from the non-desirable types of buildings as the case may be. It also indicates the economic status of the sampled individuals and households as the better the residential building, the higher the standard of the living of such respondent is likely to be. This assessment is depicted in Table 5.1 below.

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31.1.0% of the residential buildings are occupied on the basis of rentage while 13.3% of the buildings are occupied on rent free basis.

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Table 5.1: Type of Building Building Parts Value Label Frequency Percentage Construction PLASTERED MUD 9 20.00 Material (Wall) CEMENT BLOCKS 32 71.11 OTHERS 4 8.89 Total 45 100.00 Construction CORRUGATED 12 26.67 Material ROOFING (Roofing) ALUMINIUM 18 40.00 ASBESTORS 9 20.00 TILES 4 8.89 OTHERS 2 4.44 Total 45 100.00 Construction EARTHEN 3 6.67 Material (Floor) CONCRETES 24 53.33 TILES 16 35.56 OTHERS 2 4.44 Total 45 100.00 Toilet Facility PIT LATERINE 9 20.00 WATER CLOSET 13 28.89 OUTSIDE DWELLING 10 22.22 PIER LATRINE 6 13.33 OTHERS 3 6.67 NONE 4 8.89 TOTAL 45 100.00 Tenure of OWNED 23 51.11 Housing RENTED 14 31.11 OCCUPIED FOR FREE 6 13.33 OTHERS 2 4.44 Total 45 100.00 Number of 1-2 5 11.11 Room(s) 3-4 12 26.67 5 & Above 28 62.22 Total 45 100.00 Source: Field Survey, April 2014

As shown in the table above, the most common type of buildings found in the project area are those with more than 5 rooms (62.22%). They are covered with corrugated roofing and are constructed with cement blocks. Specifically, 71.1% of the buildings are built with cement blocks, 20% with plastered walls while 8.9% are with other construction materials. With reference to roofing materials, 26.7% were roofed with corrugated aluminum zinc sheets, 40% with aluminum, 20% with asbestos slate, 8.9%

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with tiles and 4.4% with other forms of roofing materials. Practically, all the houses were in good shape. Most of the toilets in the study site are water borne system (28.9%). This was followed by toilets outside the dwelling (22.2%), then pit latrine (20%). The presence of pier latrine (13.3%) was also noticed within the vicinity. In terms of tenancy tenure of housing, most of houses were owned by the occupiers (51.1%).

5.5 Assessment of Health Status of Sampled Households When asked about their state of health, all the respondents indicated that they were healthy (100%), this is expected. They also listed the health facilities frequently visited for treatment of illnesses within the area as chemist (48.89%), hospital and/or clinic (40%) and traditional medicine (8.9%). It can, therefore, be inferred that majority of the respondents use modern approaches for treatment of ailments. Further probe into the common diseases suffered by the people through hospital records and established pharmacists in the area shows that the predominant diseases among the communities are malaria and typhoid. The details of the finding as regards the health facility being used by the respondents are presented in Figure 5.11 below.

Figure 5.11: Health facility used by respondents Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.5.1 Assessment of Ailment/Sickness Dominant in the Project Area As indicated by the respondents, the ailment and sickness mostly suffered from by the respondents in the communities in the proposed intervention area include Rheumatism

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amongst the aged, malaria, typhoid and Pile while others as presented in Table 5.2 were not common among the residence of the communities. The table presents the details of findings of sickness and ailment mostly affecting the residence in the proposed project area.

Table 5.2: Ailment/Sickness Rampant Among the Sampled Households Variables Always Sparingly Seldom Never (%) (%) (%) (%) Whooping Cough 0.0 6.0 0.0 94.0 Tuberculosis 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Asthma 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Dysentery 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Diarrhea 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Cholera 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pile 12.0 40.0 12.0 36.0 Hypertension 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Congestive Health Problem 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pneumonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Epilepsy 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Rheumatism 4.0 8.0 12.0 78.0 Rashes 0.0 6.0 12.0 78.0 Eczema 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Ringworm 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Eye pains 6.0 12.0 2.0 80.0 Cataract 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Glaucoma 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Typhoid fever 22.0 48.0 8.0 22.0 Malaria 62.0 18.0 12.0 8.0 Sickle Cell Anemia 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 STDs 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Source: Field Survey, April 2014

This finding was corroborated by the assertion of the principal health officers at the Medical Centers located in the area. It was indicated that the most prominent ailment reported at the centers include; Malaria and typhoid fever. Health records from these centers were however not released to the field officers.

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5.6 Sources of Domestic water It was observed that the residents of the proposed project area and surroundings have three main sources of water for domestic water supply which include borehole, hand- dug well, and rain harvest. Rain harvest water is available only in the rainy season between March and October every year.

The most important sources of domestic and portable water supply to the households in the project area are shown in Table 5.3. For drinking water supply, 24.4% of the total sampled households depended on borehole. This was followed by those who consume rain-harvested water 20%, while 17.8% relied on hand-dug well. This also applies to cooking water with 31.1% relying on rain water, 26.7% relying on water from the river, 15.6% and 17.8% rely on well water and water pump respectively. Details of findings are presented in Table 5.3 below.

Table 5.3: Sources of Domestic water Value Label Drinking Water Cooking Water Bathing & Washing

Frequency Percentag Frequency Percentag Frequenc Percentag e e y e WELL 8 17.78 7 15.56 8 17.78 BOREHOLE 11 24.44 8 17.78 21 46.67 WATER PUMP 8 17.78 0 0.00 6 13.33 COMMUNITY 5 11.11 4 8.89 4 8.89 TAP PIPE WATER 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 OUTSIDE DWELLING RIVER 4 8.89 12 26.67 2 4.44 RAIN 9 20.00 14 31.11 4 8.89 HARVESTING WATER 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 VENDOR/TANK ER TOTAL 45 100.00 45 100 45 100 Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.7 Assessment of Waste Management Methods This assessment examines the existing management approach to solid waste generated by the communities, particularly on how solid wastes generated are collected, stored and eventually disposed off.

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This becomes relevant as it determines the vulnerability of the communities to diseases and epidemics. In this regards, Fig 5.10 shows the refuse collection methods by the residents in the proposed project area.

It was ascertained that, none of the residents disposes their refuse through Government Accredited Waste Collector (AWC). It was asserted that the AWC operators were inactive, implying that it was being used in the area. Other approaches used for waste disposal includes the use of community dedicated dumpsite (26.7%), burning (33.33%) backyard (35.56%), and in water bodies (4.44%). Detail of graphic presentation is shown in the Fig 5.12 below.

Figure 5.12 Solid Waste Management Methods Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.8 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs) On the issue of whether or not the road rehabilitation project should take full effect, all the respondents (100%) agreed that it should continue. Despite the total embracement of the proposed project, some environmental and socio-economic concerns were raised. In this regards, Table 5.4 below presents the potential adverse environmental impacts of SEEFOR project and the potential impacts of the proposed project as suggested by the in-scope individuals and households.

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The perceived environmental issues that may be imposed by the road rehabilitation project on the affected communities include heavy flooding (4.44%) during and after torrential downpour, destruction and encroachment of buildings and public infrastructure (8.89%) such as power transmission poles, road networks and forest resources, and extensive and intensive land degradation (13.33%). In addition, the most potential environmental concerns raised with respect to construction phase of the project include encroachment of land properties (28.89%), worsening of poor drainage system (4.44%), and air, land and water (surface and ground water) pollution (4.44%)

The details of the perception of the respondents in this respect are illustrated in the Table 5.4 below.

Table 5.4: Perceived Environmental and Socioeconomic Adverse Impact Variables Perceived Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact Freq. % Soil Infertility 4 8.89 Poor Drainage System 2 4.44 Bad Road 2 4.44 Low Visibility 2 4.44 Bad Lands 3 6.67 Flooding 2 4.44 Environmental Degradation 6 13.33 Destruction of Infrastructure 4 8.89 Encroachment of Land Properties 13 28.89

Pollution (Air & Land) 7 15.56 Total 45 100.0 Source: Field Survey, April 2014

5.9 Impact Evaluation of the Road Rehabilitation Intervention Activities With regards to the tranquility of the area, the respondents affirmed that the community is presently peaceful and the project may not necessarily stimulate any form of youth restiveness. However, daunting issues that could stimulate youth restiveness in the area were outlined. This is shown in Fig. 5.13.

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Fig. 5.13: Possible causes of youthful restiveness during the project (Source: April 2014)

As shown above, the most pertinent issue that may possibly cause youthful restiveness in the area is the non-inclusion of the youth in the project. This is followed by loss of properties especially shops and caravans, disrespect of local norms and then possible theft of sacred items. In other words, to forestall any form of restiveness in the area, the expectation of the people especially during the construction phase includes:  Employment of the locals;  Adequate compensation to people whose properties will be loss due to the intervention.

The communities assured a total cooperation with the Delta State SEEFOR, contractors and consultants. They promise adequate security and protection of live, properties and equipments during construction.

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CHAPTER SIX

ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.0 Introduction This chapter is designed to succinctly present the potential impacts of the processes that will be conducted during the pre-construction, construction as well as maintenance and operation phases of the proposed project on the environment. It further discusses the alternatives for either the acceptance of the proposed project or its rejection. The stated impacts cover the broad spectrum of the environmental and social dimensions of the proposed rehabilitation works at Eku Delta State, Nigeria.

6.1 Potential Impacts The road rehabilitation operations have the potential to generate environmental and social impacts which have been categorized under the various project phases, namely Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation and Maintenance Phases. The followings are summary of impacts and the details are discussed below:

6.1.1 Positive impacts Taking the socioeconomic profile and social status of the residents of the project area into consideration, construction and rehabilitation works has the potential to reduce the unpleasant experience of the residents to the barest minimum. The essential positive impacts of the project are listed as follows.  Improved accessibility The road construction and rehabilitation project will undoubtedly improve accessibility in the area. This is essentially relevant regarding the prominence accorded agriculture in the area. It would enable a easy movement of agricultural product to the markets for sale.

 Employment opportunities The provision of employment opportunity is an essential positive impact of the project to the community. The project will create significant temporary employment for construction workers, equipment maintenance and support staff. While a small number of senior project managers may come from overseas and other specialists from elsewhere in Nigeria, majority of the project staff are expected to be recruited

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locally from within Eku town, Ethiope East LGA. In many of the corridors, particularly the ones earmarked for rehabilitation, locals told the team during consultations that some of them were trained equipment operators and possess relevant work experience. The challenge the contractor would have is how to choose out of the large pool, a limited number of workers. Jobs will also be created by the presence of construction gangs (food vending, trading in household items clothing and commencement of new business ventures) while new business opportunities would be created when a contractor or labour crew commence work in an area. Many more people will have a regular monthly income when compared to the typical experiences of rural dwellers whose income is seasonal. In other words, there will be more expendable income available to them. Their demand for various items would fuel supply and lead to brisk business in toiletries, cooked food, groceries, clothing and accessories, medicines and many other items.

 The local, regional and national economies would expand Business will expand and there will be more money in circulation. Farmers will be able to sell their produce to earn more money. Markets in these corridors will become more vibrant because many more people can afford to buy while new businesses may open up to provide all manner of services because people can now afford to pay for services. Roads make the location of industries in new places easier because whatever is produced can be evacuated. The economies of the locality, the general region and the country expand as many more people invest in commerce, providing goods and services and Industry.

 Minimization of flooding: The project site is currently being challenged by enormous flooding problems especially when it rains. This is not unconnected to the relatively flat terrain nature of the area in addition to the problems of blocked drains, which in most cases leads to obstruction of movement within the community, and loss of crops planted on the farmland. At the completion of the project, these challenges and the associated loss of properties and travel time will be curtailed.

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6.1.2 Negative Impacts The identified potential negative impacts have been grouped on the basis of whether they occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phases in the subsequent sections. This is necessary to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures that are outlined in the Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP) included in the next chapter of this report.

6.1.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase Displacement of People: The proposed development will not lead to potentially displacement of people within the road alignment. However, petty traders along the road alignment may need to move away especially during construction. All affected persons must be compensated adequately, considering who may have to be relocated to different location. The following will be done;  Appropriate identification and mapping of the PAPs (Project Affected Persons),  logistical provision for resettling the people so that they can move on with their livelihood

6.1.2.2 Construction Phase A critical requirement with the level of construction anticipated in the project area is the right of way. Vegetation will be cleared from sites, large drains will be constructed and other related constructions will be erected. These activities during the construction phase will intensify and the environment will be disturbed and affected. Generally, key negative impacts of the development which are likely to occur include:  Impacts on water and water resources Impact on water resources is critical to the project area. A point source of water pollution from the construction could lead to severe impact on the surface and groundwater water resources of the project area. In addition, earthworks during construction might release suspended particles in the water which could have detrimental effect on water organisms. However, the more critical concern is the impact of the construction activities on the hydrological functions of shallow water bodies such as wetlands which are predominant in the area. Sources of waste-related point source and non-point pollution of water bodies could include: i. Wastewater containing high suspended solids;

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ii. Oil residues and industrial fluids from the washing of plant and vehicles that spilled into nearby water body and seeped into groundwater; iii. Spilt fuel oil around fuel storage tanks that seeped into groundwater and nearby stream; and iv. Waste oil, grease and de-greasing solvents from vehicle and plant servicing. v. Heaped construction materials such as sand and other aggregates could be carried in run-off into the water course leading to siltation and affecting water quality. vi. Exposing large cleared areas for long periods without the expected road works would render such areas susceptible to sheet erosion (in rainy season), resulting in sedimentation.

Pollution of these resources may arise at or close to the base camp or work sites as a result of inadequate provision of sanitary and waste facilities, and accidental or deliberate spillage or leakage of polluting materials. Such pollution would adversely affect those who depend on local water resources. Inappropriate disposal of refuse and some materials used in construction can also lead to public and animal health hazards.

 Road diversion & Detours Without adequate signage road diversions could increase the risk of accidents (Speeding vehicles may fall into open ditches, workers and other pedestrians could be knocked down) Diversions slow down traffic and increase travel time. It could significantly impact on accessing health care for the sick and in times of emergency. Creation of detours may also impact on vegetation. Delays will be most noticeable during morning and evening peak 'rush-hours’, even though these are relatively modest in Eku, Ethiope East LGA. Resulting delays will be most serious when they impact ambulances, fire engines, blood bank vans and other emergency vehicles. There are expected to be no significant impacts to non-vehicular traffic.

 Noise and vibratory impacts During the construction, permissible or acceptable human noise levels can be temporarily exceeded due to the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the road rehabilitation site. Noise abatement measures will be taken in the zones crossing the residential areas, including adequate work scheduling. The scheduling should also be designed to incorporate every form of social activities that might be affected in order to reduce any form of infringement. The impact of

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sustained noise on humans includes stress, headaches and in extreme cases hearing impairment. Noise also affects wildlife as it drives animals away from their natural habitat.

 Impacts on Flora and Fauna: One of the major unavoidable impacts of road works is the effect on the terrestrial vegetation in the vicinity of the construction works. The impacts on natural vegetation are associated with the construction of drainage structures and the control of vegetation. There are significant areas of natural or semi-natural forest all along the project roads but no designated or protected areas of terrestrial ecological interest will be affected by the proposed construction activities.

Information obtained from field investigation confirms that no locally or regionally endangered species will be affected as a result of the proposed rural road rehabilitation. Clearing of vegetation would also be required on other roads that have been overgrown with shrubs and bushes. This would result in loss of vegetative cover.

 Dust generation and air quality impacts Excavation, loading and emptying of dump trucks will generate dust. Exhaust emissions from vehicles moving between sites will also contribute to air pollution. Excessive dust is known to cause upper respiratory diseases, aggravate allergies like Asthma and cause eye irritation. Dust also impedes visibility and increases the risk of accidents. Dust settles on foliage and disturbs plant growth.

 Community-Worker Relations Friction may be caused by inappropriate or unacceptable behaviour of workers at the project site. Sexual activity of workers with locals may lead to unwanted pregnancies, STIs and Increased incidence in HIV/AIDS.

 Waste generation Road construction tends to generate different forms of waste. There is the unsuitable material from road surface, garbage from activities of workers, food wrappers, paper, cartons, plastic containers and human waste. Indiscriminate disposal of waste could breed flies, mice and other pests that can cause disease like diarrhoea, cholera, malaria when mosquitoes breed in water collected in small containers. Littering also destroys

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the beauty of the natural habitat. Plastics, especially plastic bottles are a major problem in South Sudan. If plastics are not properly disposed off, they will aggravate the already bad situation. Ruminants are known to die from ingesting plastic bags. Waste could also be carried by runoff into streams where it impedes flow and impacts on water quality.

6.1.2.3 Operations and Maintenance Phase The operation and maintenance phase has the potential to generate series of activities that may impair the environment across different scales. Maintenance and repairs could stimulate issues such as air quality impairment, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues, amongst several others.

Specifically, the maintenance and/or rehabilitation works will significantly affect the topography of the project area. In addition, other activities such as construction and civil works coupled with increased vehicular traffic in the area might intensify to an adverse extent thus reducing road transportation capacity. It is not expected that pesticides and other chemical products will be used. Herbicides may be used along the drains and around the alignment of the rehabilitated area to ensure smooth water flow. Maintenance plans should therefore examine issues of design alterations, departure of the on-site activities from the initial project design, etc. Maintenance therefore should examine issues from the standpoint of maintaining and sustaining the original standard and design for the project area.

 Water quality issues Water quality issues could arise from runoff from the roadways that crisscross the project site, community solid wastes, and agricultural wastes. It therefore becomes imperative to ensure that measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical and chemical measures are examined from time to time during this phase.

 Traffic and transportation At this phase, intense traffic is expected. Proper traffic maintenance measures should be put in place by the local traffic maintenance authority in order to curtail man-hours waste on roads.

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 Air quality It is also envisaged that the operation and maintenance phase will bring about air quality issues which will arise owing to increased vehicular traffic in the project area; stimulated by the need to rehabilitate the roads. Dust particles and other potentially injurious particles will be released into the environment which could prevent visibility and affect the general environmental outlook of the project area. These might be noticed by the residents or even traced with the hospital records close to the project area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a consistent structure to check the air quality of the project during this phase of the project.

 Noise and vibration This is a likely phenomenon that can be related to the potential increase in the traffic and the impact of machineries that will be used for the rehabilitation exercise. In order words, the operation and maintenance phase of the project will attract heavy traffic as the rehabilitation works will lead to inward movement of people. Thus, the number of vehicles will increase and the facilities that will be used for the maintenance of the structures put in place will also generate noise in the area. These activities could increase the ambient decibel levels beyond permissible limits.

 Occupational health and safety Workers and other contractor staff members might be exposed to accidents at this stage of the project. The condition of work is also very essential to be considered, working under stringent environmental hazards, exposure to insects, carnivorous animals and other unsafe working conditions are possible scenarios. In some cases, in situ workers might be injured and some members of the public might be affected at this stage. Thus, proper safety measures must be put in place and first aid materials must be made available. 6.1.3 Social Impacts Most of the impact on social life along the road alignment will be revealed during the construction phase. The impacts will be both positive and negative. Positive impacts include temporary markets for goods and services, including sources of employment for certain tasks during construction. Some of the recreation requirements of the work force are likely to cause negative impacts. Use of alcohol among the working crew may affect the local population negatively through increased violence and abuse of

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local women. There will also be an increased risk for spreading of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS in the project area.

 Gender Issues The project is not expected to have any adverse impact on women rather it will enhance their accessibility to farmland, market and other locations for their livelihood. Also, women will be engaged during construction activities especially in the provision of ancillary activities such as food and water. .

 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community facilities The project area is located in a semi urban community with some commercial, residential, industrial and institutional activities. Adjoining land uses like farms and forests also exist making large negative social impacts likely. Agriculture, being both an economic activity and a form of social activity, going by the heavy dependence of economics trees like the Palm tree.

 Cultural Impacts Given what we know of the proposed project area (no history of historical artifacts or chance finds from past excavations in the area), it is not envisaged that thee road maintenance/rehabilitation intervention activity willl cause damage to historical, archeological and cultural sites.In the event that an archaeological resource is discovered during the construction process, a procedure for the safeguard of such resource must be implemented. Such a procedure should identify the importance of such archaeological resource and should outline what will happen if previously unknown physical resources are encountered during project construction or operation. The procedure should include record keeping and expert verification procedures, chain of custody instructions for movable finds, and clear criteria for potential temporary work stoppages that could be required for rapid disposition of issues related to the finds. The site Safeguards Officer will inspect and secure the site, and will then contact Delta State Ministry of Arts and Culture for advice and arrange for a survey or salvage work as appropriate.

 Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic The air emissions from construction machinery will be minor and so will have negligible impact on ambient air quality. However, the extent of traffic generated

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during the construction phase will be a source of concern. Movement of heavy-duty machineries, lorries and other construction works might impact traffic and air quality thereby affecting road users. Thus, road signs and other road safety measures as well as traffic diversion signs will be used to properly direct traffic to ensure safety and proper movement of vehicles plying the road.

 Solid Waste There will be loss of existing undergrowth during the clearing of the road alignment in readiness for the construction and related engineering works. There will also be solid waste generated from the excavation works. Some of the excavated soil could be reused as backfill while the rest could be disposed of to designated areas. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. All the wastes will be disposed of according to the legislation guiding the same.

 Health Issues Some of the significant health concerns associated with new projects include shortage of facilities like toilets and catering facilities for construction workers. In this instance, the constructor remains the only responsible party to ensure that his or her workers are provided with the required facilities. These facilities could either be put in place before the construction work commences or arrangement could be done such that the personnel on the field could get the facilities from the neighbouring communities. The control building for equipment and control facility will be supplied with portable water and shall have sanitation and wastewater facility. Periodical investigations, maintenance, and remedy of failures and accidents will be performed by specifically trained staff.

 Safety Issues During the construction phase, the work will involve the use of sharp objects, noisy machineries and dusty environment. The constructor will be required to provide his workers with relevant protective gears like boots, gloves, protective clothing dust masks and earmuffs. These should be provided for in the project budget. The ground will also be made wet to prevent dust. Warning signs are expected to be displayed next to dangerous points and machines so as to restrict the movement of unauthorised

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personnel on site during construction and to warn heavy-duty vehicles that will be at the site against possible danger. All litter and debris have to be picked up and disposed in a central disposal site so as to avoid subsequent injuries during and after the construction, work is complete.

A safety officer will be at the construction site during the construction phase, at all times. The safety officer will make sure a first aid kit is always available and that the skilled workers are aware of the safety rules. Workers must wear safety gears like gumboots, helmets, safety belts (harness), dust masks and approved welding glasses for welders. Other safety precautions are stipulated in the Health and Safety guidelines.

The immediate surrounding will experience an increase in human traffic and noise during ground preparation. In a construction site, noise is likely to be produced by the construction machinery excavator and lorries during the civil works. Noise is also most likely to emanate from the regular masonry operations such as stone dressing. The machine operators and workers who will be in close proximity to the machinery will be required to wear protective gears such as earmuffs during the construction period.

6.2 Analysis of Alternatives The analysis (assessment) of project alternatives in the context of the ESMP refers to the performance of the resources with or without the completion of the project or with or without the implementation of the measures designed with this ESMP and/or safeguard instruments considered appropriate. It is therefore a comparison of possible alternatives to be considered with respect to the proposed project.

Owing to the outstanding merits of one alternative over the others, one of the stated alternatives will be prescribed. The choice will center on the fundamentals of meeting with the threshold of criteria concerning all considered environmental and social variables that are paramount to the project (i.e. Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)). For this project, an analysis of the various alternatives is presented as follows:

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6.2.1 No-Action alternative The assumption on this alternative is based on the impression that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Eku town road rehabilitation and maintenance site. Specifically, the prevailing road condition will be left untouched, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. Consequently, the conditions at the road rehabilitation site and its alignment will worsen resulting in increase in traffic delays, flooding and other related ailments. With the no-action alternative, accidents on the road will increase; flooding will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social effects such as reduction of existing road capacity, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of transportation, destruction of soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and likely surface and groundwater pollution will intensify. Essentially, the prevailing conditions will be left without any amelioration efforts. As a result of these effects, the no-action alternative is not recommended for this project.

6.2.2 The Use of Civil Works The proposed restoration and rehabilitation of the roads in the project area should consider all elements of the environmental and social components. This approach will ensure that germane components of the natural and human environment under the threat and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the project area.

The procedure for such rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Thus, physical construction works will be adopted in restoring and enhancing the affected areas as envisioned according to the goals of SEEFOR. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly minimised in such a way that the benefits outweighs the demerits, thus, manageable.

Additional drainage construction works will control incidences of flood related ailments of loss of work hours and wastage of economic resources currently being experienced in the project area. The quality of lives and livelihood of the community residents will also be enhanced with the implementation of the stated measures in the

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ESMP. The cost of transportation will either normalise or be reduced to the anticipated cost. Essentially, agricultural commodities being transported to the traditional markets will be delivered at the expected time, thus, reducing prices of commodities in the market. Adverse impacts such as air, water and noise pollution, destruction of vegetation, disruption of economic activities might be experienced during various stages of the implementation of the provision of ESMP. These impacts will be slight and of short duration and so are manageable.

The merits of the Civil Works Alternative outweigh the No-Action Alternative and it is consequently recommended. The two alternatives will be evaluated based on the benchmarks indicated in Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action The Civil Work Overall Protection of This will not benefit the The maintenance and Environment and concerned stakeholders and rehabilitation of the road will Human Health (General community residents owing lead to improvement in the protection mechanisms) to the observed level of quality of life. Properties will damages from the road be secured, lives being saved, networks. Unemployment resources will be recovered, will continue to increase, transportation facilities poor road condition will enhanced and general remain and this will restoration of livelihood. It will continue to reduce benefit the Project Affected accessibility to source of People and the residents. livelihood. Short-term Effectiveness The No-Action alternative The timeline for the civil and will not add any specific other construction works is long input to the stated criteria. term. Nevertheless, the benefits derivable are still better than a No-Action alternative.

Long-term Effectiveness This alternative will not Civil works will provide long- and Permanence meet the long-term term effectiveness for the roads. effectiveness and permanence criteria.

From Table 6.1, it can be summarised that the Civil Work alternative is better than No-Action even though the cost implication of the former would be much more than for the latter. The Civil Work alternative will provide the solution that SEEFOR sought while the No-Action alternative will further aggravate the problem currently being experienced in the project area.

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CHAPTER SEVEN

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the fundamentals of the environmental and social management plan. It presents, enlists and discusses the structure for mitigation procedures taken to address the adverse impacts identified in chapter five. It outlines the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will ensure that all the provisions are effected under strict organization. It also describes the cost implication of implementing all the identified mitigation avenues.

7.1 Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures outlined in this report are structured to curtail the observed adverse environmental and social impacts itemised in the previous chapter. The arrangement of the mitigation measures will follow the pattern of the evolvement of the SEEFOR intervention programme for the rehabilitation of the Eku town road. These are presented in the subsequent subsections.

7.1.1 Pre-construction Phase At the pre-construction phase, the mitigation measures are stated here to resolve the adverse effects of the project prior to the commencement of civil works. In particular, this phase covers the preliminary works that predates the construction and developmental works in the Project area. The two critical issues that might be of cogent significance at this phase are: land acquisition and community perception of the project. Each of these is discussed and presented as follows:

Community perception of the project: It is a normal scenario for the host community of the project to have a divergent perception about the authenticity of the proposed projects. Inability to manage this may give the project a negative impression from the community. This could be based on the perceived layback attitude project by the officials or previous experience in the community. In order to resolve this challenge, there are germane steps to be taken as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy and authenticity of the project. These measures are itemised in Table 7.1 below.

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Land acquisition: It is essential to acquire land particularly along the road alignment. In addition, this will cover the legally binding right-of-way for civil construction features such as large drains along the road lines. However, all the proposed roads have existing alignment and no additional land will be acquired for the purpose of the project.

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Table 7.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction phase

S/N Environmenta Implied Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational Responsibility l and Social LOT Impacts 1 Land LOT 1  possession (Not Disputes and Applicabl issues from the e) affected LOT 2  communities (Not Applicabl e)

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LOT 3  (Not Applicabl e) LOT 4  (Not Applicabl e) 2 Communities’ LOT 1 1. Apt awareness of the all communities and Executive 1. Sensitization strategies will include  The Contractor perceptions of monitoring committees on the decisive vistas of the Eku primal members of the affected  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU the SEEFOR SEEFOR project. communities with adeptness in social  Delta State relevant Ministries project 2. Residents and communities’ members will also be communication.  Community Based Monitoring enlightened and informed on the need to support the 2. The point of information Committee project as well as the virtues of the road project activities. dissemination will be made public 3. The affected communities will be enlisted using English with ease access by the affected and preferably local languages for easy understanding as members. well as to cover all areas as much as possible. 3. Posters, notices and signboards will 4. Prospects and challenges of the SEEFOR road project be reared at strategic places to will be covered so as to establish a common ground for disseminate information to locals. settling liable issues. LOT 2 1. Ensure apt awareness of the all communities and 1. Sensitization strategies will include  The Contractor Executive monitoring committees on the decisive vistas of primal members of the affected  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU the Eku SEEFOR project. communities with adeptness in social  Delta State relevant Ministries 2. Residents and communities’ members will also be communication.  Community Based Monitoring enlightened and informed on the need to support the 2. The point of information Committee project as well as the virtues of the road project activities. dissemination will be made public 3. The affected communities will be enlisted using English with ease access by the affected and preferably local languages ease understanding as well members. as to cover all areas as much as possible. 3. Posters, notices and signboards will 4. Prospects and challenges of the SEEFOR road project be reared at strategic places to will be covered so as to establish a common ground for disseminate information to locals. settling liable issues. LOT 3 1. Ensure apt awareness of the all communities and 1. Sensitization strategies will include  The Contractor Executive monitoring committees on the decisive vistas of primal members of the affected  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU the Eku SEEFOR project. communities with adeptness in social  Delta State relevant Ministries 2. Residents and communities’ members will also be communication.  Community Based Monitoring enlightened and informed on the need to support the 2. The point of information Committee

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project as well as the virtues of the road project activities. dissemination will be made public 3. The affected communities will be enlisted using English with ease access by the affected and preferably local languages for easy understanding as members. well as to cover all areas as much as possible. 3. Posters, notices and signboards will 4. Prospects and challenges of the SEEFOR road project be reared at strategic places to will be covered so as to establish a common ground for disseminate information to locals. settling liable issues. LOT 4 1. Ensure apt awareness of the all communities and 1. Sensitization strategies will include  The Contractor Executive monitoring committees on the decisive vistas of primal members of the affected  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU the Eku SEEFOR project. communities with adeptness in social  Delta State relevant Ministries 2. Residents and communities’ members will also be communication.  Community Based Monitoring enlightened and informed on the need to support the 2. The point of information Committee project as well as the virtues of the road project activities. dissemination will be made public 3. The affected communities will be enlisted using English with ease access by the affected and preferably local languages for easy understanding as members. well as to cover all areas as much as possible. 3. Posters, notices and signboards will 4. Prospects and challenges of the SEEFOR road project be reared at strategic places to will be covered so as to establish a common ground for disseminate information to locals. settling liable issues.

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7.1.2 Construction Phase Civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts. Such impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental as well as social and cultural components of the project area. As required, several governmental MDAs (State Ministries, Departments and Agencies) will be involved in the follow up process of the mitigation process.

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Table 7.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase

S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility 1 LOT 1 Proposed SEEFOR 1. Where applicable, erosion control measures such 1. Ensure that erosion control  The Engineer project impacts on Soil as water bars, gabions, straw bales, and re-vegetation measures for the Eku  The Contractor such as excavating, will be implemented in affected roads side sections, landscaping, leveling, RoWs and vegetal cover during and after SEEFOR project are put in  Delta State compacting etc. rehabilitation and construction phase. place at the proper time at the SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Appropriate environmental designs that rehabilitation and construction  Federal recongnise adverse soil impacts will be considered phase. SEEFOR-NPCU, and implemented to deflect damages that may arise 2. Encourage planting of during rehabilitation and construction stages to soil  Relevant Delta layers. forest trees with focus on State and Federal native trees. Ministries of 3. Focalised environmental Environment designs will be encouraged (FMEnv), and implemented.  NESREA

LOT 2 Proposed SEEFOR 1. Where applicable, erosion control measures such 1. Ensure that erosion control  The Engineer project impacts on Soil as water bars, gabions, straw bales, and re-vegetation measures for the Eku  The Contractor such as excavating, will be implemented in affected roads side sections, landscaping, leveling, RoWs and vegetal cover during and after SEEFOR project are put in  Delta State compacting etc. rehabilitation and construction phase. place at the proper time at the SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Appropriate environmental designs that rehabilitation and construction  Federal recongnise adverse soil impacts will be considered phase. SEEFOR-NPCU, and implemented to deflected damages that may 2. Ensure planting of forest arise during rehabilitation and construction stages to  Relevant Delta soil layers. trees with focus on native State and Federal trees. Ministries of 3. Focalised environmental Environment designs will be encouraged (FMEnv), and implemented.  NESREA

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LOT 3 Proposed SEEFOR 1. Where applicable, erosion control measures such 1. Ensure that erosion control  The Engineer project impacts on Soil as water bars, gabions, straw bales, and re-vegetation measures for the Eku SEEFOR  The Contractor such as excavating, will be implemented in affected roads side sections, project are put in place at the proper  Delta State landscaping, leveling, RoWs and vegetal cover during and after time at the rehabilitation and SEEFOR-SPCU compacting etc. rehabilitation and construction phase. construction phase.  Federal SEEFOR- 2. Appropriate environmental designs that 2. Encourage planting of forest trees NPCU, recongnise adverse soil impacts will be considered with focus on native trees.  Relevant Delta State and implemented to deflected damages that may 3. Focalised environmental designs and Federal arise during rehabilitation and construction stages to will be encouraged and Ministries of soil layers. implemented. Environment (FMEnv),  NESREA LOT 4 Proposed SEEFOR 1. Where applicable, erosion control measures such 1. Ensure that erosion control  The Engineer project impacts on Soil as water bars, gabions, straw bales, and re-vegetation measures for the Eku SEEFOR  The Contractor such as excavating, will be implemented in affected roads side sections, project are put in place at the proper  Delta State landscaping, leveling, RoWs and vegetal cover during and after time at the rehabilitation and SEEFOR-SPCU compacting etc. rehabilitation and construction phase. construction phase.  Federal SEEFOR- 2. Appropriate environmental designs that 2. Encourage planting of forest trees NPCU, recongnise adverse soil impacts will be considered with focus on native trees.  Relevant Delta State and implemented to deflected damages that may 3. Focalised environmental designs and Federal arise during rehabilitation and construction stages to will be encouraged and Ministries of soil layers. implemented. Environment (FMEnv), NESREA 2 LOT 1 Waste Management 1. Proper measures will be considered to guarantee 1. The waste management officers  The Engineer adequate waste management manner. will be empowered to verify  The Contractor 2. Caution against windblown materials from the suitable management approach of  Delta State waste disposal site. solid waste. SEEFOR-SPCU 3. Cover solid waste dumped site as quickly as 2. Manage adequately and  Federal SEEFOR- possible sustainably, predetermined waste NPCU, 4. Give top priority to waste from construction and sites.  Relevant Delta State rehabilitation activities through recycling and re use 3. Consider The use of recyclable and Federal 5. Wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other products for either individual or Ministries, civil works is not be discharged into water bodies, general construction or  Safeguards Officers instead, will be collected and treated. rehabilitation purposes will be of the Federal and considered. Delta State 4. The environment will be kept

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clean all the time. SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 2 Waste Management 1. Proper measures will be considered to guarantee 1. The waste management officers  The Engineer adequate waste management manner. will be empowered to verify  The Contractor 2. Caution against windblown materials from the suitable management approach of  Delta State waste disposal site. solid waste. SEEFOR-SPCU 3. Cover solid waste dumped site as quickly as 2. Manage adequately and  Federal SEEFOR- possible sustainably, predetermined waste NPCU, 4. Give top priority to waste from construction and sites.  Relevant Delta State rehabilitation activities through recycling and re use 3. Consider The use of recyclable and Federal 5. Wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other products for either individual or Ministries, civil works is not be discharged into water bodies, general construction or  Safeguards Officers instead, will be collected and treated. rehabilitation purposes will be of the Federal and considered. Delta State 4. The environment will be kept SEEFOR-SPCU clean all the time LOT 3 Waste Management 1. Proper measures will be considered to guarantee 1. The waste management officers  The Engineer adequate waste management manner. will be empowered to verify  The Contractor 2. Caution against windblown materials from the suitable management approach of  Delta State waste disposal site. solid waste. SEEFOR-SPCU 3. Cover solid waste dumped site as quickly as 2. Manage adequately and  Federal SEEFOR- possible sustainably, predetermined waste NPCU, 4. Give top priority to waste from construction and sites.  Relevant Delta State rehabilitation activities through recycling and re use 3. Consider The use of recyclable and Federal 5. Wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other products for either individual or Ministries, civil works is not be discharged into water bodies, general construction or Safeguards Officers instead, will be collected and treated. rehabilitation purposes will be of the Federal and considered. Delta State 4. The environment will be kept SEEFOR-SPCU clean all the time LOT 4 Waste Management 1. Proper measures will be considered to guarantee 1. The waste management officers  The Engineer adequate waste management manner. will be empowered to verify  The Contractor 2. Caution against windblown materials from the suitable management approach of  Delta State waste disposal site. solid waste. SEEFOR-SPCU 3. Cover solid waste dumped site as quickly as 2. Manage adequately and  Federal SEEFOR- possible sustainably, predetermined waste NPCU, 4. Give top priority to waste from construction and sites.  Relevant Delta State rehabilitation activities through recycling and re use 3. Consider The use of recyclable and Federal

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5. Wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other products for either individual or Ministries, civil works is not be discharged into water bodies, general construction or  Safeguards Officers instead, will be collected and treated. rehabilitation purposes will be of the Federal and considered. Delta State 4. The environment will be kept SEEFOR-SPCU clean all the time 3 LOT 1 Not Applicable  Land use challenges LOT 2 Land use challenges 1. The affected groups will be included in as part of 1. Ensure that, PAPs are identified  The Engineer including impacts on the ARAP. in order to implement the provisions  The Contractor road side traders 2. Measures will be considered to assure that the under the ARAP.  Delta State emanate from affected groups are integrated into plans for 2. ARAP provisions will be SEEFOR-SPCU generating RoWs and compensation. rigorously adhered to.  Federal SEEFOR- diversions during the 3. Delta state policy provisions on RAP will be 3. Ensure that, all necessary action NPCU, rehabilitation and implemented on the affected individuals or groups. are communicated to stakeholders in  Relevant Delta State construction phase of 4. The essential World Bank safeguard policy will be both English with preferably local and Federal the SEEFOR Eku road considered on the impact of such land use issues. dialect (language) to enhance Ministries, project perceptive of the decisions.  Safeguards Officers of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 3 Land use challenges 1. The affected groups will be included in as part of 1. Ensure that, PAPs are identified  The Engineer including impacts on the ARAP. in order to implement the provisions  The Contractor road side traders 2. Measures will be considered to assure that the under the ARAP.  Delta State emanate from affected groups are integrated into plans for 2. ARAP provisions will be SEEFOR-SPCU generating RoWs and compensation. rigorously adhered to.  Federal SEEFOR- diversions during the 3. Delta state policy provisions on RAP will be 3. Ensure that, all necessary action NPCU, rehabilitation and implemented on the affected individuals or groups. are communicated to stakeholders in  Relevant Delta State construction phase of 4. The essential World Bank safeguard policy will be both English with preferably local and Federal the SEEFOR Eku road considered on the impact of such land use issues. dialect (language) to enhance Ministries, project perceptive of the decisions.  Safeguards Officers of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 4 Not Applicable Land use

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challenges 4 LOT 1 Channelization of 1. Good drainage system practices will be adopted 1. Drainage system will be  The Engineer floodwaters (Drains and implemented. constructed/rehabilitated according  The Contractor Collectors) 2. Definition and delineation of the drainage system to the specifications.  Delta State based on hydrological characteristics of the area will 2. Ensure the defined boundaries are SEEFOR-SPCU, be conducted. identified and marked out for easy  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Adequate provision of drainage system and bio- classification. SPCU, engineering techniques of using trees as ecological 3. Easy and ecologically  Delta State Ministry buffer will be implemented to minimize the engineering techniques are adopted of Environment, incidence of flooding and erosion problems along the along all selected roads in Eku by  Safeguards Officers selected road network. SEEFOR. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR LOT 2 Channelization of 1. Good drainage system practices will be adopted 1. Drainage system will be  The Engineer floodwaters (Drains and implemented. constructed/rehabilitated according  The Contractor Collectors) 2. Definition and delineation of the drainage system to the specifications.  Delta State based on hydrological characteristics of the area will 2. Ensure the defined boundaries are SEEFOR-SPCU, be conducted. identified and marked out for easy  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Adequate provision of drainage system and bio- classification. NPCU, engineering techniques of using trees as ecological 3. Easy and ecologically  Delta State Ministry buffer will be implemented to minimize the engineering techniques are adopted of Environment, incidence of flooding and erosion problems along the along all selected roads in Eku by  Safeguards Officers selected road network. SEEFOR. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR LOT 3 Channelization of 1. Good drainage system practices will be adopted 1. Drainage system will be  The Engineer floodwaters (Drains and implemented. constructed/rehabilitated according  The Contractor Collectors) 2. Definition and delineation of the drainage system to the specifications.  Delta State based on hydrological characteristics of the area will 2. Ensure the defined boundaries are SEEFOR-SPCU, be conducted. identified and marked out for easy  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Adequate provision of drainage system and bio- classification. NPCU, engineering techniques of using trees as ecological 3. Easy and ecologically  Delta State Ministry buffer will be implemented to minimize the engineering techniques are adopted of Environment, incidence of flooding and erosion problems along the along all selected roads in Eku by  Safeguards Officers selected road network. SEEFOR. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR LOT 4 Channelization of 1. Good drainage system practices will be adopted 1. Drainage system will be  The Engineer floodwaters (Drains and implemented. constructed/rehabilitated according  The Contractor

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Collectors) 2. Definition and delineation of the drainage system to the specifications.  Delta State based on hydrological characteristics of the area will 2. Ensure the defined boundaries are SEEFOR-SPCU, be conducted. identified and marked out for easy  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Adequate provision of drainage system and bio- classification. NPCU, engineering techniques of using trees as ecological 3. Easy and ecologically  Delta State Ministry buffer will be implemented to minimize the engineering techniques are adopted of Environment, incidence of flooding and erosion problems along the along all selected roads in Eku by  Safeguards Officers selected road network. SEEFOR. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR 5 LOT 1 Topographic 1. The construction works such as road grading, 1. Right inspection of the local  The Engineer modifications through patching of potholes will be carried out with regard topography will be adhered to for  The Contractor construction and other to local topography. local hydrological and topographic  Delta State civil works 2. Drainage systems will be maintained, if consideration. SEEFOR-SPCU applicable, new ones will be constructed. 2. Ensuring site-specific plans are  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Re-vegetation efforts will be considered for considered for local relief. NCPU, affected vegetated area by the project. 3. The local environment will be  Delta State Ministry 4. Site based safety plans will be initiated and studied for re-vegetation plans. of Environment, accurately implemented for sub-projects. 4. Ensure that all provisions at this  Safeguards Officers 5. Efficient public consultation for all affected phase are based on local topography of the Federal and people and stakeholders will be prioritised. and slope before implementation. the State SEEFOR LOT 2 Topographic 1. The construction works such as road grading, 1. Right inspection of the local  The Engineer modifications through patching of potholes will be carried out with regard topography will be adhered to for  The Contractor construction and other to local topography. local hydrological and topographic  Delta State civil works 2. Drainage systems will be maintained, if consideration. SEEFOR-SPCU applicable, new ones will be constructed. 2. Ensuring site-specific plans are  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Re-vegetation efforts will be considered for considered for local relief. NCPU, affected vegetated area by the project. 3. The local environment will be  Delta State Ministry 4. Site based safety plans will be initiated and studied for re-vegetation plans. of Environment, accurately implemented for sub-projects. 4. Ensure that all provisions at this  Safeguards Officers 5. Efficient public consultation for all affected phase are based on local topography of the Federal and people and stakeholders will be prioritised. and slope before implementation. the State SEEFOR LOT 3 Topographic 1. The construction works such as road grading, 1. Right inspection of the local  The Engineer modifications through patching of potholes will be carried out with regard topography will be adhered to for  The Contractor construction and other to local topography. local hydrological and topographic  Delta State civil works 2. Drainage systems will be maintained, if consideration. SEEFOR-SPCU applicable, new ones will be constructed. 2. Ensuring site-specific plans are  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Re-vegetation efforts will be considered for considered for local relief.

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affected vegetated area by the project. 3. The local environment will be NCPU, 4. Site based safety plans will be initiated and studied for re-vegetation plans.  Delta State Ministry accurately implemented for sub-projects. 4. Ensure that all provisions at this of Environment, 5. Efficient public consultation for all affected phase are based on local topography Safeguards Officers people and stakeholders will be prioritised. and slope before implementation. of the Federal and the State SEEFOR LOT 4 Topographic 1. The construction works such as road grading, 1. Right inspection of the local  The Engineer modifications through patching of potholes will be carried out with regard topography will be adhered to for  The Contractor construction and other to local topography. local hydrological and topographic  Delta State civil works 2. Drainage systems will be maintained, if consideration. SEEFOR-SPCU applicable, new ones will be constructed. 2. Ensuring site-specific plans are  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Re-vegetation efforts will be considered for considered for local relief. NPCU, affected vegetated area by the project. 3. The local environment will be  Delta State Ministry 4. Site based safety plans will be initiated and studied for re-vegetation plans. of Environment, accurately implemented for sub-projects. 4. Ensure that all provisions at this  Safeguards Officers 5. Efficient public consultation for all affected phase are based on local topography of the Federal and people and stakeholders will be prioritised. and slope before implementation. the State SEEFOR 6 LOT 1 Air quality Challenges 1. Dust suppression technique will be considered to 1. Adequate inspection for  The Engineer reduce airborne particulate matter emanate from the adherence to safety issues.  The Contractor construction activities. 2. Guarantee that all selected roads  Delta State 2. Routine watering of the construction sites and have trees planted along the SEEFOR-SPCU access roads, especially Earth roads will keep the corridors.  Federal SEEFOR- dust level down. 3. Guarantee that road signs are NPCU, 3. Provision of breathing protection masks for properly placed along the road  Delta State Ministry employees and other task-specific Personal corridors. of Environment, Protective Equipment (PPE) will be prioritised. 4. to ensure that speed limits are  Safeguards Officers 4. Reduce travel distances by ensuring that workers rigorously adhere to. of the Federal and reside close to the project sites 5. to ensure that vehicles are road Delta State 5. Also, vehicles and machineries will comply with worthy to reduce emission when SEEFOR-SPCU international standards for exhaust emission. driven along the roads. 6. to ensure that drivers stick with predetermined speed limits. LOT 2 Air quality Challenges 1. Dust suppression technique will be considered to 1. Adequate inspection for  The Engineer reduce airborne particulate matter emanate from the adherence to safety issues.  The Contractor construction activities. 2. Guarantee that all selected roads  Delta State 2. Routine watering of the construction sites and have trees planted along the SEEFOR-SPCU access roads, especially Earth roads will keep the corridors.  Federal SEEFOR-

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dust level down. 3. Guarantee that road signs are NPCU, 3. Provision of breathing protection masks for properly placed along the road  Delta State Ministry employees and other task-specific Personal corridors. of Environment, Protective Equipment (PPE) will be prioritised. 4. to ensure that speed limits are  Safeguards Officers 4. Reduce travel distances by ensuring that workers rigorously adhere to. of the Federal and reside close to the project sites 5. to ensure that vehicles are road Delta State 5. Also, vehicles and machineries will comply with worthy to reduce emission when SEEFOR-SPCU international standards for exhaust emission. driven along the roads. 6. to ensure that drivers stick with predetermined speed limits. LOT 3 Air quality Challenges Dust suppression technique will be considered to 1. Adequate inspection for  The Engineer reduce airborne particulate matter emanate from the adherence to safety issues.  The Contractor construction activities. 2. Guarantee that all selected roads  Delta State 2. Routine watering of the construction sites and have trees planted along the SEEFOR-SPCU access roads, especially Earth roads will keep the corridors.  Federal SEEFOR- dust level down. 3. Guarantee that road signs are NPCU, 3. Provision of breathing protection masks for properly placed along the road  Delta State Ministry employees and other task-specific Personal corridors. of Environment, Protective Equipment (PPE) will be prioritised. 4. to ensure that speed limits are  Safeguards Officers 4. Reduce travel distances by ensuring that workers rigorously adhere to. of the Federal and reside close to the project sites 5. to ensure that vehicles are road Delta State 5. Also, vehicles and machineries will comply with worthy to reduce emission when SEEFOR-SPCU international standards for exhaust emission. driven along the roads. 6. to ensure that drivers stick with predetermined speed limits. LOT 4 Air quality Challenges 1. Dust suppression technique will be considered to 1. Adequate inspection for  The Engineer reduce airborne particulate matter emanate from the adherence to safety issues.  The Contractor construction activities. 2. Guarantee that all selected roads  Delta State 2. Routine watering of the construction sites and have trees planted along the SEEFOR-SPCU access roads, especially Earth roads will keep the corridors.  Federal SEEFOR- dust level down. 3. Guarantee that road signs are NPCU, 3. Provision of breathing protection masks for properly placed along the road  Delta State Ministry employees and other task-specific Personal corridors. of Environment, Protective Equipment (PPE) will be prioritised. 4. to ensure that speed limits are  Safeguards Officers 4. Reduce travel distances by ensuring that workers rigorously adhere to. of the Federal and reside close to the project sites 5. to ensure that vehicles are road Delta State 5. Also, vehicles and machineries will comply with worthy to reduce emission when SEEFOR-SPCU international standards for exhaust emission. driven along the roads.

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6. to ensure that drivers stick with predetermined speed limits. 7 LOT 1 Waste Generation 1. Waste generated at project sites and camps are the 1. Ensure that suitable waste  The Engineer responsibility of the contactor. Wastes generated will management practices are adopted.  The Contractor be segregated, kept in bins with lids, evacuated and 2. Obedience to the values of safe  Delta State disposed off at government approved sites for such and clean environment will be SEEFOR-SPCU wastes. Specifically, there will be provision of considered.  Federal SEEFOR- appropriate human waste disposal facilities for the 3. Road users will be prepared to NPCU, rehabilitation workers. study the mitigation measures.  Delta State Ministry 2. Good sanitation including proper waste disposal at 4. A clean and safe environment of Environment, its operation and residential accommodations. standard will be the guideline for all  Safeguards Officers 3. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives workers. of the Federal and in communities where its workers are domiciled. Delta State SEEFOR 4. Avoid any deterioration in public health and environmental sanitation as a result of the project. 5. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. LOT 2 Waste Generation 1. Waste generated at project sites and camps are the 1. Ensure that suitable waste  The Engineer responsibility of the contactor. Wastes generated will management practices are adopted.  The Contractor be segregated, kept in bins with lids, evacuated and 2. Obedience to the values of safe  Delta State disposed off at government approved sites for such and clean environment will be SEEFOR-SPCU wastes. Specifically, there will be provision of considered.  Federal SEEFOR- appropriate human waste disposal facilities for the 3. Road users will be prepared to NPCU, rehabilitation workers. study the mitigation measures.  Delta State Ministry 2. Good sanitation including proper waste disposal at 4. A clean and safe environment of Environment, its operation and residential accommodations. standard will be the guideline for all  Safeguards Officers 3. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives workers. of the Federal and in communities where its workers are domiciled. Delta State SEEFOR 4. Avoid any deterioration in public health and environmental sanitation as a result of the project. 5. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. LOT 3 Waste Generation Waste generated at project sites and camps are the 1. Ensure that suitable waste  The Engineer responsibility of the contactor. Wastes generated will management practices are adopted.  The Contractor be segregated, kept in bins with lids, evacuated and 2. Obedience to the values of safe  Delta State disposed off at government approved sites for such and clean environment will be SEEFOR-SPCU wastes. Specifically, there will be provision of considered.  Federal SEEFOR- appropriate human waste disposal facilities for the 3. Road users will be prepared to

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rehabilitation workers. study the mitigation measures. NPCU, 2. Good sanitation including proper waste disposal at 4. A clean and safe environment  Delta State Ministry its operation and residential accommodations. standard will be the guideline for all of Environment, 3. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives workers.  Safeguards Officers in communities where its workers are domiciled. of the Federal and 4. Avoid any deterioration in public health and Delta State SEEFOR environmental sanitation as a result of the project. 5. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. LOT 4 Waste Generation 1. Waste generated at project sites and camps are the 1. Ensure that suitable waste  The Engineer responsibility of the contactor. Wastes generated will management practices are adopted.  The Contractor be segregated, kept in bins with lids, evacuated and 2. Obedience to the values of safe  Delta State disposed off at government approved sites for such and clean environment will be SEEFOR-SPCU wastes. Specifically, there will be provision of considered.  Federal SEEFOR- appropriate human waste disposal facilities for the 3. Road users will be prepared to NPCU, rehabilitation workers. study the mitigation measures.  Delta State Ministry 2. Good sanitation including proper waste disposal at 4. A clean and safe environment of Environment, its operation and residential accommodations. standard will be the guideline for all  Safeguards Officers 3. Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives workers. of the Federal and in communities where its workers are domiciled. Delta State SEEFOR 4. Avoid any deterioration in public health and environmental sanitation as a result of the project. 5. Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities. 8 LOT 1 Enhanced 1. Adequate examination of the project sites will be 1. Ensure that the predetermined  The Engineer sedimentation and required. water flow and safe environment  The Contractor runoff 2. Constructions such as like dykes, sediments basins intents are bonded to in the  Delta State will be conceived in order to redirect the flow of construction phases. SEEFOR-SPCU sediments. 2. Heavy flow of water during rain  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Define drainage system and pollutants of concern, will be proscribed using the NPCU, and carry out resource inventory and information specified construction guidelines.  Delta State Ministry analysis. 3. Drainage system and categories of Environment, 4. Classify susceptible areas in order to guard surface as designed will form the basis of  Safeguards Officers water and check non-point source pollution along the construction to ease the velocity of of the Federal and affected selected roads by SEEFOR. water flow. Delta State 4. Ensure that susceptible areas SEEFOR, Federal along the selected corridors mostly Ministry of down slope are given top

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precedence Environment (FMEnv), NESREA LOT 2 Enhanced 1. Adequate examination of the project sites will be 1. Ensure that the predetermined  The Engineer sedimentation and required. water flow and safe environment  The Contractor runoff 2. Constructions such as like dykes, sediments basins intents are bonded to in the  Delta State will be conceived in order to redirect the flow of construction phases. SEEFOR-SPCU sediments. 2. Heavy flow of water during rain  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Define drainage system and pollutants of concern, will be proscribed using the NPCU, and carry out resource inventory and information specified construction guidelines.  Delta State Ministry analysis. 3. Drainage system and categories of Environment, 4. Classify susceptible areas in order to guard surface as designed will form the basis of  Safeguards Officers water and check non-point source pollution along the construction to ease the velocity of of the Federal and affected selected roads by SEEFOR. water flow. Delta State 4. Ensure that susceptible areas SEEFOR, Federal along the selected corridors mostly Ministry of down slope are given top Environment precedence (FMEnv), NESREA LOT 3 Enhanced 1. Adequate examination of the project sites will be 1. Ensure that the predetermined  The Engineer sedimentation and required. water flow and safe environment  The Contractor runoff 2. Constructions such as like dykes, sediments basins intents are bonded to in the  Delta State will be conceived in order to redirect the flow of construction phases. SEEFOR-SPCS sediments. 2. Heavy flow of water during rain  Federal SEEFOR- 3. Define drainage system and pollutants of concern, will be proscribed using the NPCU, and carry out resource inventory and information specified construction guidelines.  Delta State Ministry analysis. 3. Drainage system and categories of Environment, 4. Classify susceptible areas in order to guard surface as designed will form the basis of  Safeguards Officers water and check non-point source pollution along the construction to ease the velocity of of the Federal and affected selected roads by SEEFOR. water flow. Delta State 4. Ensure that susceptible areas SEEFOR, Federal along the selected corridors mostly Ministry of down slope are given top Environment precedence (FMEnv), NESREA

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LOT 4 Enhanced 1. Adequate examination of the project sites 1. Ensure that the  The Engineer sedimentation and will be required. predetermined water flow and  The Contractor runoff 2. Constructions such as like dykes, safe environment intents are  Delta State sediments basins will be conceived in order bonded to in the construction SEEFOR-SPCU to redirect the flow of sediments. phases.  Federal 3. Define drainage system and pollutants of 2. Heavy flow of water during SEEFOR-NPCU, concern, and carry out resource inventory rain will be proscribed using  Delta State and information analysis. the specified construction Ministry of 4. Classify susceptible areas in order to guidelines. Environment, guard surface water and check non-point 3. Drainage system and  Safeguards source pollution along the affected selected categories as designed will Officers of the roads by SEEFOR. form the basis of construction Federal and to ease the velocity of water Delta State flow. SEEFOR, 4. Ensure that susceptible Federal Ministry areas along the selected of Environment corridors mostly down slope (FMEnv), are given top precedence NESREA

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7.1.2.1 Biological Impact  Impact on Flora and Fauna The impact of the construction phase covers different aspects of the biological life, which can affect their productivity or even the existence of some scarring local species. This challenge will surface during the process or vegetation clearance and other construction activities especially during the construction of campsites. Exposure of the plant surfaces to dust, particularly during the transportation of materials, will destroy them, and as such could impair the ability of the plants to produce their foods from solar energy (i.e. obstruction of the photosynthesis process).

In addition, most faunas which may have created ecological niches for themselves will be disturbed especially burrowing mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects. This could lead to the development of secondary plants and invasive flora such as weeds coupled with proliferation of opportunist species. Probable mitigation measures could include proper measures in site identification prior to campsite selection, use of nurseries to prevent loss of local species, etc. These should be handled in cooperation with Ministry of Forest Resources and SEEFOR officials. Other measures are stated in Table 7.3.

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Table 7.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase

S/N Affected Environmental Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT and Social Responsibility Impacts 1 LOT 1 Potential Impacts 1. Delineate every Site of Special Scientific 1. Environmental assessment  The Engineer, on flora and fauna Interest. with interest on the flora and  The Contractor, 2. Collaborate with germane MDAs such as fauna will be regularly  Delta State the Federal Department of Livestock, considered in the areas. SEEFOR-SPCU, Privately-owned wildlife conservation 2. Ensure reliable checks on  Federal parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of the management of waste. SEEFOR-NPCU, Universities, for the covering of feasible 3. Deter/avoid the use of  Safeguards animals that may be relocated as a result of chemicals that can harmfully Officers of the the construction. affect the localised flora and Federal and 3. Guarantee that impacted flora species are fauna Delta State transferred and raised in available nurseries. SEEFOR,  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv),  NESREA LOT 2 Potential Impacts 1. Delineate every Site of Special Scientific 1. Environmental assessment  The Engineer, on flora and fauna Interest. with interest on the flora and  The Contractor, 2. Collaborate with germane MDAs such as fauna will be regularly  Delta State the Federal Department of Livestock, considered in the areas. SEEFOR-SPCU, Privately-owned wildlife conservation 2. Ensure reliable checks on  Federal parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of the management of waste. SEEFOR-NPCU, Universities, for the covering of feasible 3. Deter/avoid the use of  Safeguards animals that may be relocated as a result of chemicals that can harmfully Officers of the the construction. affect the localised flora and Federal and 3. Guarantee that impacted flora species are fauna Delta State transferred and raised in available nurseries. SEEFOR,

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S/N Affected Environmental Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT and Social Responsibility Impacts  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv),  NESREA LOT 3 Potential Impacts . Delineate every Site of Special Scientific 1. Environmental assessment  The Engineer, on flora and fauna Interest. with interest on the flora and  The Contractor, 2. Collaborate with germane MDAs such as fauna will be regularly  Delta State the Federal Department of Livestock, considered in the areas. SEEFOR-SPCU, Privately-owned wildlife conservation 2. Ensure reliable checks on  Federal parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of the management of waste. SEEFOR-NPCU, Universities, for the covering of feasible 3. Deter/avoid the use of  Safeguards animals that may be relocated as a result of chemicals that can harmfully Officers of the the construction. affect the localised flora and Federal and 3. Guarantee that impacted flora species are fauna Delta State transferred and raised in available nurseries. SEEFOR,  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv),  NESREA LOT 4 Potential Impacts 1. Delineate every Site of Special Scientific 1. Environmental assessment  The Engineer, on flora and fauna Interest. with interest on the flora and  The Contractor, 2. Collaborate with germane MDAs such as fauna will be regularly  Delta State the Federal Department of Livestock, considered in the areas. SEEFOR-SPCU, Privately-owned wildlife conservation 2. Ensure reliable checks on  Federal parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of the management of waste. SEEFOR-NPCU, Universities, for the covering of feasible 3. Deter/avoid the use of  Safeguards animals that may be relocated as a result of chemicals that can harmfully Officers of the the construction. affect the localised flora and Federal and

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S/N Affected Environmental Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT and Social Responsibility Impacts 3. Guarantee that impacted flora species are fauna Delta State transferred and raised in available nurseries. SEEFOR,  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv),  NESREA 2 LOT 1 Potential Impacts 1. Making sure that all the essential World 1. Ensure regular checks on  The Engineer, on wild life Bank safeguard policies on wild animals the devotion to safety  The Contractor, and their related habitats are treated and regulation;  Delta State firmly handled, such policies include; OP 2. Ensure adequate cleaning SEEFOR-SPCU, 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and and clearing of the  Federal Forest . environment. SEEFOR-NPCU, 2. Wild life Departments and Forest 3. Utilize localised World  Safeguards Management Department of the Delta State Bank safeguard policies with Officers of the Ministries will be liaised with to grant knowledge and contributions Federal and greenhouse habitats for animal species. of stakeholders. Delta State 3. Sustainable forest management exercises 4. Indigenous trees will form SEEFOR, will be considered. the rudiments of afforestation  Federal Ministry 4. Wildlife conservation areas for birds and plans. of Environment other migratory animals will be created 5. Wild life areas will be (FMEnv), within their various natural niches to avert provided in an uninterrupted  NESREA extermination of limited species. zone `to avoid forced migration of wild animals. LOT 2 Potential Impacts 1. Making sure that all the essential World 1. Ensure regular checks on  The Engineer, on wild life Bank safeguard policies on wild animals the devotion to safety  The Contractor, and their related habitats are treated and regulation;  Delta State firmly handled, such policies include; OP 2. Ensure adequate cleaning SEEFOR-SPCU, 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and and clearing of the  Federal

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S/N Affected Environmental Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT and Social Responsibility Impacts Forest . environment. SEEFOR-NPCU, 2. Wild life Departments and Forest 3. Utilize localised World  Safeguards Management Department of the Delta State Bank safeguard policies with Officers of the Ministries will be liaised with to grant knowledge and contributions Federal and greenhouse habitats for animal species. of stakeholders. Delta State 3. Sustainable forest management exercises 4. Indigenous trees will form SEEFOR, will be considered. the rudiments of afforestation  Federal Ministry 4. Wildlife conservation areas for birds and plans. of Environment other migratory animals will be created 5. Wild life areas will be (FMEnv), within their various natural niches to avert provided in an uninterrupted  NESREA extermination of limited species. zone `to avoid forced migration of wild animals. LOT 3 Potential Impacts 1. Making sure that all the essential World 1. Ensure regular checks on  The Engineer, on wild life Bank safeguard policies on wild animals the devotion to safety  The Contractor, and their related habitats are treated and regulation;  Delta State firmly handled, such policies include; OP 2. Ensure adequate cleaning SEEFOR-SPCU, 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and and clearing of the  Federal Forest . environment. SEEFOR-NPCU, 2. Wild life Departments and Forest 3. Utilize localised World  Safeguards Management Department of the Delta State Bank safeguard policies with Officers of the Ministries will be liaised with to grant knowledge and contributions Federal and greenhouse habitats for animal species. of stakeholders. Delta State 3. Sustainable forest management exercises 4. Indigenous trees will form SEEFOR, will be considered. the rudiments of afforestation  Federal Ministry 4. Wildlife conservation areas for birds and plans. of Environment other migratory animals will be created 5. Wild life areas will be (FMEnv), within their various natural niches to avert provided in an uninterrupted  NESREA extermination of limited species. zone `to avoid forced migration of wild animals.

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LOT 4 Potential Impacts 1. Making sure that all the essential World 1. Ensure regular checks on  The Engineer, on wild life Bank safeguard policies on wild animals the devotion to safety  The Contractor, and their related habitats are treated and regulation;  Delta State firmly handled, such policies include; OP 2. Ensure adequate cleaning SEEFOR-SPCU, 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and and clearing of the  Federal Forest . environment. SEEFOR-NPCU, 2. Wild life Departments and Forest 3. Utilize localised World  Safeguards Management Department of the Delta State Bank safeguard policies with Officers of the Ministries will be liaised with to grant knowledge and contributions Federal and greenhouse habitats for animal species. of stakeholders. Delta State 3. Sustainable forest management exercises 4. Indigenous trees will form SEEFOR, will be considered. the rudiments of afforestation  Federal Ministry 4. Wildlife conservation areas for birds and plans. of Environment other migratory animals will be created 5. Wild life areas will be (FMEnv), within their various natural niches to avert provided in an uninterrupted  NESREA extermination of limited species. zone `to avoid forced migration of wild animals.

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7.1.2.2 Socio-economic Impact Accident: This is one of the potential unavoidable incidences during the construction phase of any project. Movement of materials, equipment, pedestrians, goods and commodities could lead to accidents. In order to curtail the frequency of occurrence or to prevent accidents, specific measures should be put in place. These are listed in Table 7.4.

Traffic and transportation impact: Movement of people along the main roads and other connecting roads will be heavily impacted on during the construction phase. Invariably, the nature of traffic diversion and movement of heavy-duty trucks and heavy-duty machinery will impact the threshold traffic and transportation pattern of the project area. To mitigate the socioeconomic impact of the changes in traffic and transportation, appropriate measures are stated in Table 7.4.

Land use economic activities: Civil works, bioengineering activities and other intensive activities could adversely affect human lives, especially, the petty traders along the ROWs of the proposed activities leading to temporary human displacement or displacement from source of livelihood. In the event of this, preparation and implementation of an independent Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) become necessary. Table 7.4.

Employment: This is the most important component of the construction phase that will positively affect the socioeconomic life of the project areas as a result of the diversity of service opportunities the project will yield. However, the influx or immigration of people of different professions including the local artisans and labourers will result in indirect adverse impact in the project area. This will bring indirect implications as well. The level of crime rates recorded might increase, traffic will increase, rent and property values will increase, prostitution and spread of diseases will be rampant. In order to mitigate this impact, procedures listed in Table 7.4 are recommended.

Aesthetics: This project will in no small measure affect the environmental aesthetics especially during the construction phase. Coming mainly from the civil works, it will lead to the re-shaping of the aesthetical form of the community. Mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.4.

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Table 7.4: Mitigation Measures for the socioeconomic impacts in the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase

S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility 1 LOT 1 Potential Traffic and 1. A ideal traffic management plan will be 1. Operate the traffic management  The Contractor transportation impact considered and applied with regard to safety rules, plan by applying local traffic  Delta State speed limits, use of road signs and traffic warnings, management strategy. SEEFOR-SPCU guidance on driving within speed limits as 2. Information on road speed will be  Federal SEEFOR- construction activities are continuing and heavy duty put in strategic place along the NPCU, equipment are moving, etc. selected roads.  Delta State Ministry 2. Information on possible road closure will be made 3. Information on road safety will of Transportation public through local media. Also, large billboards be communicated in local language and and signage will be placed in strategic locations to and English for ease of  Safeguards Officers show the road closure. communication. of the Federal and 3. Ensuring that all road signs are positioned and 4. Understandable road diversion Delta State roundabouts made possible to divert traffic. tapes and other information tactics SEEFOR-SPCU 4. The contractor will harmonize with state and will be used and devised to avoid Federal traffic maintenance agency, such as the traffic jam. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) during the construction phase to ascertain that traffic safety is maintained during the period. LOT 2 Potential Traffic and 1. A ideal traffic management plan will be 1. Operate the traffic management  The Contractor transportation impact considered and applied with regard to safety rules, plan by applying local traffic  Delta State speed limits, use of road signs and traffic warnings, management strategy. SEEFOR-SPCU guidance on driving within speed limits as 2. Information on road speed will be  Federal SEEFOR- construction activities are continuing and heavy duty put in strategic place along the NPCU, equipment are moving, etc. selected roads.  Delta State Ministry 2. Information on possible road closure will be made 3. Information on road safety will of Transportation public through local media. Also, large billboards be communicated in local language and and signage will be placed in strategic locations to and English for ease of  Safeguards Officers show the road closure. communication. of the Federal and 3. Ensuring that all road signs are positioned and 4. Understandable road diversion Delta State roundabouts made possible to divert traffic. tapes and other information tactics SEEFOR-SPCU 4. The contractor will harmonize with state and will be used and devised to avoid Federal traffic maintenance agency, such as the traffic jam. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) during the construction phase to ascertain that traffic safety is maintained during the period.

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S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility LOT 3 Potential Traffic and 1. A ideal traffic management plan will be 1. Operate the traffic management  The Contractor transportation impact considered and applied with regard to safety rules, plan by applying local traffic  Delta State speed limits, use of road signs and traffic warnings, management strategy. SEEFOR-SPCU guidance on driving within speed limits as 2. Information on road speed will be  Federal SEEFOR- construction activities are continuing and heavy duty put in strategic place along the NPCU, equipment are moving, etc. selected roads.  Delta State Ministry 2. Information on possible road closure will be made 3. Information on road safety will of Transportation public through local media. Also, large billboards be communicated in local language and and signage will be placed in strategic locations to and English for ease of  Safeguards Officers show the road closure. communication. of the Federal and 3. Ensuring that all road signs are positioned and 4. Understandable road diversion Delta State roundabouts made possible to divert traffic. tapes and other information tactics SEEFOR-SPCU 4. The contractor will harmonize with state and will be used and devised to avoid Federal traffic maintenance agency, such as the traffic jam. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) during the construction phase to ascertain that traffic safety is maintained during the period LOT 4 Potential Traffic and 1. A ideal traffic management plan will be 1. Operate the traffic management  The Contractor transportation impact considered and applied with regard to safety rules, plan by applying local traffic  Delta State speed limits, use of road signs and traffic warnings, management strategy. SEEFOR-SPCU guidance on driving within speed limits as 2. Information on road speed will be  Federal SEEFOR- construction activities are continuing and heavy duty put in strategic place along the NPCU, equipment are moving, etc. selected roads.  Delta State Ministry 2. Information on possible road closure will be made 3. Information on road safety will of Transportation public through local media. Also, large billboards be communicated in local language and and signage will be placed in strategic locations to and English for ease of  Safeguards Officers show the road closure. communication. of the Federal and 3. Ensuring that all road signs are positioned and 4. Understandable road diversion Delta State roundabouts made possible to divert traffic. tapes and other information tactics SEEFOR-SPCU 4. The contractor will harmonize with state and will be used and devised to avoid Federal traffic maintenance agency, such as the traffic jam. Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) during the construction phase to ascertain that traffic safety is maintained during the period. 2 LOT 1 Likelihood of 1. The entire workers will be sensitised and 1. Sensitization will be done in clear  The Contractor Accidents monitored on the need to maintain the first rule of terms and all workers will  Delta State

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S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility construction works which is safety first. appreciate safety rules and SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Ensure that workers are given relevant health and regulations.  Federal SEEFOR- safety equipment – Personal Protection Equipment 2. Signs and safety information will NPCU, (PPE) and stress on the need to use them all the time. be disseminated in local language  Delta State Ministry 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) will be and English for ease of of Transportation considered throughout the project activities. understanding. and 4. During the activities, safety officer will be 3. The Standard Operating  Safeguards Officers employed to monitor the compliance of workers to Procedure (SOP) will be briefed and of the Federal and safety rules. placed along strategic points along Delta State 5. Appropriate safety signs and information signage the roads. SEEFOR-SPCU will be put at strategic locations along the sites. 4. Workers will be permitted to 6. Working hours will be specified to avert stress and work smarty and not late in order to poor health management forestall accidents owing to fatigue. LOT 2 Likelihood of 1. The entire workers will be sensitised and 1. Sensitization will be done in clear  The Contractor Accidents monitored on the need to maintain the first rule of terms and all workers will  Delta State construction works which is safety first. appreciate safety rules and SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Ensure that workers are given relevant health and regulations.  Federal SEEFOR- safety equipment – Personal Protection Equipment 2. Signs and safety information will NPCU, (PPE) and stress on the need to use them all the time. be disseminated in local language  Delta State Ministry 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) will be and English for ease of of Transportation considered throughout the project activities. understanding. and 4. During the activities, safety officer will be 3. The Standard Operating  Safeguards Officers employed to monitor the compliance of workers to Procedure (SOP) will be briefed and of the Federal and safety rules. placed along strategic points along Delta State 5. Appropriate safety signs and information signage the roads. SEEFOR-SPCU will be put at strategic locations along the sites. 4. Workers will be permitted to 6. Working hours will be specified to avert stress and work smarty and not late in order to poor health management forestall accidents owing to fatigue. LOT 3 Likelihood of 1. The entire workers will be sensitised and 1. Sensitization will be done in clear  The Contractor Accidents monitored on the need to maintain the first rule of terms and all workers will  Delta State construction works which is safety first. appreciate safety rules and SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Ensure that workers are given relevant health and regulations.  Federal SEEFOR- safety equipment – Personal Protection Equipment 2. Signs and safety information will NPCU, (PPE) and stress on the need to use them all the time. be disseminated in local language  Delta State Ministry 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) will be and English for ease of of Transportation considered throughout the project activities. understanding. and

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S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility 4. During the activities, safety officer will be 3. The Standard Operating  Safeguards Officers employed to monitor the compliance of workers to Procedure (SOP) will be briefed and of the Federal and safety rules. placed along strategic points along Delta State 5. Appropriate safety signs and information signage the roads. SEEFOR-SPCU will be put at strategic locations along the sites. 4. Workers will be permitted to 6. Working hours will be specified to avert stress and work smarty and not late in order to poor health management forestall accidents owing to fatigue. LOT 4 Likelihood of 1. The entire workers will be sensitised and 1. Sensitization will be done in clear  The Contractor Accidents monitored on the need to maintain the first rule of terms and all workers will  Delta State construction works which is safety first. appreciate safety rules and SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Ensure that workers are given relevant health and regulations.  Federal SEEFOR- safety equipment – Personal Protection Equipment 2. Signs and safety information will NPCU, (PPE) and stress on the need to use them all the time. be disseminated in local language  Delta State Ministry 3. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) will be and English for ease of of Transportation considered throughout the project activities. understanding. and 4. During the activities, safety officer will be 3. The Standard Operating  Safeguards Officers employed to monitor the compliance of workers to Procedure (SOP) will be briefed and of the Federal and safety rules. placed along strategic points along Delta State 5. Appropriate safety signs and information signage the roads. SEEFOR-SPCU will be put at strategic locations along the sites. 4. Workers will be permitted to 6. Working hours will be specified to avert stress and work smarty and not late in order to poor health management forestall accidents owing to fatigue. 3 LOT 1 Employment Related 1. Ensure that the project affected communities’ 1. Choosing of locals as part of the  The Contractor Tensions/Conflicts members are given priority to reduce any employees will be based on merit  Delta State socioeconomic rife from local youths. and not any inclinations or any prior SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Public consultation will be executed to deal with suggestions.  Federal SEEFOR- any situation of wrong conception created by 2. Detailed information on the need NPCU, members of the communities. for cooperation of the community  Delta State Ministry 3. The temporary residence of workers will be will be implemented to avert of Transportation located remotely away from the community to allow misunderstanding. and construction activities to progress based on project 3. Appropriate site work duties and  Safeguards Officers timeline. safety precautions are considered of the Federal and 4. Contractors and Project managers will guarantee during civil works by all workers on Delta State that the workers are not allowed from denigrating the sites. SEEFOR-SPCU prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas.

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LOT 2 Employment Related 1. Ensure that the project affected communities’ 1. Choosing of locals as part of the  The Contractor Tensions/Conflicts members are given priority to reduce any employees will be based on merit  Delta State socioeconomic rife from local youths. and not any inclinations or any prior SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Public consultation will be executed to deal with suggestions.  Federal SEEFOR- any situation of wrong conception created by 2. Detailed information on the need NPCU, members of the communities. for cooperation of the community  Delta State Ministry 3. The temporary residence of workers will be will be implemented to avert of Transportation located remotely away from the community to allow misunderstanding. and construction activities to progress based on project 3. Appropriate site work duties and  Safeguards Officers timeline. safety precautions are considered of the Federal and 4. Contractors and Project managers will guarantee during civil works by all workers on Delta State that the workers are not allowed from denigrating the sites. SEEFOR-SPCU prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas. LOT 3 Employment Related 1. Ensure that the project affected communities’ 1. Choosing of locals as part of the  The Contractor Tensions/Conflicts members are given priority to reduce any employees will be based on merit  Delta State socioeconomic rife from local youths. and not any inclinations or any prior SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Public consultation will be executed to deal with suggestions.  Federal SEEFOR- any situation of wrong conception created by 2. Detailed information on the need NPCU, members of the communities. for cooperation of the community  Delta State Ministry 3. The temporary residence of workers will be will be implemented to avert of Transportation located remotely away from the community to allow misunderstanding. and construction activities to progress based on project 3. Appropriate site work duties and  Safeguards Officers timeline. safety precautions are considered of the Federal and 4. Contractors and Project managers will guarantee during civil works by all workers on Delta State that the workers are not allowed from denigrating the sites. SEEFOR-SPCU prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas. LOT 4 Employment Related 1. Ensure that the project affected communities’ 1. Choosing of locals as part of the  The Contractor Tensions/Conflicts members are given priority to reduce any employees will be based on merit  Delta State socioeconomic rife from local youths. and not any inclinations or any prior SEEFOR-SPCU 2. Public consultation will be executed to deal with suggestions.  Federal SEEFOR- any situation of wrong conception created by 2. Detailed information on the need NPCU, members of the communities. for cooperation of the community  Delta State Ministry 3. The temporary residence of workers will be will be implemented to avert of Transportation located remotely away from the community to allow misunderstanding. and construction activities to progress based on project 3. Appropriate site work duties and  Safeguards Officers

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timeline. safety precautions are considered of the Federal and 4. Contractors and Project managers will guarantee during civil works by all workers on Delta State that the workers are not allowed from denigrating the sites. SEEFOR-SPCU prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas. 4 LOT 1 Business Relocation  Not Applicable LOT 2 Business Relocation 1. Prepare and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan 1. The involuntary resettlement  The Engineer in the affected areas of the proposed SEEFOR document (ARAP) will be  The Contractor project area. implemented.  Delta State and 2. Compensatory actions of the project affected 2. Employment of PAP will be Federal SEEFOR- people will be done based on substitute value or grounded on merit and not feeling NPCU, market value of the affected property of sympathy which may not result to  Relevant Delta State 3. To provide a sense of involvement, the project job satisfaction. Ministries, affected people will be taken based on experience, 3. Dislocation issues will be ironed  Safeguards Officers qualification and strength for the relative position. out with affected members of the of the Federal community and specific parties’ SEEFOR-NPCU and concerned. Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU LOT 3 Business Relocation 1. Prepare and Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan 1. The involuntary resettlement  The Engineer in the affected areas of the proposed SEEFOR document (ARAP) will be  The Contractor project area. implemented.  Delta State and 2. Compensatory actions of the project affected 2. Employment of PAP will be Federal SEEFOR- people will be done based on substitute value or grounded on merit and not feeling NPCU, market value of the affected property of sympathy which may not result to  Relevant Delta State 3. To provide a sense of involvement, the project job satisfaction. Ministries, affected people will be taken based on experience, 3. Dislocation issues will be ironed  Safeguards Officers qualification and strength for the relative position. out with affected members of the of the Federal community and specific parties’ SEEFOR-NPCU and concerned. Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU LOT 4 Business Relocation  Not Applicable 5 LOT 1 Aesthetics 1. Appropriate use of engineering practice will be 1. The use of most excellent  The Engineer considered with the most excellent accessible technology with environmental  Delta State and construction technology which considers the need to safety will be the top priority. Federal SEEFOR- keep local aesthetics. 2. The provisions on flora and fauna NPCU, Relevant

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2. Also, an engineering specialist in the field of will be united with the Delta State aesthetics will be engaged as part of the team to environmental aesthetics so as to Ministries, ensure that environmentally friendly method is have a coordinated provision for the  Safeguards Officers adopted. environment. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 2 Aesthetics 1. Appropriate use of engineering practice will be 1. The use of most excellent  The Engineer considered with the most excellent accessible technology with environmental  Delta State and construction technology which considers the need to safety will be the top priority. Federal SEEFOR- keep local aesthetics. 2. The provisions on flora and fauna NPCU, Relevant 2. Also, an engineering specialist in the field of will be united with the Delta State aesthetics will be engaged as part of the team to environmental aesthetics so as to Ministries, ensure that environmentally friendly method is have a coordinated provision for the  Safeguards Officers adopted. environment. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 3 Aesthetics 1. Appropriate use of engineering practice will be 1. The use of most excellent  The Engineer considered with the most excellent accessible technology with environmental  Delta State and construction technology which considers the need to safety will be the top priority. Federal SEEFOR- keep local aesthetics. 2. The provisions on flora and fauna NPCU, Relevant 2. Also, an engineering specialist in the field of will be united with the Delta State aesthetics will be engaged as part of the team to environmental aesthetics so as to Ministries, ensure that environmentally friendly method is have a coordinated provision for the  Safeguards Officers adopted. environment. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 4 Aesthetics 1. Appropriate use of engineering practice will be 1. The use of most excellent  The Engineer considered with the most excellent accessible technology with environmental  Delta State and construction technology which considers the need to safety will be the top priority. Federal SEEFOR- keep local aesthetics. 2. The provisions on flora and fauna NPCU, Relevant 2. Also, an engineering specialist in the field of will be united with the Delta State aesthetics will be engaged as part of the team to environmental aesthetics so as to Ministries, ensure that environmentally friendly method is have a coordinated provision for the  Safeguards Officers adopted. environment. of the Federal and Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU

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7.1.2.3 Public Health Malaria: Pools of stagnant water in an area of high water footprint could stimulate the required breeding ground for mosquitoes which transmit malaria. During construction activities, these pools could be created and eventually malaria disease could develop in the area. To curb the escalation and proper treatment of reported malaria cases, the measures to be taken are stated in Table 7.5.

HIV/AIDS and STDs: It is not inconceivable that the proposed activities could lead to the proliferation of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDs. This is because, the influx of people particularly workers from other areas could also stimulate the propensity to record such health challenges. Thus, social vices, which affect the health status of the community, could increase within the construction phase of the project. To address this, mitigation measures have been itemised and are stated in Table 7.5.

Water-Borne Diseases: These could arise owing to poor environmental sanitation and poor hygiene and bad health consciousness of the workers. Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, amoebiasis, salmonellosis, etc. could develop as a result of overstretching of existing facilities. The mitigation procedures to curtail or control the challenges concerning the health challenges are identified in Table 7.5.

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Table 7.5: Mitigation Measures for the public health impacts in the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase S/N Affected Environmental Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT and Social Responsibility Impacts 1 LOT 1 HIV/AIDS and 1. Liaison with health focused NGOs 1. Public health clarification  The Engineer STDs 2. Provision of HIV Voluntary Confidential and counseling sessions will  The Contractor Counseling and Testing as well as be provided via local and  Delta State appropriate referral linkage for Most At English languages. SEEFOR-SPCU Risk Populations (MARPS) and already 2. Medical examinations for  Federal SEEFOR- infected people workers will be conducted NPCU, 3. Attempt will be made to inform the periodically to establish  Delta State employees on Ebola, AIDS, STD awareness medical strength for the job. Ministries Health, programme in each of the project areas. 3. Work safety related with  Safeguards 4. Medical examinations will be done on health of workforce will be a Officers of the new workers and repeated frequently during key aspect of monitoring Federal SEEFOR- the term of employment. workers’ health attitude. NPCU and Delta 5. The contractor will have working 4. Assistance for workforce State SEEFOR- procedures that direct unsafe behaviours infected will be immediate as SPCU amongst personnel, and likely sexual soon as it is detected. interactions between workers and the 5. Counseling will be well- affected communities. timed and intervallic for all 6. Instigate assistance for already infected members of SEEFOR staff. or at risk of STD, and conduct community awareness training. 7. Assist local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them inaugurate Ebola and HIV screening for all donors.

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LOT 2 HIV/AIDS and 1. Liaison with health focused NGOs 1. Public health clarification  The Engineer STDs 2. Provision of HIV Voluntary Confidential and counseling sessions will  The Contractor Counseling and Testing as well as be provided via local and  Delta State appropriate referral linkage for Most At English languages. SEEFOR-SPCU Risk Populations (MARPS) and already 2. Medical examinations for  Federal SEEFOR- infected people workers will be conducted NPCU, 3. Attempt will be made to inform the periodically to establish  Delta State employees on Ebola, AIDS, STD awareness medical strength for the job. Ministries Health, programme in each of the project areas. 3. Work safety related with  Safeguards 4. Medical examinations will be done on health of workforce will be a Officers of the new workers and repeated frequently during key aspect of monitoring Federal SEEFOR- the term of employment. workers’ health attitude. NPCU and Delta 5. The contractor will have working 4. Assistance for workforce State SEEFOR- procedures that direct unsafe behaviours infected will be immediate as SPCU amongst personnel, and likely sexual soon as it is detected. interactions between workers and the 5. Counseling will be well- affected communities. timed and intervallic for all 6. Instigate assistance for already infected members of SEEFOR staff. or at risk of STD, and conduct community awareness training. 7. Assist local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them inaugurate Ebola and HIV screening for all donors. LOT 3 HIV/AIDS and 1. Liaison with health focused NGOs 1. Public health clarification  The Engineer STDs 2. Provision of HIV Voluntary Confidential and counseling sessions will  The Contractor Counseling and Testing as well as be provided via local and  Delta State appropriate referral linkage for Most At English languages. SEEFOR-SPCU Risk Populations (MARPS) and already 2. Medical examinations for  Federal SEEFOR- infected people workers will be conducted NPCU, 3. Attempt will be made to inform the periodically to establish

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employees on Ebola, AIDS, STD awareness medical strength for the job.  Delta State programme in each of the project areas. 3. Work safety related with Ministries Health, 4. Medical examinations will be done on health of workforce will be a  Safeguards new workers and repeated frequently during key aspect of monitoring Officers of the the term of employment. workers’ health attitude. Federal SEEFOR- 5. The contractor will have working 4. Assistance for workforce NPCU and Delta procedures that direct unsafe behaviours infected will be immediate as State SEEFOR- amongst personnel, and likely sexual soon as it is detected. SPCU interactions between workers and the 5. Counseling will be well- affected communities. timed and intervallic for all 6. Instigate assistance for already infected members of SEEFOR staff. or at risk of STD, and conduct community awareness training. 7. Assist local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them inaugurate Ebola and HIV screening for all donors. LOT 4 HIV/AIDS and 1. Liaison with health focused NGOs 1. Public health clarification  The Engineer STDs 2. Provision of HIV Voluntary Confidential and counseling sessions will  The Contractor Counseling and Testing as well as be provided via local and  Delta State appropriate referral linkage for Most At English languages. SEEFOR-SPCU Risk Populations (MARPS) and already 2. Medical examinations for  Federal SEEFOR- infected people workers will be conducted SPCU, 3. Attempt will be made to inform the periodically to establish  Delta State employees on Ebola, AIDS, STD awareness medical strength for the job. Ministries Health, programme in each of the project areas. 3. Work safety related with  Safeguards 4. Medical examinations will be done on health of workforce will be a Officers of the new workers and repeated frequently during key aspect of monitoring Federal SEEFOR- the term of employment. workers’ health attitude. NPCU and Delta 5. The contractor will have working 4. Assistance for workforce State SEEFOR- procedures that direct unsafe behaviours infected will be immediate as SPCU amongst personnel, and likely sexual soon as it is detected.

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interactions between workers and the 5. Counseling will be well- affected communities. timed and intervallic for all 6. Instigate assistance for already infected members of SEEFOR staff. or at risk of STD, and conduct community awareness training. 7. Assist local Blood Transfusion Service in any health facility located within the project area, to enable them inaugurate Ebola and HIV screening for all donors. 2 LOT 1 Water Resources 1. Provision of appropriate human waste 1. Safety of the environment  The Engineer Management disposal facilities for the construction and will be considered as the top  The Contractor rehabilitation workers. priority of all including  Delta State 2. Good sanitation covering appropriate employed workforce. SEEFOR-SPCU waste disposal at its operation and 2. The environment will be  Federal SEEFOR- residential accommodations. maintained and protected NPCU, 3. Environmental sanitation initiatives in clean and safe.  Delta State communities where its workers are resided. 3. Ensure that wastes are Ministries Health. 4. Avert any deterioration in public health deserted at proper designated  Safeguards and environmental sanitation due to the sites. Officers of the proposed project activities. 4. Ensure that wastes are not Federal SEEFOR- 5. Enhancement of the communities’ discarded in waterlogged NPCU, sanitation and public health during the areas, along the selected  Delta State community development programmes. project area. SEEFOR-SPCU 6. Participation of NGOs and civil societies  Social Officers of in waste management and healthcare the Federal activities in the area. SEEFOR-NPCU,  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU

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LOT 2 Water Resources 1. Provision of appropriate human waste 1. Safety of the environment  The Engineer Management disposal facilities for the construction and will be considered as the top  The Contractor rehabilitation workers. priority of all including  Delta State 2. Good sanitation covering appropriate employed workforce. SEEFOR-SPCU waste disposal at its operation and 2. The environment will be  Federal SEEFOR- residential accommodations. maintained and protected NPCU, 3. Environmental sanitation initiatives in clean and safe.  Delta State communities where its workers are resided. 3. Ensure that wastes are Ministries Health. 4. Avert any deterioration in public health deserted at proper designated  Safeguards and environmental sanitation due to the sites. Officers of the proposed project activities. 4. Ensure that wastes are not Federal SEEFOR- 5. Enhancement of the communities’ discarded in waterlogged NPCU, sanitation and public health during the areas, along the selected  Delta State community development programmes. project area. SEEFOR-SPCU 6. Participation of NGOs and civil societies  Social Officers of in waste management and healthcare the Federal activities in the area. SEEFOR-NPCU,  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 3 Water Resources 1. Provision of appropriate human waste 1. Safety of the environment  The Engineer Management disposal facilities for the construction and will be considered as the top  The Contractor rehabilitation workers. priority of all including  Delta State 2. Good sanitation covering appropriate employed workforce. SEEFOR-SPCU waste disposal at its operation and 2. The environment will be  Federal SEEFOR- residential accommodations. maintained and protected NPCU, 3. Environmental sanitation initiatives in clean and safe.  Delta State communities where its workers are resided. 3. Ensure that wastes are Ministries Health. 4. Avert any deterioration in public health deserted at proper designated  Safeguards and environmental sanitation due to the sites. Officers of the proposed project activities. 4. Ensure that wastes are not Federal SEEFOR-

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5. Enhancement of the communities’ discarded in waterlogged NPCU, sanitation and public health during the areas, along the selected  Delta State community development programmes. project area. SEEFOR-SPCU 6. Participation of NGOs and civil societies  Social Officers of in waste management and healthcare the Federal activities in the area. SEEFOR-NPCU,  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 4 Water Resources 1. Provision of appropriate human waste 1. Safety of the environment  The Engineer Management disposal facilities for the construction and will be considered as the top  The Contractor rehabilitation workers. priority of all including  Delta State 2. Good sanitation covering appropriate employed workforce. SEEFOR-SPCU waste disposal at its operation and 2. The environment will be  Federal SEEFOR- residential accommodations. maintained and protected NPCU, 3. Environmental sanitation initiatives in clean and safe.  Delta State communities where its workers are resided. 3. Ensure that wastes are Ministries Health. 4. Avert any deterioration in public health deserted at proper designated  Safeguards and environmental sanitation due to the sites. Officers of the proposed project activities. 4. Ensure that wastes are not Federal SEEFOR- 5. Enhancement of the communities’ discarded in waterlogged NPCU, sanitation and public health during the areas, along the selected  Delta State community development programmes. project area. SEEFOR-SPCU 6. Participation of NGOs and civil societies  Social Officers of in waste management and healthcare the Federal activities in the area. SEEFOR-NPCU,  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU

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3 LOT 1 Malaria Incidence 1. Improper environmental sanitation habits 1. Ensure that the  The Engineer by members of the contractor’s workers will environment in the project  The Contractor not be permitted. area is clean and safe. This  Delta State 2.Act of dumping waste into the drainage will be considered as peak SEEFOR-SPCU channels will be criminalised priority including the  Federal 3. Adequate reservoir operation, involve in members of the labour force. SEEFOR-NPCU, disease surveillance and insecticide sprays 2. Adequate sanitation and  Delta State to avert the propagation of the disease cleaning of the workplaces Ministries vector; perform routine medical check-ups where water is being used. Health. and improvement of medical facilities will 3. Ensure that solid waste is  Safeguards be top priority. discarded at proper designated Officers of the 4. Programmes to enhance existing medical sites. Federal and health services in the local communities 4. Avoid the usage of unclean SEEFOR- will be endorsed by the Project such as water for personal use. Clean NPCU, circulation of insecticide treated nets to the water must be used for all  Delta State communities. construction and rehabilitation SEEFOR-SPCU 5. Provision of high-quality sanitation activities.  Social Officers including suitable waste disposal method at 5. Labour force residence will of the Federal its operation and residential be kept clean and safe. SEEFOR- accommodations. NPCU,

 Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 2 Malaria Incidence 1. Improper environmental sanitation habits 1. Ensure that the  The Engineer by members of the contractor’s workers environment in the project  The Contractor should not be permitted. area is clean and safe. This  Delta State 2.Act of dumping waste into the drainage should be considered as peak SEEFOR-SPCU channels should be criminalised priority including the  Federal 3. Adequate reservoir operation, involve in members of the labour force. SEEFOR-NPCU, disease surveillance and insecticide sprays 2. Adequate sanitation and  Delta State to avert the propagation of the disease cleaning of the workplaces Ministries

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vector; perform routine medical check-ups where water is being used. Health. and improvement of medical facilities 3. Ensure that solid waste is  Safeguards should be top priority. discarded at proper designated Officers of the 4. Programmes to enhance existing medical sites. Federal and health services in the local communities 4. Avoid the usage of unclean SEEFOR-NPCU, should be endorsed by the Project such as water for personal use. Clean  Delta State circulation of insecticide treated nets to the water must be used for all SEEFOR-SPCU communities. construction and rehabilitation  Social Officers 5. Provision of high-quality sanitation activities. of the Federal including suitable waste disposal method at 5. Labour force residence SEEFOR-NPCU, its operation and residential should be kept clean and safe.  Delta State accommodations. SEEFOR-SPCU

LOT 3 Malaria Incidence 1. Improper environmental sanitation habits 1. Ensure that the  The Engineer by members of the contractor’s workers environment in the project  The Contractor should not be permitted. area is clean and safe. This  Delta State 2.Act of dumping waste into the drainage should be considered as peak SEEFOR-SPCU channels should be criminalised priority including the  Federal 3. Adequate reservoir operation, involve in members of the labour force. SEEFOR-NPCU, disease surveillance and insecticide sprays 2. Adequate sanitation and  Delta State to avert the propagation of the disease cleaning of the workplaces Ministries vector; perform routine medical check-ups where water is being used. Health. and improvement of medical facilities 3. Ensure that solid waste is  Safeguards should be top priority. discarded at proper designated Officers of the 4. Programmes to enhance existing medical sites. Federal and health services in the local communities 4. Avoid the usage of unclean SEEFOR-NPCU, should be endorsed by the Project such as water for personal use. Clean  Delta State circulation of insecticide treated nets to the water must be used for all SEEFOR-SPCU communities. construction and rehabilitation  Social Officers 5. Provision of high-quality sanitation activities. of the Federal including suitable waste disposal method at 5. Labour force residence SEEFOR- its operation and residential should be kept clean and safe.

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accommodations. NPCU,  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU LOT 4 Malaria Incidence 1. Improper environmental sanitation habits 1. Ensure that the  The Engineer by members of the contractor’s workers environment in the project  The Contractor should not be permitted. area is clean and safe. This  Delta State 2.Act of dumping waste into the drainage should be considered as peak SEEFOR-SPCU channels should be criminalised priority including the  Federal 3. Adequate reservoir operation, involve in members of the labour force. SEEFOR-NPCU, disease surveillance and insecticide sprays 2. Adequate sanitation and  Delta State to avert the propagation of the disease cleaning of the workplaces Ministries vector; perform routine medical check-ups where water is being used. Health. and improvement of medical facilities 3. Ensure that solid waste is  Safeguards should be top priority. discarded at proper designated Officers of the 4. Programmes to enhance existing medical sites. Federal and health services in the local communities 4. Avoid the usage of unclean SEEFOR-NPCU, should be endorsed by the Project such as water for personal use. Clean  Delta State circulation of insecticide treated nets to the water must be used for all SEEFOR-SPCU communities. construction and rehabilitation  Social Officers 5. Provision of high-quality sanitation activities. of the Federal including suitable waste disposal method at 5. Labour force residence SEEFOR- its operation and residential should be kept clean and safe. NPCU, accommodations.  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU

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7.1.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase At the operation and maintenance phase, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will emerge. For each of these there are specific mitigation measures which are designed to separately curb the identified adverse impacts.

Air quality: Intensified vehicular traffic owing to the improved nature of the environment and the concomitant ease of movement in the area irrespective of the season of the year will stimulate air quality issues. The mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6. Noise and vibration: Increased vehicular traffic and road transportation in the area could raise the ambient noise and vibration in the area. To curb this effect, the some measures are recommended in Table 7.6.

Health and safety: Safety issues are critical at the maintenance stage of the project. Workers and maintenance contractor will require the services of a health and safety officer to ensure that the safety measures implemented during the construction phase are extended to the maintenance phase. This is to ensure continuity of already designed safety measures and to take care of possible ailing workforce or staff members on site. Other measures are stated in Table 7.6 below.

Maintenance operations: The surface topography might be affected during maintenance and earth-shaping activities and equipment on site. With the nature of the soil of the project area, such alteration would become inevitable. The recommended mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6.

Water quality issues: Runoff from roadsides, community solid waste and sewage could be dumped along the drainages designed during the construction. The proximity of the project area to the nearby stream makes it imperative to have a consistent water quality measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical measures are conducted at specific periods of the year. Mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6.

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Traffic and transportation: Traffic and transportation activities have been noted to have cumulative effects on road users. The potential increase in the influx of people to and fro the area also contributes to ambient noise and vibration. Traffic logjams are not unexpected particularly at critical road junctions. The mitigation measures are stated in Table 7.6.

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Table 7.6: Mitigation Measures for Maintenance/Operational Phase S/N Affected Environmental and Suitable Mitigation Measures Monitoring Strategies Organizational LOT Social Impacts Responsibility 1 LOT 1 General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the residents 1. The community should  Delta State operations (including and others members of the communities involve in safe and clean Ministry of borrow pits and such as waste dumps on the roads and environment. Environment, Workers/Contractors drainage channels should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are Forestry Camps 2. Maintenance operations should be dumped in designated waste Transport, Works structured according to environmental dumps not the roads. and Infrastructure safety guidelines of the Delta State 3. Environmental checks  The Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and should be consistent and Police Federal Ministry of Environment. orderly. 3. Habitual checks should be conducted by 4. ensure provision of dust constituted authorities to ascertain the bins at predetermined interval environmental quality during maintenance on all selected roads operations. 4. Laterite and granites should be sourced from government approved sites. There should be clear decommissioning plan 5. Decommission plan and waste management. LOT 2 General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the residents 1. The community should  Delta State operations (including and others members of the communities involve in safe and clean Ministry of borrow pits and such as waste dumps on the roads and environment. Environment, Workers/Contractors drainage channels should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are Forestry Camps 2. Maintenance operations should be dumped in designated waste Transport, Works structured according to environmental dumps not the roads. and Infrastructure safety guidelines of the Delta State 3. Environmental checks  The Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and should be consistent and Police

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Federal Ministry of Environment. orderly. 3. Habitual checks should be conducted by 4. ensure provision of dust constituted authorities to ascertain the bins at predetermined interval environmental quality during maintenance on all selected roads operations. 4. Laterite and granites should be sourced from government approved sites. There should be clear decommissioning plan 5. Decommission plan and waste management. LOT 3 General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the residents 1. The community should  Delta State operations (including and others members of the communities involve in safe and clean Ministry of borrow pits and such as waste dumps on the roads and environment. Environment, Workers/Contractors drainage channels should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are Forestry Camps 2. Maintenance operations should be dumped in designated waste Transport, Works structured according to environmental dumps not the roads. and Infrastructure safety guidelines of the Delta State 3. Environmental checks  The Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and should be consistent and Police Federal Ministry of Environment. orderly. 3. Habitual checks should be conducted by 4. ensure provision of dust constituted authorities to ascertain the bins at predetermined interval environmental quality during maintenance on all selected roads operations. 4. Laterite and granites should be sourced from government approved sites. There should be clear decommissioning plan 5. Decommission plan and waste management.

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LOT 4 General maintenance 1. Indiscriminate activities of the residents 1. The community should  Delta State operations (including and others members of the communities involve in safe and clean Ministry of borrow pits and such as waste dumps on the roads and environment. Environment, Workers/Contractors drainage channels should be outlawed. 2. Ensure that wastes are Forestry Camps 2. Maintenance operations should be dumped in designated waste Transport, Works structured according to environmental dumps not the roads. and Infrastructure safety guidelines of the Delta State 3. Environmental checks  The Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and should be consistent and Police Federal Ministry of Environment. orderly. 3. Habitual checks should be conducted by 4. ensure provision of dust constituted authorities to ascertain the bins at predetermined interval environmental quality during maintenance on all selected roads operations. 4. Laterite and granites should be sourced from government approved sites. There should be clear decommissioning plan 5. Decommission plan and waste management. 2 LOT 1 Air quality Issues 1. Use of water sprinklers 1. Habitual check for  Delta State 2. Periodic checks on ambient adherence to safety issues. Ministry of environmental quality particularly air 2. Ensure that all areas have Environment, 3. Vehicles without road worthiness should trees planted along the road Forestry not be permitted to use the road in such. corridors. Transport, Works 4. Traffic control measures should be put in 3. Ensure that road signs are and Infrastructure place to curb road-based air pollutant effects installed along the road. 5. Regular checks on the nature of the road 4. Ensure that speed limits are should be conducted with respect to air severely adhere to. quality parameters 5. Ensure that vehicles are in

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excellent condition so as to protect the environment LOT 2 Air quality Issues 1. Use of water sprinklers 1. Habitual check for  Delta State 2. Periodic checks on ambient adherence to safety issues. Ministry of environmental quality particularly air 2. Ensure that all areas have Environment, 3. Vehicles without road worthiness should trees planted along the road Forestry not be permitted to use the road in such. corridors. Transport, Works 4. Traffic control measures should be put in 3. Ensure that road signs are and Infrastructure place to curb road-based air pollutant effects installed along the road. 5. Regular checks on the nature of the road 4. Ensure that speed limits are should be conducted with respect to air severely adhere to. quality parameters 5. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as to protect the environment LOT 3 Air quality Issues 1. Use of water sprinklers 1. Habitual check for  Delta State 2. Periodic checks on ambient adherence to safety issues. Ministry of environmental quality particularly air 2. Ensure that all areas have Environment, 3. Vehicles without road worthiness should trees planted along the road Forestry not be permitted to use the road in such. corridors. Transport, Works 4. Traffic control measures should be put in 3. Ensure that road signs are and Infrastructure place to curb road-based air pollutant effects installed along the road. 5. Regular checks on the nature of the road 4. Ensure that speed limits are should be conducted with respect to air severely adhere to. quality parameters 5. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as to protect the environment

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LOT 4 Air quality Issues 1. Use of water sprinklers 1. Habitual check for  Delta State 2. Periodic checks on ambient adherence to safety issues. Ministry of environmental quality particularly air 2. Ensure that all areas have Environment, 3. Vehicles without road worthiness should trees planted along the road Forestry not be permitted to use the road in such. corridors. Transport, Works 4. Traffic control measures should be put in 3. Ensure that road signs are and Infrastructure place to curb road-based air pollutant effects installed along the road. 5. Regular checks on the nature of the road 4. Ensure that speed limits are should be conducted with respect to air severely adhere to. quality parameters 5. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as to protect the environment 3 LOT 1 Noise and vibration 1. Construction/civil works in built up area 1. Adequate check up for  Delta State should be limited to day adherence to safety issues. Ministry of 2. Equipment must be in serviceable states. 2. Ensure that road signs are Environment, installed on the affected Forestry roads. Transport, Works 3. Ensure that speed limits are and Infrastructure rigorously adhere to. 4. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as not to pollute the environment when driven along the roads. LOT 2 Noise and vibration 1. Construction/civil works in built up area 1. Adequate check up for  Delta State should be limited to day adherence to safety issues. Ministry of 2. Equipment must be in serviceable states. 2. Ensure that road signs are Environment, installed on the affected Forestry roads. Transport, Works

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3. Ensure that speed limits are and Infrastructure rigorously adhere to. 4. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as not to pollute the environment when driven along the roads. LOT 3 Noise and vibration 1. Construction/civil works in built up area 1. Adequate check up for  Delta State should be limited to day adherence to safety issues. Ministry of 2. Equipment must be in serviceable states. 2. Ensure that road signs are Environment, installed on the affected Forestry roads. Transport, Works 3. Ensure that speed limits are and Infrastructure rigorously adhere to. 4. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as not to pollute the environment when driven along the roads. LOT 4 Noise and vibration 1. Construction/civil works in built up area 1. Adequate check up for  Delta State should be limited to day adherence to safety issues. Ministry of 2. Equipment must be in serviceable states. 2. Ensure that road signs are Environment, installed on the affected Forestry roads. Transport, Works 3. Ensure that speed limits are and Infrastructure rigorously adhere to. 4. Ensure that vehicles are in excellent condition so as not to pollute the environment when driven along the roads.

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4 LOT 1 Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not situated 1. Ensure that proper waste  Delta State proximate to the selected roads and others management practices are Ministry of as well as drains collectors to avert flooding considered; Environment, and pollution cases. 2. Obedience to the principles Forestry 2. Wastewater and sewage should be of safe and clean Transport, Works channeled properly according to safety environment; and Infrastructure guidelines. 3. Road users should be aware 3. Solid waste should not be discarded of the mitigation measures. indiscriminately along the rehabilitated 4. A clean and safe roads and drainage system and beyond. environment standard should be the guideline for all workforce LOT 2 Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not situated 1. Ensure that proper waste  Delta State proximate to the selected roads and others management practices are Ministry of as well as drains collectors to avert flooding considered; Environment, and pollution cases. 2. Obedience to the principles Forestry 2. Wastewater and sewage should be of safe and clean Transport, Works channeled properly according to safety environment; and Infrastructure guidelines. 3. Road users should be aware 3. Solid waste should not be discarded of the mitigation measures. indiscriminately along the rehabilitated 4. A clean and safe roads and drainage system and beyond. environment standard should be the guideline for all workforce LOT 3 Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not situated 1. Ensure that proper waste  Delta State proximate to the selected roads and others management practices are Ministry of as well as drains collectors to avert flooding considered; Environment, and pollution cases. 2. Obedience to the principles Forestry

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2. Wastewater and sewage should be of safe and clean Transport, Works channeled properly according to safety environment; and Infrastructure guidelines. 3. Road users should be aware 3. Solid waste should not be discarded of the mitigation measures. indiscriminately along the rehabilitated 4. A clean and safe roads and drainage system and beyond. environment standard should be the guideline for all workforce LOT 4 Water quality issues 1. Ensure that waste dumps are not situated 1. Ensure that proper waste  Delta State proximate to the selected roads and others management practices are Ministry of as well as drains collectors to avert flooding considered; Environment, and pollution cases. 2. Obedience to the principles Forestry 2. Wastewater and sewage should be of safe and clean Transport, Works channeled properly according to safety environment; and Infrastructure guidelines. 3. Road users should be aware 3. Solid waste should not be discarded of the mitigation measures. indiscriminately along the rehabilitated 4. A clean and safe roads and drainage system and beyond. environment standard should be the guideline for all workforce 5 LOT 1 Traffic and 1. Ensure free flow of traffic through 1. Implement the traffic  Delta State transportation diversion of traffic, signage and adequate management plan with regard Ministry of management protection maintenance workers while to local traffic management Environment, discharging their duties approach. Forestry, 2. Ensure that provided road infrastructures 2. Information on road safety Transport and and the rehabilitated sections is kept free should be communicated in Works and safe from accidents such as speed limit local language and English for regulations, street lighting systems, road proper understanding. marks, etc are provided. 3. Clear road diversion tapes

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3. Road furniture should be provided at and other information tactics designated bus stops and terminals along the should be used to avert traffic selected roads mostly as it will ensure road logjam in case of incidence. safety for pedestrians and other road users. LOT 2 Traffic and 1. Ensure free flow of traffic through 1. Implement the traffic  Delta State transportation diversion of traffic, signage and adequate management plan with regard Ministry of management protection maintenance workers while to local traffic management Environment, discharging their duties approach. Forestry, 2. Ensure that provided road infrastructures 2. Information on road safety Transport and and the rehabilitated sections is kept free should be communicated in Works and safe from accidents such as speed limit local language and English for regulations, street lighting systems, road proper understanding. marks, etc are provided. 3. Clear road diversion tapes 3. Road furniture should be provided at and other information tactics designated bus stops and terminals along the should be used to avert traffic selected roads mostly as it will ensure road logjam in case of incidence. safety for pedestrians and other road users. LOT 3 Traffic and 1. Ensure free flow of traffic through 1. Implement the traffic  Delta State transportation diversion of traffic, signage and adequate management plan with regard Ministry of management protection maintenance workers while to local traffic management Environment, discharging their duties approach. Forestry, 2. Ensure that provided road infrastructures 2. Information on road safety Transport and and the rehabilitated sections is kept free should be communicated in Works and safe from accidents such as speed limit local language and English for regulations, street lighting systems, road proper understanding. marks, etc are provided. 3. Clear road diversion tapes 3. Road furniture should be provided at and other information tactics designated bus stops and terminals along the should be used to avert traffic selected roads mostly as it will ensure road logjam in case of incidence.

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safety for pedestrians and other road users. LOT 4 Traffic and 1. Ensure free flow of traffic through 1. Implement the traffic  Delta State transportation diversion of traffic, signage and adequate management plan with regard Ministry of management protection maintenance workers while to local traffic management Environment, discharging their duties approach. Forestry, 2. Ensure that provided road infrastructures 2. Information on road safety Transport and and the rehabilitated sections is kept free should be communicated in Works and safe from accidents such as speed limit local language and English for regulations, street lighting systems, road proper understanding. marks, etc are provided. 3. Clear road diversion tapes 3. Road furniture should be provided at and other information tactics designated bus stops and terminals along the should be used to avert traffic selected roads mostly as it will ensure road logjam in case of incidence. safety for pedestrians and other road users.

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7.2 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities Well-defined roles and responsibilities and adequate institutional arrangements are central to the effective implementation of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in the current ESMP. Accordingly, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of the current ESMP are discussed below.

7.2.1 Pre-construction Phase 7.2.1.1 Key Agencies The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase are:  Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU As the proponent of this project, the SPMU/Safeguard officers has the responsibility for ensuring that World Bank Safeguards Policies and other relevant laws in Nigeria are complied with. Ensure that the ESMP is fully implemented. Supervision of the contractors, supervisors and site engineer, training of contractors and workers, monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP etc.  Federal SEEFOR-PMU,  Delta State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry)  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA )- Supervision and compliance enforcement.  World Bank: Provision of oversight, capacity building of the proponent as needed.  Contractor/Supervisors/Site Engineers: Ensuring that World Bank Safeguards Policies and other relevant laws in Nigeria are complied with on site. Develop and implement contractors ESMP, ensure that workers consistently use PPE, adequate signage’s are in place, traffic is managed, waste generated by the project are collected, transported and disposed off at government approved sites for such wastes etc.

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7.2.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The main responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the Contractor. At the preparation stage, ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations are to be conducted with Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the project area. The contractor will have to liaise with the Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU on any issues raised in order to find a balance while responding to the issues with the objective of meeting meet international safeguard polices of the World Bank. These issues will have to be communicated to Delta State Ministries with their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action on issues raised. In cases of displacement of people due to the acquisition of landed properties along the road alignment, the provisions of the RAP will be implemented. It is assumed that RAP consultant would have consulted widely prior to the submission of the final report to Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU.

The implementation of the issues raised will be managed based on the Federal SEEFOR-NPCU in conjunction with the Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU as well as World Bank.

7.2.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up The Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance Site Monitoring Committee through its secretary should forward the details of the several meetings held to the Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU. This is to foster a feedback as well as reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective means of their implementations. The issues raised should be forwarded with contributions and suggestions of the Delta State SEEFOR who would have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and consider their suitability to World Bank requirements. The Contractor will ensure that the observed comments and notes are implemented strictly as agreed and the feedback relayed to the Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU.

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This process continues through a continuous chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanism until the pre-construction phase of the project is completed.

7.2.2 Construction Phase 7.2.2.1 Key Agencies The Key Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction works are:  Delta State SEEFOR- SPCU: As the proponent of this project, the SPCU/Safeguard officers has the responsibility for ensuring that the World Bank Safeguards Policies and relevant laws in Nigeria are complied with. Ensure that the ESMP is fully implemented. Supervision of the contributors, supervisors and site engineers, training of contractors and workers, monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP etc.  Federal SEEFOR-NPCU,  Delta State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry)  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA – Supervision and compliance enforcement.  World Bank: Provision of oversight, capacity building of the proponent as needed.  Contractors/Supervisors/Site Engineers: Ensuring that World Bank Safeguards Policies and other relevant laws in Nigeria are complied with on site. Development and implement contractors ESMP, ensure that workers consistently use PPE, adequate signage’s are in place, traffic is managed, waste generated by the project are collected, transported and disposed off at government approved sites for such wastes etc.

In addition to the key agencies, the Delta State Government through the MDAs will also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation.

7.2.2.2 Role of Involved Agencies The main responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the Engineer; therefore, the Engineer through its

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Safeguards Officer will be responsible for regular supervision and reporting on ESMP implementation. The Engineer’s ESS will have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc) in order to ensure sufficient capacity to oversee implementation of ESMP.

The implementation of the ESMP will be managed by the Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU through the Safeguards Officer who will be primarily responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of ESMP implementation. The Delta State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry will monitor ESMP implementation on the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. These institutions may conduct announced and unannounced site visits with representatives of the Federal SEEFOR- NPCU. The reports of the findings should be forwarded to the World Bank.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and NESREA should also send Environment Officers and officials monitoring ESMP projects under the Federal SEEFOR approved projects to observe the level of implementation of the provisions of the ESMP. At the local level, the Delta State Ministries of Environment can also pay visits to the project site to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP.

7.2.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up The follow-up process is duty-based. First, the Safeguards Officer will have to prepare and document monthly and incident reports that will be submitted to the Delta State SEEFOR project coordinator for comments, observations, and recommendations. Then, the Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU will send feedback to the Engineer through the consultant(s) or directly when urgent action is required. In essence, checking and reporting on the implementation of follow- up action will also be part of the duties of the Safeguards Officer.

The contractor in conjunction with the Site Engineer will have to prepare and submit monthly reports the implementation of the ESMP to the Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU.

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The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit accordingly will vet this report. In case of any discrepancy on environmental issues, the project coordinator will convene Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss and instruct on the way forward. The Engineer and the Contractor will participate in the meetings. Wherever possible, representatives of World Bank and Federal SEEFOR-NPCU will also be invited to such meetings.

7.2.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase It must be stated that the mitigation and monitoring activities will not be the sole responsibility of the Delta State SEEFOR or the Federal SEEFOR during the operational phase. The Delta State SEEFOR in conjunction with the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the rehabilitated Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance site has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring these to the attention of other government agencies for their action as appropriate.

7.2.3.1 Key Agencies During the operational phase, the key institutions to which Delta State SEEFOR will enter into collaborative relations are Delta State Ministries which include: . Environment; . Forestry; . Transport; . Works and Infrastructure; and . Police. Likewise the construction phase the Local government administrative council during the operational phase will has a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating.

7.2.3.2 Role of Involved Agencies The responsibilities of the institutions having a role in the process of the operation of the rehabilitated Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance monitoring are stated as follows.

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 The Delta State Ministry of Forestry will conduct regular inspections to check the compliance of the site operators with afforestation plans which should be in concordance with international standards.  The Ministry of Transport will check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls. This will be conducted with respect to safety of road users and the residents of the community.  The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure will conduct regular checks on the nature of infrastructure provided within the duration of the project and the period of assessment. The approach will conducted in such a way to provide a mechanism for prompt response and rehabilitation of any of the provided infrastructure within the road alignment.  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Delta State Ministry of Environment will conduct regular visits to the site to examine and verify how the road rehabilitation site is operated and maintained. Several components such as water, soil, flora and fauna of the environment, waste management, noise and vibration, air and water quality and others will be monitored. This will be conducted within the legal and administrative capacity of the Ministry of Environment through their respective departments, and agencies.  The Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong attachment of such events to the rehabilitation of the road.

7.2.3.3.1 Institutional and implementation arrangements for implementing the ESMP at the local level At the local level, SEEFOR ESMF vests the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The committee, has mentioned earlier, represent the interest of the community in the entire process of the proposed intervention. The Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by the Delta State SEEFOR and the committee forms a critical mass of source of information and community liaison during the field activity for the preparation of this ESMP.

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The committee has several sub-committees including women wing and environmental sub-committee.

However, considering the diverse background of the committee members and the need for adequate knowledge on the environmental procedure of the proposed project, the committee and sub-committee members’ need further capacity building on environmental and social issues on implementation of the ESMP at all stages of project implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Eku town road rehabilitation/ maintenance Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub- committee members is critical to successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limited to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure road stabilization (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level. The details of training programme are shown in section 6.3.16.

7.3 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures The subsequent sections of this chapter provide a framework for the content of the ESMPs envisioned for the Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance site. As the project progresses through the several rehabilitation civil and related construction works, these EMSP provisions will be expanded to include specific procedures to guide implementation by Delta State SEEFOR-SPCU personnel and contractors, and to provide for periodic updating, and when and where necessary.

7.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan The primary purpose of the Flora and Fauna Management Plan is to protect the biodiversity of the area from any unintended damage due to the rehabilitation constructions and operation, and to protect the Project personnel from dangers associated with the native flora and fauna. This plan will include the following provisions as well as others that may be identified as it is further developed:

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 Animals shall not be handled, removed, killed or unnecessarily disturbed by the SEEFOR/World Bank officials or its employees, or by SEEFOR/World Bank’s contractors’ or their subcontractors’ employees; o decrease hunting pressure by ensuring that adequate supplies of meat other than local bush meat as well as other protein sources are available in stores and markets within the study area;  Delta State SEEFOR shall ensure that the site is kept clean, tidy and free of garbage that would attract animals;  Delta State SEEFOR shall monitor the general condition of the aquatic habitat downstream to ensure that its water withdrawals are not creating significant stresses to that habitat and if so, Delta State SEEFOR shall develop plans to install wells to replace enough of the surface water usage to mitigate the significant impacts;  Delta State SEEFOR will assist in protecting the swampy section from liquid effluent generated in the rice processing centre;  Delta State SEEFOR will ensure through a High Conservation Value study that all High Conservation Value Forest sites are properly marked and left untouched;  Delta State SEEFOR will help to maintain the integrity and quality of biodiversity in the project area;  Delta State SEEFOR will not tolerate poaching of fauna or flora by its personnel or by any of its contractors or subcontractors;  Delta State SEEFOR will work with conservation groups and other stakeholders around the Project Area to help prevent poaching. Initiatives may include hiring guards, posting signs among others. o educate its employees on the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat;  In order to decrease the demand for local bush meat, Delta State SEEFOR should take the following measures:  In order to reduce the risk from invading species, the monitoring programme for the interventions should track what types of invasive species occur, where they occur, how they were most likely introduced to the area, how they were eradicated, and the success of the various eradication measures. If any of the

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Delta State SEEFOR officials or contractor identifies a continuing problem with any dangerous species, it should determine the root cause of that problem and investigate additional measures to address that root cause;  Land clearing operations are expected to drive wildlife away from the clearing operations for the various Delta State SEEFOR activities, however, if any species classified as VU by the Ministry of Environment moves to the project areas is trapped or hurt during land clearing operations, the Wildlife Division under the Ministry will be informed to determine whether translocation or other actions are required to save the individual. Delta State SEEFOR will allocate funds for such contingency; o sponsor education programmes in local villages about the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush meat; and o sponsor programmes to transition hunters to other, sustainable livelihood activities.  The road rehabilitation is to occur over a period of eight years. Delta State SEEFOR should plan its development projects in advance to minimize the impact on the fauna, help identify and control impacts such as flood zones and to result in a lower amount of biomass to manage; o to the degree possible, prohibit and enforce prohibitions on hunting inside the project area;

7.3.2 Waste Management Plan The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes (solid/liquid) are minimized and any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the environment. This process can be expressed as follows:  Minimize waste production as much as possible;  If waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;  If reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or transformed into inert materials; and  If this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the environment or to human beings.

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The following is a summary of the important elements of a Waste Management Plan:  Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non-hazardous wastes;  The Delta State SEEFOR must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly Hazardous Wastes;  The Delta State SEEFOR must provide well labeled storage bins for the different categories of waste in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or disposed of as necessary;  The plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the implementation of the Waste Management Plan;  The Delta State SEEFOR must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items and activities: o used engine oil recycling contractor/facility; o lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants); o tire and rubber recycling contractor; o plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins and furans can be generated); o used batteries (not car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste) recycling/exporting contractor; o Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and o domestic waste collection contractor;

 Hazardous Waste at the Delta State SEEFOR area is expected to primarily comprise the following: o empty chemical substances containers (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides);

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o empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants); o used lubricants; and o used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;  Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;  The Delta State SEEFOR must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain a Certificate of Accreditation from each to ensure that they are operating legally;  The Delta State SEEFOR must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms shall be kept for record purposes;  The Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan.  The Delta State SEEFOR should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;

7.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan The Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan will provide guidance to control soil erosion and the transport of sediment to surface waters. Soil erosion is a major soil degradation process affecting the soil quality not only by directly reducing nutrients and organic matter levels, but also by affecting soil properties such as infiltration rates if uncontrolled.

A systematic erosion and sedimentation is required within the threshold of a deeply eroded environment. All exposed soil areas in the Project area will be managed through a diversified set of measures and strategies that minimize the risk of erosion and run-off, control the flow of storm water over exposed soil areas, retain sediments within the cleared areas as much as possible, and control erosion and run-off downstream of the cleared areas. These measures are grouped and presented below.

The Delta State SEEFOR shall monitor the effectiveness of erosion and runoff control through systematic verification of the compliance with control

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measures implemented through monitoring of impacts to surface water quality downstream (turbidity) and run-off accumulation at streams and natural drainage channels downstream of construction fronts.

Erosion and runoff will be minimized through the implementation of the following types of measures:  Above all, all geomorphologic, hydraulic and hydrologic, and civil engineering preparations with respect to the site must be designed in line with the ESMP procedures to have an environmentally-friendly, coherent and consistent engineering design and implementation for the project area;  As a rule, the only rainwater that will be allowed to flow over cut and fill slopes is that which falls directly on them. All exposed soil working surfaces will be tilted towards the base of cut slopes and, where this is not possible, measures such as berms will be installed at the upper limits of fill slopes to minimize uncontrolled storm water flow over them;  Erosion protection such as riprap, or sacked concrete may be used around culvert entrances;  Inlet structures used to collect storm run-off will be constructed of any suitable construction material. The structures will ensure efficient removal of design- storm runoff in order to avoid interruption of construction during or following storms and to prevent erosion resulting from overtopping of the inlet;  Permanent erosion control may be achieved through measures such as terracing along with a re-vegetation programme. The terraces would consist of low, broad-based earth levees constructed approximately parallel to the contours designed to intercept overload flow before it achieves great erosive force and to conduct it to a suitable discharge point;  Piles of soil or other materials will be allowed for short periods of time and will be located only in flat areas and away from any storm water courses. Only topsoil piles will be allowed to remain for extended periods and will be protected from rainfall;  Site clearing operations will progress in a gradual and phased manner to ensure there are no large increases in sediment discharge;

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 Slopes of all cut and fill areas will be rigorously controlled and will at no time be allowed to be greater than the slope established in the final design;  Temporary protection of exposed soil surfaces with measures such as plastic film, bio-membranes or other means, will be implemented whenever necessary;  Vegetated buffer zones will be protected along streams to help control sedimentation;  While vegetation clearing and earthmoving activities are in progress and permanent erosion control devices cannot be implemented, temporary erosion control devices will be used; Storm water will be controlled through the implementation of the following types of measures:  All flow of storm water over exposed soil surfaces will be along pre- established paths that will not interfere with vehicle and other activities and will contain breakers and other devices to control flow velocity. Hydraulic stairs, drop structures or other energy dissipation structures will be used when necessary to convey storm water to lower grounds; and  All storm drainage will be discharged via surface drainage systems. Maximum use of natural drainage features will be used. Runoff from cleared areas will be collected in open channels or ditches for removal from the immediate area. The use of buried pipe will be minimized and buried pipes will be day-lighted to open channel drains as soon as practical.  Careful considerations will be given to the drainage of all roads, facility areas, borrow pits, and surplus soil deposit areas;

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7.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan The Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan will be required both during the implementation phase and operations. For both phases, the following will be incorporated, as appropriate:  All workers at work fronts will receive weekly safety orientations that last at least 15 minutes. If significant accidents occur or other health and safety issues arise, these orientations may be supplemented;  The training status for all workers will be recorded;  During the new employee orientation process, all workers will receive health and safety training on standard work processes and other health and safety requirements applicable to their work activities;  Health and safety training will be detailed in the Integrated Health and Safety Plan (IHSP) that will specify the contents, target groups, frequency and forms of evaluation of each type of training to be applied. It will include at least the following modules: o Induction health and safety training; o Community relations training; o First aid; o Venomous animals; o Use of PPE; and o Safe Work Procedures.

7.3.5 Water Management Plan The Water Management Plan will address the appropriateness of water conservation, protection of water resources, responsibly using surface water and groundwater for farming and farming activities plantation and mill purposes, and practicing rainfall harvesting. The important aspects of this plan will be:  Developing and implementing a site-specific water quality monitoring plan for both surface water and groundwater to ensure that management measures are achieving the desired results;

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 Development of parameters for the installation of water wells to ensure that the wells meet all applicable national standards and that they do not have significant adverse impacts on other groundwater users.  Implementation of measures contained in the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to control sedimentation of surface water resources and minimize the loss of nutrients and therefore the need for chemical fertilizers;  Implementation of the measures contained in the Chemical Management Plan to ensure that all chemicals used on the site are used properly and in the minimum necessary quantities to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater; and  Implementation of the measures contained in the Waste Management Plan to ensure that all wastes generated on the site are properly stored and disposed to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater by liquid effluents or by leachate from solid wastes;  Monitoring significant effluent streams on a periodic basis to ensure that they meet applicable discharge requirements;  Training of all workers to ensure that they understand the significance of protecting all water sources;

7.3.6 Air Quality Management Plan The Air Quality Management Plan will include the following important aspects:  All Project vehicles used for transportation will be properly maintained and fitted with standard pollution control equipment to minimize emissions; and  Delta State SEEFOR will avoid the use of ozone depleting substances for uses such as coolants or cleaning operations;  Noise levels in mills and other Project areas shall meet the requirements of both Federal and Delta State Ministries of Environment;

7.3.7 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan The Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan will ensure that all vegetation clearing and biomass management for all aspects of the Project

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activities will be conducted in accordance with detailed procedures that will meet the requirements of Nigeria as well as international best practices. Site clearing for construction and campsite construction (where applicable) and other infrastructure development can damage the habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna species. If clearing is not done properly, it could result in the removal of ecologically important habitats and species. The conversion of forests, even secondary, reduces biodiversity, with species reductions occurring for insects, birds, reptiles, and soil microorganisms. This plan will include procedures for the following:  Specifying procedures for utilizing and/or disposing of the biomass generated by the clearing activities.  Specifying procedures for ensuring that non-timber forest products are reasonably utilized by local villagers before or immediately after areas are cleared; and  Specifying methods for clearing in various types of areas or terrain, including methods to allow fauna to relocate out of the area to be cleared;  Specifying methods for best utilization of merchantable timber;  Delineating areas to be protected;  Delineating areas to be cleared;

This plan will be used in conjunction with the Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan and the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to ensure that workers/farmers, the environment, and surrounding communities are protected.

7.3.8 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include procedures for addressing all reasonably foreseeable and possible emergencies such as:  Fires;  Floods;  Spills or releases of hazardous chemicals or wastes to the groundwater or surface water;

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 Medical emergencies; and,  Other weather-related emergencies.

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will define the methods of intervention and required resources to be implemented by Delta State SEEFOR in the event of an accident to protect staff and property and to prevent harmful effects on the local population and the environment. As part of the plan, Delta State SEEFOR will facilitate the alert of rescue services and inform the competent relevant authorities. Spills are the release of substances (solids or liquids) in a magnitude that could cause substantial negative effects to the system receiving it; the system in question could be, for example, soil, river, lake, sea or the atmosphere. The spill response aspects of the plan will be outlined for all employees and relevant employees will be trained in specific spill response procedures for the substances for which they are responsible. The impacts of spills can have very adverse effects on the environment and humans.

Spills can occur during many of the typical operations such as: refueling of equipment, painting, changing oil, during transfer of the liquids or solid from container to another, rinsing drums containing liquid or solid that is harmful; they may also occur as a result of a burst hose or pipe, the malfunctioning of an overflow valve of a tank or road accident of a fuel tanker. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include the following features to address spills or releases of hazardous materials:  Provide training guidelines for recovery and disposal of all materials contaminated in the event of a spill.  Provide the structure for a spill response organization;  Provide specific training guidelines and procedures for personnel to ensure a safe and effective response to potential spill events; and  Outline spill response procedures as well as equipment, protective equipment, supplies, and materials to support the response;  Identify the personnel responsible in the event of a spill as well as a hierarchy for notifications both within the Commercial Agriculture as well as Government and emergency response personnel;

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 Characterize the different types of materials and potential quantities of spills that could occur as a result of the project activities;

The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will also define the procedures, training, supplies, and materials for designated personnel to respond to fires, medical emergencies, and other significant emergencies or incidents during both construction and operations of various project activities.

7.3.9 Cultural Heritage Management Plan The Cultural Heritage Management Plan will have to ensure that known cultural sites are identified and adequately protected, and that a procedure is in place for identifying any unknown or unmarked sites that may be encountered during development (Chance Find Procedure).

In order to mitigate impacts on known sites, Delta State SEEFOR should demarcate, along with each affected village and community, the cultural and sacred sites used by that village and community for traditional practices, so that those sites can be excluded from any vegetation clearing or other construction activities. During the course of construction, if any artifact or human remains are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity of such artifacts shall be stopped immediately while Delta State SEEFOR will have to implement a Chance Find Procedure that will include the following:  Delta state SEEFOR will engage Archeologists and Anthropologists to examine, recover and preserve evidence and artifacts affected through relevant Ministry.  Delta State SEEFOR’s HSE coordinator will take logical safety measures to avert any person from removing or damaging any such item;  all work will be motivated at least 30 m away from the artifact, or outside the boundaries of the site containing the artifact;  the local Chiefs and Government Officials will be notified to determine whether it is considerable from a cultural perspective;

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 if the artifact emerges to be pre-historic, the countrywide museum will be notified; and, proper actions will be considered after consultations the relevant ministry.

7.3.10 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan The Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan will include the following provisions:  All Delta State SEEFOR drivers should be trained by a road safety specialist; and,  All vehicles should be properly maintained and undergo periodic safety inspections.  The Delta State SEEFOR will enforce speed limits for safety, air quality, and noise purposes both on the Project site and beyond;  The Delta State SEEFOR will place speed limits and appropriate road signage along all Project roads;

7.3.11 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan The Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for the Project must comply with all Lagos requirements as well as international best practices. It will have to address measures for hygiene, health, and safety at the work place and include an ongoing training programme for all employees’ project beneficiaries. Delta State SEEFOR should provide the necessary safety equipment to its employees. The plan will address issues such as:  Analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  Electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  Hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  Lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision);

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 Machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  Mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  Physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk); and  Provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well-stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries.  Provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  Sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk);  The proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  Training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  Training related to job-specific risks and activities; including:  Workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);

7.3.12 Community Health & Safety Plan The purpose of the Community Health and Safety Plan is to address the potential impacts on the human population living in and around the farm settlement. These mitigation measures include:  Construction activities can draw significant numbers of single men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and

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diseases, including HIV/AIDS, so Delta State SEEFOR will have to attempt to recruit most of its construction workers from the immediate area, thus minimizing the number of single men migrating for work;  The Delta State SEEFOR must also ensure that it and its contractors provide adequate training and enforcement codes of conduct to minimize worker participation in risky activities such as sex trade, drugs, and alcohol;  The Delta State SEEFOR should conduct community training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain;  The Delta State SEEFOR should conduct a sensitization programme for local communities regarding potential impacts from construction workers and inform those communities about the terms and conditions of Delta State SEEFOR’s worker Code of Conduct;  The Delta State SEEFOR should coordinate with local Government Councils to ensure that they fully understand the risks of large-scale construction activities and support Delta State SEEFOR’s efforts from a law enforcement perspective;  The Delta State SEEFOR should work closely with the health districts of the Ministry of Health in the State and promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and the Delta State SEEFOR will have to work closely with the health districts to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety.

7.3.13 Stakeholder Engagement Plan As part of the ESMP, the Delta State SEEFOR has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project invention. This includes the following major considerations:  Formation of the site monitoring committees particularly the Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance Site Monitoring Committee.  Identification of Project stakeholders;  Monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and  Planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities;

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 Resources for stakeholder engagement;  Stakeholder engagement during construction;  Stakeholder engagement during operations;  Summary of past consultation efforts;

In coordination with its Stakeholder Engagement Plan, Delta State SEEFOR must develop and implement a Grievance Procedure that will include the following components:  All complaints will be documented by Delta State SEEFOR and tracked to resolution, and information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint;  All complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality;  Anyone may contact the Project, in person, by email, or by telephone to submit a grievance;  Complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or other persons; and,  Contacts about grievances may be channeled by the affected person or through an agreed local liaison committee;  Prior to construction, Delta State SEEFOR will have to work with stakeholders to develop a binding arbitration system for resolving complaints;  Project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including who to contact within the Delta State SEEFOR or the Delta State Government about a complaint.  The Delta State SEEFOR will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing, of Delta State SEEFOR’s response and proposed actions (if any);  The Delta State SEEFOR will investigate the complaint, using technical assistance if necessary, and determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions;  The Delta State SEEFOR will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly;  The grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint cannot be resolved;

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 There will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint; 7.3.14 Abbrivated Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) The Project will require and Abbrrivated Resettlement Action Plan to take care of those whose business might be negatively impacted along the road couridor, especially those who will need to move their petty business away from the corridors during construction. It is the duty of Delta State SEEFOR that such plan must be all-inclusive with the affected person(s) fully engaged and integrated as part of the report.

Table 7.7 shows the Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures for the various plans Table 7.7: Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures Activities Situation within Timeline for Cost of Project Cycle the preparation Preparation US Dollars ($) Air Quality Management Plan Pre-Construction, 3 Weeks 1,500 Construction and Operation Phases Community Health & Safety Pre-Construction 1 Week 2,000 Plan Cultural Heritage Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,000 Management Plan Emergency Response and Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,500 Incident Management Plan

Employment, Training, and Pre-Construction 2 Weeks 2,500 Awareness Management Plan and Construction Phases Erosion and Sedimentation Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,000 Management Plan Flora and Fauna Management Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,000 Plan Health, Safety, and Security Pre-Construction 1 Week 2,000 Management Plan Social Investment Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,500

Stakeholders’ Engagement Pre-Construction 3 Weeks 1,000 Plan and Construction Phases Traffic and Vehicle Pre-Construction 2 Weeks 1,000 Management Plan and Construction

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Phases

Vegetation Clearing and Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,000 Biomass Management Plan

Waste Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,500 Water Management Plan Pre-Construction 1 Week 1,000

7.3.15 Training Programmes0

The Delta State SEEFOR must develop, implement, and track training programmes at both SPCU and community levels. Table 7.8 described the institutional capacity strengthening plan that Delta SEEFOR should followed at both the SPCU and community levels. The programme should include but not limited to:  Safeguards training for the entire SPCU on World Bank safeguards policies triggered by the SEEFOR;  GIS and Image Interpretation training for the safeguards officers. This is to enhance the officers’ capability to interpret and analyses road rehabilitation site imagery that will be delivered alongside the ESMP as contained in the TOR;  Training of SPCU on Implementation of all emergency response procedures as identified in the Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan; and  Training on Health, Environment, Safety, and Security Management Plan for SPCU.  Community training on general environmental awareness and Eku ESMP mitigation measures.

However, to build the capacity of both the SPCU and the community, Delta State SEEFOR should develop, implement, and track training programmes

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Table 7.8: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan Target Description Application Duration Audience PMU Training In-depth understanding of Personnel require Three PC, the mitigation measures appreciation of WB’s, days Safeguards proffered by the ESMP. Federal/State seminar specialist, Satellite Image environmental policies, as Project interpretation of the Eku well as, an application of engineer and road imagery for critical these policies in Social assessment of changes that implementing the World safeguards might occur during project Bank support for Eku specialist implementation. town road rehabilitation/maintenance control. Community General environmental By the SEEFOR 1 day Eku road awareness seminar that institutional arrangement, workshop rehabilitation will include ecological and the target audience will be site social science principles, responsible for site monitoring legal responsibilities, monitoring and liaising committee consequences of non- between community and members sustainable development the Delta State SEEFOR and costs of poor as well as contractors. environmental decisions as it affect Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance site. Mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP.

7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation The Project will develop a detailed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan to monitor key elements of both the biophysical and human environments. The purpose of this monitoring will be to ensure that significant impacts were correctly identified in the assessment process, then to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The results of monitoring activities will be regularly reviewed to determine if existing management measures are adequate, or if those measures should be revised, deleted, or supplemented.

Monitoring will include aspects such as:  All clearing activities for compliance with the Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan;  Bush meat sales in local markets;  Compliance with the Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan;

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 Flora and fauna in the project Area.  Grievances of workers, farmers and the local community;  Health and safety indicators, including accidents, for all workers and farmers working in the Project;  Health indicators in the local communities to inform any modifications to the Community Health and Safety Plan; and  Implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance Find Procedure;  Interactions between local fauna such as birds and the plantation to determine if additional mitigation measures are required and if implemented, how effective they are working;  Invasive species;  The effectiveness of sediment and erosion control measures and of storm water management measures;  The effectiveness of waste management activities;  Water quality and general aquatic health of streams receiving effluents from the construction activities;  Water quality of the effluent streams discharged from the construction activities;

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Table 7.9 Environment and Social Monitoring Plan Measures Parameter Responsibility Frequency Cost ($) Source of fund Effluent discharged from SEEFOR Weekly 1,500 Delta the construction activities (Safeguard SEEFOR Officer) Effectiveness of waste SEEFOR Weekly 1,500 Delta management plan (Safeguard SEEFOR Officer) Local Flora and Fauna SEEFOR Quarterly 1,000 Delta issues (Safeguard SEEFOR Officer) Effectiveness of sediment SEEFOR Annual 1,500 Delta and erosion control (Safeguard SEEFOR measures Officer) Effectiveness of storm SEEFOR Annual 1,000 Delta water management (Safeguard SEEFOR measures Officer) Land clearing activities SEEFOR As the need 1,000 Delta (Safeguard arise SEEFOR Officer) Implementation of the SEEFOR (Social Annual 1,000 Delta Cultural Heritage Officer) SEEFOR Management Plan and associated Changes Health and safety SEEFOR Annual 1,000 Delta indicators including (Safeguard SEEFOR community health issues Officer)/ Consultant) Grievances of workers, SEEFOR As the need 1,000 Delta PAPs and the local (SEEFOR Social arise SEEFOR communities; Officer Consultant) TOTAL 12,000

7.5 Implementation Schedule The implementation schedule is necessary to give a clear-cut direction on the timeline of implementation of the stipulated mitigation measures. It is expected that each of the stated measures should be time-based for proper implementation and apt monitoring. Table 7.10 below documents the schedule for the mitigation measures with respective time lapse.

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Table 7.10: ESMP Implementation Schedule s/n Mitigation measures Mitigation timeline 1. Pre-construction phase A month (4 weeks) prior to initiation of I. Acquisition of land construction activities II. Community perception of the project Six weeks before the commencement of construction activities 2. Construction phase All through the duration of the 1. Environmental impacts(including landslide, construction period rock cave-in, mudflow/flooding, soil impact, in situ waste, land use, channelization of floodwaters, topographic alterations, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation) 2. Biological impacts particularly impact on All through the duration of the flora & fauna and wildlife. construction period 3. Socioeconomic impacts including traffic All through the duration of the and transportation, accident, employment, construction period human displacement, and aesthetics. 4. Public health impacts including HIV/AIDS All through the duration of the & STDs, water-borne diseases, malaria. construction period 3. Operation and maintenance phase All through the duration of the Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, operation & maintenance period traffic & transportation, and health & safety

7.6 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis The cost analysis presented in this section is designed for each of the identified mitigation measures to be effective and efficiently implemented. It is designed specifically for each of the activity itemized for each of the phases of the road rehabilitation project. Thus, it covers the preconstruction phase, the construction phase as well as the maintenance and operation phase mitigation measures. Hence the cost is designed for a global spread across the stated measures. Table 7.11 presents the synoptic details of the ESMP costing.

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Table 7.11: Cost Analysis of the Eku town road rehabilitation/maintenance ESMP Implementation S/N ESMP Activities based on stated mitigation measures Cost Estimate ($) 1 Pre-construction phase  Acquisition of land; -  Community perception of the project. 1,500 TOTAL 1,500

2 Construction phase (a) Environmental impacts including dust generation, vegetation control, soil impact, in situ waste, land use, 4,525 siltation of water bodies, noise pollution, air quality, water quality, and increased sedimentation.

(b) Biological impacts particularly impacts on flora & fauna and wildlife. 600

(c) Socioeconomic impacts including traffic and transportation, accident, employment, human displacement, and aesthetics. 1,900

(d) Public health impacts with respect to HIV/AIDS & STDs, water-borne diseases, malaria. 850 TOTAL 9,375

3 Operation and maintenance phase 1,435

4 Preparation of Monitoring Plans 15,000

5 Institutional Capacity Strengthening Programme

SPCU 2,000

Community 1,500

Sub-Total 29,310

Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 12,000

Grand Total 41,310

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CHAPTER EIGHT

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The study has provided a well-defined procedure including action plans to incorporate environmental and social considerations into the proposed road rehabilitation project in Eku Town, Delta State, Nigeria. It measures the basic biophysical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site, identifies sensitive environmental parameters that may be impacted on at the various phases of project development and provides the necessary mitigation measures for such identified impacts. However, since the development objective of SEEFOR is to maintain and rehabilitate road network in Eku town, the ESMP for the proposed road maintenance and rehabilitation adequately provides the guidelines for achieving the SEEFOR objectives without compromising the tangible and intangible human and environmental values with the project area.

The study has established that most residents in the urban part of the metropolis are engaged in commercial and other ancillary activities while those in the rural parts are engaged in rain-fed smallholder farming activities. During the data gathering process, participants generally appraised their own living standard and socio-economic status as “average”, which is typical of an urban environment.

The residents of Eku town have significantly spelt out their desires for the intervention, calling for better drainage system and cleaner access road to enhance their socio-economic life. Thus, the proposed Eku town road maintenance/ rehabilitation intervention is a welcome development by the affected community. Based on thorough empirical study, it is thus recommended that the proposed SEEFOR project at Eku in Delta state should be implemented. To enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention by Delta SEEFOR at all phases of project execution, the mitigation measures provided in the Eku town ESMP should therefore be strictly adhered to.

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APPENDIX I

QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

STATE EMPLOYMENT AND EXPENDITURE FOR RESULTS (SEEFOR) FOR EKU TOWN, DELTA STATE

Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight from the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of SEEFOR project activities. This is your chance to tell us what you think!

NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

Settlement/Community: ……………………………….. State/L.G.A: …….………………………………………….………… Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….……………… Date: ……………………

SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) < 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (c) Divorced/Separated (d) Widowed 4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting 5. Ethnic Group: (a) Urhobo (b) Itsekiri (c) Igbo (d) Others, specify……. 6. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional 7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate 8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify 9. Type of HH (a) Normal (Father) (b) Woman (c) Child

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10. Size of the HH …………………………… No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls

11. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify……………… 12. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 13. If non-resident, please state your actual location: …………………………….. (Location/LGA/State) Education 1.1 Does anyone in the A Yes b No household currently attend school (If no, skip to Section 1.2.B) Where do the children go School Category Number to school? (Place name) a Primary B Junior High c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary 1.3. How long does it take to a <5 mins get to school? b 5-15 mins (Note response to each school c 15-30 mins accessed) d 30-60 mins e 60+ mins 1.4. What method of transport a Foot is used to get to school? b Bicycle (Note response to each school c Mini bus accessed) d Taxi e Private Car f Okada g Tri-cycle

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SECTION B: HEALTH STATUS 1. What is your present state of health? (a) poor (b) good (c) very good 2. If poor, is your state of health affected in any way by the condition of the road? (a) Yes (b) No 3. If yes, in what way? (a) Catarrh (b) Cough (c) Eye problem (d) Malaria (e)Water-borne diseases (f) Others, Specify……………………... 4. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify…………. 5. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. 6. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Degree Ailment Alwa Spari Seldo Neve Degree Alwa Spari Seld Nev Whooping ys ngly m r RheumatisAilment ys ngly om er TuberculosisCough Rashesm Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid Congestive Malariafever Pneumoniahealth problem Sickle cell Sexually Epilepsyanemia transmitted diseases SECTION C. STANDARD OF LIVING / SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1. Assets 1.1 Do you have any of the following items Quantity Quantity a. radio / tape k. beds recorderb. television l. furniture set c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land n. computer line)e. mobile phone o. generator f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. fishing traps r. hunting trap i. fishing nets s. other hunting j. fishing hooks equipmentt. other (specify)

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1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Quantity Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. g. truck motorcycle/okadc. canoe a h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use a. bicycle f. car b. g. truck motorcycle/okadac. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction Plastered mud c. Number of 1-2 material - Walls Cement rooms 3-4 blocksOther Other b. Construction (specify)Corrugated d. Other (specify)Animal Pen material - roofing roofingAluminium structures on Granary Asbestors plot Shops Tile Kiosks Other Other e. Construction (specify)Earthen (specify) material - floor Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of Owned housing Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify

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2. Indicate your household refuse disposal for solid waste? (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Others, please specify……………………..

2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Palm Torchlight Wood Kerosene Gas Oil Battery Lamp

2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Crop Others Fire Coal Kerosene Electricity Animal Gas Residue/saw Wood dropping dust

3.0 Sources of Water for for cooking For bathing and a. Lagoon Yesdrinking No Yes No Yeswashing No b. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No c. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No f. Piped water outside Yes No Yes No Yes No g. Riverdwelling Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Others(specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No

4.0 Income State your main income per month N

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4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send 1 Yes 2 No 2.money If yes, to how you? much (per month) N

5.0 Other Income 1. Do you have other income streams Yes No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? NYes No

6.0 Total Income 1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N

7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? (a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse 8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the condition of the road? (a) Yes (b) No 9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed project activities will improve the situation (a) Yes (b) No 10. If 9 is yes, specify how the project will improve the situation………………… 11. How do you ensure gender equity in the community (a) women are elected in public office (b) females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community based organizations (d) others specify……………………….

SECTION D: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the SEEFOR project activities during project construction? (a) Poor drainage system (b) Bad road (c) Low visibility (d) Erosion Problems (e) Flooding (f) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, water, land) (j) Others (specify) …………………………..

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2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the SEEFOR project activities during the project operation? (a) Poor drainage system (b) Bad road (c) Low visibility (d) Erosion Problems (e) Flooding (f) environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, water and land) (j) Others (specify) ………………… 3. Do you think the SEEFOR project activities will affect any valued resource/ cultural/ archaeological property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No 4. If yes, how will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural Properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. Can you name some of the animals and other habitats that may be affected by the proposed project activities? …………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION E: SEEFOR Project Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by SEEFOR (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, from which source (a) community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No 4. If yes, how will the proposed project result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) encroachment of shops/Kiosks (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: ………………………… 5. How often do members of your household use this road? ………….times/day

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6. Is the frequency of use related to the problem your household experiences using the road? Yes: ………. No: ……………. 7. If yes to question 6, what were the problems? …………. 8. Are you able to use your vehicles (e.g. bicycle, motorcycle, cars, etc) on the road? Yes: ….. , No: …… 9. Who is responsible for maintaining the road? ………………………… 10. Are maintenance and repairs of the road carried out quickly? Yes: ……. No: ……. 11. What contribution do you make towards maintenance of the road? ………………………………………………………………………………… 12. Do you think the intervention of SEEFOR would improve the situation of the road? Yes: ………. No: ………… 13. How do you think the improved road will benefit the community? Please describe fully? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… 14. How will the proposed project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

15. What do you expect from the activities of SEEFOR project activities? (a) employment of Locals during construction, (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify…………………………………………………. 16. Are there any other issue(s) of concern as regards the SEEFOR project in your area, please state clearly? ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

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APPENDIX II

Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutants Time of Average Limits Particulates Daily average of daily 250µg/m3 values 1hour 600 µg/m3 Sulphuroxide Daily average of hourly 0.01ppm (Sulphurdioxide) values 1 hour 0.1ppm Non-methanehydrocarbon Daily average of 3- 160µg/m3 hourly values Carbonmonoxide Daily average of hourly 10ppm values 8-hour average 20ppm Nitrogen oxides Daily average of hourly 0.04- 0.06ppm (Nitrogen dioxide) values (range) Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991)

Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1.5 102 1 105 0.5 110 0.25 115 Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution

Noise Level Guidelines Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA) Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 – 07:00 Residential; Institutional; 55 45 educations Industrial; commercial 70 70

Source: World Bank Group 2007: General EHS Guidelines

Groundwater Samples Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEn Desirab Permiss v Limit le Level ible Level pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5 Conductivit NS 1000 -

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Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEn Desirab Permiss v Limit le Level ible Level y, µS/cm Temperatur <40 e, 0C NS NS Turbidity, 1.0

NTU NS NS Total 500 Dissolved Solids, mg/l 200 500 Salinity, ppt NS NS Hardness, 200 mg/l CaCO3 100 500 Alkalinity, - mg/l NS NS Dissolved 7.5 Oxygen, mg/l NS NS BOD5, mg/l NS NS 0 COD, mg/l NS NS - Chloride, 250 mg/l 200 600 Nitrate, 10 mg/l - - Sulphate, 500 mg/l 200 400 Phosphate, 5 mg/l NS NS Sodium, 200 mg/l NS NS Calcium, - mg/I 75 200 Magnesium, - mg/l 30 75 Potassium, - mg/l NS NS THC, mg/l 0.01 0.3 - Oil and 0.05

Grease - - Heavy Metals Iron, mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 Zinc, mg/l 5.0 15.0 5.0 Lead, mg/l NS NS 0.05 Mercury, 0.01 mg/l NS NS

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Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS Highest Max. FMEn Desirab Permiss v Limit le Level ible Level Copper, 0.05 mg/l 0.05 1.5 Chromium, 0.01 mg/l NS NS Cadmium, 0.03 mg/l NS NS Nickel, mg/l NS NS - Arsenic, - mg/l NS NS

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Appendix III

Minutes of Meetings and Consultations on the Project MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION HELD WITH THE WOMEN’S GROUP AT EKU SEEFOR PROJECT SITE IN DELTA STATE ON APRIL 17TH, 2014 AT 10:05 AM This stakeholders’ meeting was held to elicit relevant information from the women group on the initiation of the different phases of the proposed SEEFOR project. This is to ensure that women in the affected communities at Eku project area are enlightened about the proposed SEEFOR project.

In Attendance were 8 persons as shown in the attendance list below: s/n Name Phone No 1 Mrs. Johnson Patience 08038252214 (Women Leader) 2 Samson Teresa 08035010794 3 Lukky Roseline 08080676366 4 Omoh Roseline 08053034933 5 Mrs. Juliet John 080267206863 6 Mrs. Tosan David 08035826722 7 Mrs. Cicilian Richard 08186118836 8 Mrs. Angela Y. 08148251955

Opening Remarks The head consultant with the team members were introduced by the Site Monitoring Secretary to the women. The head appreciated the women for taking time to attend the meeting ensuring that the importance gender balanced perception is relevant to the success of the proposed SEEFOR project. He did a brief introduction concerning the proposed project. He explained that the team which in Safeguard officers were in the community to gather information that will pave way for the smooth implementation of the SEEFOR project adding that this is to ensure that women in the proposed project affected community are engaged in the project as required by international standards.

Perceived cause(s) of Bad State of Roads The leader of the women’s group stated that the bad state of the roads is as a result of lack of maintenance culture and heavy rainfall associated climatic condition of the

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region. These issues combined give away to gradual deterioration, which aggravated to the present state of the concerned roads.

Level of awareness of the project and the contribution of the women to the project After the briefing, it was realized that majority of the attendees were not cut unaware about the proposed SEEFOR project. As was reported, this is because sometimes in 2013, the representative from Delta SEEFOR had come to inform the residents along axis about the proposed project by the government of Nigeria, in which some of the concerned roads were marked. In terms of contribution towards the success of the project, the women unanimously made the following recommendations;  Since the workers will need food during the civil and rehabilitation works, this service should be provided to the workers by women in the affected community  Women should be employed as part of the labour force. They express the fact that some of the women are as skilled as men in some areas. Therefore, the women should be given equal consideration in this aspect of the project  The women are also ready to provide voluntary service if needed during the construction phase of the jobs.  The women will support the project peacefully.

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR)

MINUTES OF THE KEY IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW WITH THE YOUTH LEADER OF THE SEEFOR PROJECT IN EKU, DELTA STATE ON APRIL 17TH, 2014 AT 04:35 PM The KII with the Youth Leader was necessitated by the importance of the youths to the success of the proposed project. It is on the basis that the KII was organised to feel the pulse of the youths concerning the project. The interview was conducted by the socioeconomic consultant and it lasted for 45 minutes. Precisely, the following points were discussed within the course of the interview. (a) A brief explanation on state of the roads (b) Awareness of the Proposed SEEFOR project (c) The efforts of the youths towards curtailing the adverse impacts of bad roads (d) The impacts of the roads on commuters and the affected communities (e) What are the key issues that concerns the youth about the project (f) Additional input from the youth members to ensure that the project is executed without any glitch

Opening remarks The interview commenced with a brief introduction of the project details in the community to the youth leader. The need to get the youths informed before the commencement of questionnaire administration and survey for ESMP in the area was emphasized and reiterated. It is on this background that the interview was based.

A brief explanation about the concerned roads The respondent claimed that bad state of the roads was due to lack of maintenance and heavy rainfall in the area during rainy seasons. Gradually, the roads develop to the present state. And, there have been efforts by the government at various levels – Local, State, Federal to fix the roads but there’s been a public outcry about the level of manpower and resources available to such contractor(s). Sometimes youth used to make effort to fill some big pot holes when it becomes unbearable, sometime desilting of drainage, especially during monthly environmental sanitation. He reiterated that optimistically, the current approach would yield better results at remediating and rehabilitating the affected roads to become motorable and comfortable.

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR)

Knowledge of SEEFOR Most of the youth stated that they are not new to SEEFOR and the objectives of the government towards the programme. As a member of the site monitoring committee, the respondent claimed that SEEFOR’s objectives have been discussed at length with respect to affected roads in the communities.

Efforts of the youths before now As stipulated, the interviewee claimed that there have been several efforts by the youths. He added that the youths have resulted to the use of sands sometimes mixed cement to fill pot holes and thus to control further damage and the opening of the soil surface to sheet erosion which could eventually result to gully. The approach is periodic and mostly in response to the commencement of rain to curtail the expansion of the pot holes.

Key issues that concerns the youths in the area Youth of the proposed SEEFOR project area are highly positive. From them, the maximum support needed for the implementation of the project is guaranteed. As intensify by the youth leader, the youths of the area are ready to support the project. However, some things are critical that must be addressed. These are as listed as follows; 1. The local youths demand for employment of its members of ad hoc staff for the project. As explained, some of the youths are unemployed, who are looking for jobs to make ends meet. And, there are unlettered unskilled youths that can form the basis of labourers to be used for menial jobs during the civil works. Some of the skilled youths can be used as administrative staff members, particularly within the duration of the project. 2. It was also realized that, some of the youths can be employed as local security personnel. Although, there would have been special security provided by the government, the local security could be useful due to fact that, they understand the terrain better and thus they would provide better security for either expatriate workers or top executives of the company. 3. Interestingly, there is an assurance of peace and tranquility during the course of the proposed SEEFOR project including other civil works. It was reassure

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Delta State Employment and Expenditure for Results (Delta-SEEFOR)

that, the youths will help to fast-tracked the completeness of the project as they have the needed energy and are also self-motivated.

Further words to ensure success of the project Before the beginning of the main civil works, it is expected that, the contractor with SEEFOR official will engage the local populace about the next phase of the project. In order words, people must be carried along as this is very important. This will enhance information dissemination for the project. This should be based on sensitization across social and demographic lines. All social groups must be aware of the project.

As initially stated, some of the female youths can also be considered as key as well. They can be employed as cooks or be permitted to supply food to the workers on the field during break periods. This will also provide a means of livelihood for some of the female youths which can be continued after the project.

Essentially, the full cooperation of everyone must be sort and the project must not be taken a political statement by one. In order to ensure this, information about the project must be aired on different media houses.

Closing The discussion concluded subsequently.

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