APPENDIX A

LIST OF POTENTIAL NOVELS Headings The author and title of each potential novel, together with its date of publica­ tion in brackets, appear in the first two columns. The column headed, ‘Chapter’, gives the number of the chapter in which a novel is discussed. How­ ever, if the number is in square brackets accompanied by the symbol ‘N’, the novel is referred to in that chapter only in the initial note which will explain why the particular work turned out to be unsuitable for my purposes. The right-hand column headed ‘Lib’ records the particular library which houses each out-of-print novel. The symbol ‘prt’ indicates that a novel is in print. The following coding is used for the various libraries which 1 used: DA = Don Africana; ESD = English Studies, University of Natal, Durban; RU = Rhodes University; KC = Killie Campbell; NELM = National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown; NSL = Natal Society Library, Pietermaritzburg; SAL = South African Library, Cape Town; UCT = African Studies Library (Stackroom), Univer­ sity of Cape Town; UND = Malherbe Library, University of Natal, Durban; UNISA = University of South Africa Library, Pretoria. Author Title Chapter Lib Altman, P Taw o f the vultures (’52) 8 prt Attwell, Sidney Drifting to destruction (’27) 1 SAL Baker, Amy J The snake garden (T 5) 1 UCT Bancroft, F Money's worth (T 5) 3 SAL A n armed protest (T 8) 2 DA Bee, Allan G A man should rejoice (’38) [2 & 3, N] KC Keeper o f the highway (’42) [2 & 3, N] KC Black, S W The dorp (’20) 2 DA

291 Author Title Chapter Lib Blackburn, D Love muti (T 5) 1 ESD Bloom, H Transvaal episode (’56) 8 prt Buchan, John Pres ter John (’10) 1 prt Buxton, Howard One way home (’46) [7, N] DA Cameron, V L Reverse the shield (’26) 4 RU Cripps, A S Bay-tree country (’13) [3,N] SAL Darter, A For the love o f Gyp (T 3) [1,N] DA De Villiers, F E The newcomers (’52) [8, N] SAL Edge, K M Through the cloudy porch (’12) 3 SAL Fraser, Colin Saartje: a tale of the diamond [5,N] DA digging(’28) Gibbs, Peter Stronger than armies (’53) 7 DA Giles, N Jim Crow’s brethren (’32) 4 DA,UCT Rebels in the sun (’35) 2 UCT Gordimer, N The lying days (’53) 8 prt Graham, S African tragedy (’37) [3,N] DA,SAL Hardy, G W The black peril (T 4) 1 SAL Hope, Noel Nomquba: a Zulu maid (’23) 1 DA Joubert, Magda Karooso (’39) 4 SAL Kingon, W A A trader’s daughter: [1,N] NSL a tale of Kaffir land (’10/’06) Lamont, A South Africa in Mars (’23) [4,N] DA,NSL Lamont, JHP Halcyon days in A frica (’34) [4, N] DA,NSL [=Saint-Mande] Lanham, P Blanket boy’s moon (’53) 7 UND Lewis, E Wild deer (’33) 4 UND MacDonald, Tom Gate o f gold (’46) 6 DA Mansfield, C The dupe (’17) [Intro] SAL May, H J & I am black: the story o f [5,N] DA J G Williams Shabala (’36) Millin S G The Jordans (’23) 3 SAL The coming of the lord (’28) 5 UND,DA The Herr Witchdoctor (’41) 6 DA Mitford, B The white hand and the black (’07) 1 DA Forging the blade (’08) 1 KC A dual resurrection (TO) 1 SAL Seaford’s snake (T2) 1 SAL Morewood, S [See under ‘Hope, Noel’]

292 Author Title Chapter Lib Nicholls, G H Bayete: ‘ Hail to the king’ (’23) 1 UND Paton, Alan Cry, the beloved country (’48) 7 prt Paul, Nendick A child in the midst (’09) 1 DA,SAL Plomer, W C F Turbott Wolfe (’25) 5 prt Reid, Vincent Steel blanket (’46) P, N] DA,NSL Rooke, D Ratoons (’53) 7 prt Sachs, Wulf Black anger (’47) [7,N] KC Sainte-Mande, W [See under ‘Lamont, J H P’] Scully, W C Daniel Vananda: the life story [5,N] DA o f a human being (’23) Smit, L A Sudden south-easter (’44) 6 DA,NSL Sowden, L The crookedbluegum (’55) 7 NSL Thompson, L The lion and the adder (’ 18) 2 DA Umfazi [Pseud] A madodana A mi 7 NELM [My Sons] (’50) Van der Post, L In a province (’34) 5 prt Walker, O Wanton city (’49) 7 DA Watson J C Shadow over the Rand (’55) 8 DA,SAL Westrup, W A sentimental cynic (’ll) 1 SAL The toll (T5) 3 UCT Shadows in the water (’29) [5,N] SAL Williams, J G [See under ‘May, FI J ’] Young, F E M The great unrest (’ 15) 3 UNISA Valley o f a Thousand Hills (T 5) 3 DA,NSL Young, F B Pilgrim's Rest (’22) 3 SAL

293 APPENDIX B

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION Preliminary notes

1 Writers whose biographies are adequately covered by the Companion to South African Literature (henceforth referred to as Companion) have not been included in this appendix. In some cases, however, brief references to one or more additional sources are given. Fuller details can be obtained from the Bibliography (except for cases mentioned in note 2). 2 Sources used only for this appendix are not listed in the Bibliography. 3 Writers who receive mention only in chapter footnotes are not included in this Appendix. Altman, P Apart from the Companion, see the interview by S-A Murray (Bibliography). Attwell, S Not mentioned in the Companion. His later novel, Kyamdaka (1933), was pub­ lished in Auckland, New Zealand, confirming the indication given by the author’s Foreword to Drifting to destruction (1927) that he had emigrated there. Kyamdaka is only a thinly disguised treatise on an idealised programme of successful segregation (the policy advocated by the character, Corporal Botha, in Drifting to Destruction). Baker, Amy Although Amy Baker wrote a number of novels (fully listed in ABSALE), she does not receive a mention in the Companion. I have not been able to trace any details of her life. Bancroft, F Apart from the Companion, see the unpublished MA dissertation by Catherine Corder (Bibliography), and Gareth Cornwell’s article, Trances Bancroft’s O f

294 like passions and the politics of sex in early twentieth-century South Africa’ {English in Africa 25(2): 1-35). Blackburn, D Apart from the Companion, see S Gray: Douglas Blackburn (Bibliography), and the special Blackburn issue of English in Africa 5(1). Bloom, H [The information below has been collated from two obituaries: (1) in the London Times (6.08.81), and (2) in Contemporary Authors, Vol 104.] Born in South Africa in 1913, Bloom distinguished himself at Wits, grad­ uating in law. At the outbreak of World War II he was a practising barrister and solicitor. After a spell in auxiliary war service, Bloom covered the Nur­ emberg War Trials as war correspondent with the British Forces in Germany. He then worked as a journalist in Eastern Europe before returning to South Africa where he devoted his legal expertise largely to the aid of the Anti- Apartheid Movement. Bunting mentions that Bloom defended Moses Ko- tane in the Treason Trial (1975:222). In 1956 his first book, Episode, was pub­ lished (see fuller details in chapter 8). Following publication he was arrested and detained for six weeks. Bloom contributed articles to Africa South in 1957 and 1958 on the South African Police and on the Treason Trial (a series of three). His folk jazz opera, KingKong, was written in 1959. However, detention without trial in 1962 brought his South African career to an end. In the fol­ lowing year he came to London in search of a new life, mainly as an academic and a journalist. The move coincided with the publication of his second novel, Whittaker s wife, which was chosen as the Book of the Month in the United States. He became, in turn, lecturer, then senior lecturer, in law at the Univer­ sity of Kent where in 1970 he introduced a course on the Law of Mass Media, and then in 1973 founded the Legal Research Unit for Computers and Com­ munications. He became an international authority on the question of safe­ guarding individuals’ rights in relation to mass media. This led to his furthest remove from his original career: an appointment in 1978 to a visiting professorship in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at Brunei University. He died in 1981 in Canterbury. Cameron, V L In its Addendum the Companion attributes Reverse the shield to the Victorian explorer Verney Lovett Cameron, whose adventure tale for boys, jack Hooper: his adventures at sea and in South Africa, was published in 1887. However, as the explorer died in 1894, and as the 1926 novel deals with South African politics of the early twenties, the attribution of authorship to the him (even in

295 terms of a posthumous publication) becomes untenable. W R Foran, who wrote a biography of the Victorian explorer, A frican odyssey: the life o f Verney Lovett Cameron (1937), says that ‘On June 2, 1883, [Cameron] married Amy, the daughter of William Morris. There were no children of this marriage’ (367). Foran, however, refers to the explorer’s nephew, E Verney Lovett-Ca- meron, who was the proud possessor of most of the uncle’s diaries concerning his journeying in Africa (p 35). I have not been able to Find any further in­ formation which would possibly enable me to identify this nephew with the writer of R everse the shield. In any case the initial ‘E’ does not appear in the novel itself. One therefore has the impression that the writer, whether related to the explorer or not, actually wished to create the impression that the Victorian Cameron was responsible for the work. What makes the case rather weird is that a major theme in the novel, only tenuously related to the political issues, is that of reincarnation. I cannot help therefore wondering whether some kind of metafictional joke is involved: could it be that the writer used the explorer’s name as a pseudonym in order to reinforce this theme? Edge, K [= Mrs C T Caulfield] Only the one novel, Through the cloudy porch, is listed in A BSA LE. I have not been able to trace any information about her life. Gibbs, P The following brief information was obtained from the back cover of Gibbs’s non-fictional work on Rhodesia: Land-locked island (see Bibliography). Gibbs was born in 1903 in London and educated at Aberdeen. Having qualified as a mechanical engineer, he lived in South Africa and Rhodesia from 1935 on­ wards. Giles, N In 1931 the journal, The 1820, reported that Norman Giles ‘whose South African novels are being widely read both in this country and overseas, is the nom-de-plume of a old-established settler living within a hundred miles of Cape Town’ (2(9):211). Three years later The Cape Argus published an ar­ ticle entitled ‘How I discovered Norman Giles: visit to his farm near Malmes­ bury’, by Ivan Williamson (24.03.34: 4). The writer ‘had determined to keep Giles’s identity a secret while he was in South Africa’ but ‘now that he has permanently left South Africa to settle in a cottage in the heart of rural Kent’ he felt more at liberty to reveal particulars of his life here. Giles’s reason for leaving was apparently to be nearer his publishers, and to fulfil the de­ mands of an exacting contract with more freedom than active farming could given him, not because he did not like the country or its climate. He was an

296 active farmer and an exporter of fruit during the time that he was building up his reputation as a novelist. In Williamson’s presence Giles’s made the inter­ esting comments: ‘We must learn to treat the native as a human being, and not as an animal. After all, it was originally his country and land, not ours. I can see no solution of the racial struggle in South Africa until both English and Dutch forget where they have come from’ (4). Hardy, G The unpublished MA dissertation by Peter Rees, ‘George Webb Hardy, jour­ nalist and novelist, and race relations in Natal, 1901—1906, with particular emphasis on miscegenation’ (1991), is the only account of Hardy’s life and work that I know of. The following details are taken from Rees’s dissertation. After frontier experiences in Canada and Australia, Hardy, a British-born journalist, arrived in Natal in 1901 and set up a weekly newspaper, The Prince, in Durban. His subsequent novel, Theblackperil, was based on his experiences in the colony. Rees offers the following useful contrast between Hardy and Blackburn (also a British-born journalist and novelist): ‘both were, for dif­ ferent reasons, highly controversial figures in colonial society. (Like Black­ burn] Hardy ... prided himself on his independent stance. But the two writers differ in their attitude to race relations: while Blackburn was “a radical dissenter from the imperial sloganeering of his day” (Gray 1984: Preface), and wrote with insight into and sympathy for the causes of Boer and black, Hardy’s conservatism often amounted to jingoism of the most reactionary kind. Hardy was frequently critical in The prince of Blackburn’s liberalism’ (1991:10, note 5). Hope, N [= Sarah Morewood] This writer is not mentioned in the Companion. ABSAEE lists only the one novel. Joubert, M Karooso, her only novel as far as I know, was published by the Pro Ecclesia Drukkery at Stellenbosch in 1939. The archivist of ‘The Stellenbosch Heemkring’, a society formed in 1968 to help conserve the cultural heritage of the town, searched through her material but could find no information on the author. Mrs Hannes Botha, Head of the Special Collections at the Univer­ sity of Stellenbosch Library, found that their copy of the novel was donated by Dr T E Donges, and inscribed by the author. The inscription (‘Aan Dr Donges, Met die agting van die skryfster, Stellenbosch, Feb. 1940’) reveals that M Joubert was living in Stellenbosch at the time. However, the two other publications referred to in this copy, A dream (1929) and A might-have-

291 been (1939), do not have entries in SABINET, nor is there any way of telling whether these works are in prose or poetic form. Unfortunately also, Dr Don- ges’s daughter has no recollection of, nor information about, Magda Joubert. Letters which 1 had published in The Cape Argus and Paart Post (since Paarl is Joubert country) elicited no response. Lanham, P See brief mention in the Companion. Further information about the co­ authoring relationship between Lanham and A S Mopeli-Paulus is to be found in the articles by Chris Dunton and Hannah Jones which are cited in the Biblography. MacDonald, T [Information obtained from an obituary in the Cape Times, 19 February 1980] MacDonald, a Welshman, spent forty years on British, Australian and South African newspapers. He was the first editor of My Lady, South Africa’s first glossy magazine. For many years he wrote a series of quaint sketches of South African villages and characters for his Sunday Times column, ‘A country notebook’. He retired from the Sunday Times in 1964. Aged seventy-six, he died in a small Welsh village on 9 February 1980 in the same house where he was born, having always had a deep desire to return to his childhood roots. MacDonald published six novels with Welsh settings and three non-fiction books on South African subjects. (The Cape Times is in error here if Gate o f gold is one of the six novels referred to, since it is not set in Wales at any stage.) Mitford, B Bertram Mitford (1855-1914), a member of the English landed gentry, came out to South Africa for the first time at the age of nineteen to engage in stock farming. Four years later, however (1878), he joined the Cape Civil Service, for which he worked as a clerk (and possibly magistrate) at border outposts such as Fort Beaufort until 1880. After a period spent back in England, and probably abroad, he returned to inspect the Anglo-Zulu War battle sites for himself, and to meet as many Zulu participants as possible. Through the Zulu country: its battlefields and its people (1883), possibly his only non-fictional prose work, was the result, together with his first novel, The gun runner (1882), the first of many in which Zulus are involved. Mitford’s next datable involvement was as proprietor of the Last London Advertiser (1886-1888), which seems to have been the major turning point in his career since, over the next twenty-five years, he proceeded to write about forty popular novels and short stories, mostly with a South African setting. Apart from trader-ad­ venturers, and young male emigrants engaged in self-discovery, Mitford’s

298 special interest is the adventurous, risky lives of troopers and police. Four novels narrate a fictional Zulu warrior’s life. Only one (A letta) has the Anglo-Boer War as focus. Mopeli-Paulus, A S See under Lanham, P Nicholls, H There is a brief reference in the Companion (under Bayete! Hail to the king). A fairly comprehensive account of his life is to be found in his book, South A frica in my time (1961), a mixture of autobiography and political memoirs. Here he makes brief mention of his one novel, explaining the reasons for the delay in publication (1961:93-94) which - in the light of his concerns in the novel — must have been deeply frustrating. Adopting the advice of Senator Langenhoven, as against that of Smuts, he finally went ahead with publica­ tion. Nicholls reflects ironically that while his book made ‘little difference to white political thought: as far as black thought was concerned Clement Kadali [sic], the prominent native leader, claimed that he received his inspiration from my book’ (1961:94). Paul, Nendick No information came to light. Clearly the writer was very familiar with the Greytown area of Natal. Rooke, D The main source of information about Rooke’s life is the series of interviews Ian Glenn conducted with her in 1988 (unpublished ms, housed at NELM, Grahamstown). Smit, L Two photographs in The South A frican Todies’ Pictorial are the closest I have come to tracking down information about Lilian Smit. In one of these she is shown with a companion at an Irma Stern exhibition in Cape Town. In the second she is in evening dress, gazing at a vase of roses, and the caption refers to her as mayoress of Bloemfontein. Sowden, L [Most of my information about Sowden comes from a PhD dissertation by L D M Stopforth, ‘Drama in South Africa, 1925-1955: a critical survey’. Uni­ versity of the Witwatersrand, 1956.] Born in Manchester, England, Sowden grew up in the Transvaal. On leaving the University of the Witwatersrand, he joined the staff of the Rand

299 Daily Mail as a general reporter. In 1935 he was appointed its dramatic critic, and later became a leader writer and assistant editor. With his wife, who was a music critic, Sowden spent two years travelling all over England, Scotland and Wales, and lecturing on South Africa, its problems and its people. His first book was a historical-sociological treatise, Union o f South A frica (1943). Shortly afterwards he had a book of poems published (Charmedfabric), and then several novels followed at regular intervals. Thompson, Leigh No information has come to light. Umfazi I thought that the dedication of the novel to Albert Schweitzer, and the fact that the novel was published by Editions Franco-Suisse would make it easy to identify this (presumably) woman author [‘umfazi’ is the Zulu word for woman]. The publisher remains as much a puzzle as the author. Watson, J C I have not been able to trace any details of his life. Westrup, W Westrup has a brief mention in the Companion. Two additional sources pro­ vided the information that follows: 1 [From the South African dictionary of national biography. 618-619] Dates: 1881-1943. Westrup arrived in South Africa in 1900 during the Second Anglo-Boer War, finding work, after hostilities had ceased, as a diamond digger and trader in the black reserves. His itinerant outdoor life after the war lasted about sixteen years and provided the material for his regional fiction. In 1916 he joined the Anglo-American Corporation in Johannesburg and was employed by this group for 25 years, during which period he became company secretary'. Apart from an occasional short story, he wrote no more fiction until Gathering thistles and Date and fourpence (both 1927). A further four novels and a collection of short stories, Old McBein, appeared in 1937. All Westrup’s novels were pub­ lished overseas; some were reissued in the USA. He achieved South African recognition, mainly through the pages of The Outspan, with his creation of the hunter-prospector Old McBein. After his retirement from the Anglo American Corporation in 1941, Westrup lived at Kloof outside Durban. He was killed on Durban station when he fell under a moving train while seeing off a relative.

300 2 [Paraphrased from an article by Westrup, ‘How I Began to Write’ (7 he Cape Argus, 24 October 1925: 9] Began writing at East London in 1908. Contributed humorous arti­ cles to Border News. The first novel, published in England, was A senti­ mental cynic (it had apparently been accepted by the first publisher to whom it was submitted). After that had five more novels published in England, but found that the money earned by writing was inadequate for a married man and so got a job. Young, F B Some details can be added to those already given by the Companion. [From The South African Nation, ‘Pen Portraits’ (vi): ‘Francis Brett Young’, January 3, 1925: 17] When Brett Young became a doctor of medicine he worked as a ship’s surgeon for several years, but later established a practice at Brixham, Worces­ tershire, where he had been bom in 1884. During the period of his practice he wrote several novels. Then he volunteered for active service in World War 1 and was first stationed in East Africa. Later he was attached to the Second Rhodesian Regiment, which formed the first link between himself and South Africa. In 1917 he was invalided out of the army owing to severe ma­ laria. In 1921 he spent six months in the Northern Transvaal and Johannes­ burg, and a further six as the guest of Sir Lionel and Lady Philips at ‘Vergelegen’ near Somerset West. It was there that he began to write his no­ vels Pilgrim’s Rest and Woodsmoke. Young, F E M [The information below is taken from ‘Pen Portraits (v): Miss F E Mills Young’ in The South African Nation, 27 December 1924:11-12] The writer reports that, by means of correspondence, s/he tracked Miss Mills Young down to Torquay in Devonshire, but did not actually get much information about her life from the reply. She was bom in Twickenham, Eng­ land and first visited South Africa at the age of nine. (The Companion, how­ ever, claims that she was born in South Africa.) At the age of 14 she accompanied her family to Port Elizabeth where they lived until the outbreak of the Boer War. They returned to England in 1900. Subsequently she revis­ ited the Cape for purposes connected with her work, and also from a desire to see the country again. In 1912, together with her mother and sister, she re­ turned for a year, and made a fairly extensive tour, including Natal. She re­ turned again in 1920 when she stayed at the Sundays River Settlement for a short time.

301 Alphabetical list of fictional authors discussed

Altman, Phyllis 1952. The law o f the vultures. Chapter 8 Attwell, Sidney 1927. Drifting to destruction. Chapter 1 Baker, Amy B 1915. The snake garden. Chapter 1 Bancroft, Francis [pseudonym: Slater, Frances C] 1915. Money’s worth. Chapter 3 Bancroft, Francis [pseudonym: [Slater, Frances C] 1918. A n armed protest. Chapter 2, pp 000 Black, Stephen 1920. The dorp. Chapter 2 Blackburn, Douglas 1915. Tove muti. Chapter 1 Bloom, Harry 1982 (1959), Transvaal episode. Ch 8 Buchan, John 1956 (1910). Prester John. Chapter 1 Cameron, V Lovett 1926. Reverse the shield. Chapter 4 Caulfield, C T See Edge, Kathleen. Edge, Kathleen [pseudonmym: Caulfield, CT], 1912. Through the cloudy porch. Chapter 3 Gibbs, Peter 1953. Stronger than armies. Chapter 7 Giles, Norman [pseudonym: McKeown, N] 1932. Jim Crow’s brethren. Chapter 4 Giles, Norman [pseudonym: Mckeown, N] 1935. Rebels in the sun. Chapter 2 Gordimer, Nadine 1983 (1953). The Tying Days. Chapter 8 Hardy, George W 1912. The black peril. Chapter 1 Hope, Noel [Pseudonym: Morewood, Sarah] 1923. Nomquba: a Zulu maid. Chapter 1 Joubert, Magda 1939. Karooso: a novel. Chapter 4 Lanham, Peter (& A S Mopeli-Paulus) 1984 (1953). Blanket boy’s moon. Chapter 7 Lewis, Ethelreda H 1984 (1933). Wild deer. Chapter 4 MacDonald, Tom 1946. Gate o f gold. Chapter 6

302 McKeown, N. See Giles, N Millin, Sarah G 1923. The Jordans. Chapter 3 Millin, Sarah G 1928. The com ingof the lord. Chapter 5 Millin, Sarah G 1941. The Herr Witchdoctor. Chapter 6 Mitford, Bertram 1907. The white hand and the black. Chapter 1 Mitford, Bertram 1908. Forging the blades. Chapter 1 Mitford, Bertram 1910. A dual resurrection. Chapter 1 Mitford, Bertram 1912. Seaford's snke. Chapterl Mopeli-Paulus, AS (& Peter Lanham) 1984 (1953). Blanket boy’ swoon. Chapter 7 Morewood, Sarah See Hope, Noel Nicholls, G Heaton 1923. Bayete! Hail to the king. Chapter 1 Paton, Alan 1958 (1948). Cry, the beloved country: a story of comfort in desolation. Chapter 7 Paul, Nendick 1906. A child in the midst. Chapter 1 Rooke, Daphne 1990 (1953). Ratoons. Chapter 7 Smit, Lillian A 1944. Sudden south-easter. Chapter 6 Sowden, Lewis 1955. The crookedbluegum. Chapter 7 Thompson, Leigh 1918. The lion and the adder: a story of the South African Rebellion. Chapter 2 ‘Umfazi’ 1950. A madodana ami (My Sons): a story of racial conflicts in South Africa. Chapter 7 Van der Post, Laurens 1984 (1934). In a province. Chapter 5 Walker, Oliver 1949. Wanton city: an escapade. Chapter 7 Watson, J C 1955. Shadow over the Rand. Chapter 8 Westrup, William 1911. A sentimental cynic. Chapter 1 Westrup, William 1914. The toll. Chapter 3 Young, Francis Brett. 1922. Pilgrim’s Rest. Chapter 3 Young, FEM ills 1915. The great unrest. Chapter 3

303 Young, F E Mills 1915. Valley o f a Thousand Hills. Chapter 3 Young, F E Mills 1919. The shadow o f the past. Chapter 2

304 Bibliography 1 Primary sources

Altman, Phyllis 1952. The law o f the vultures. Johannesburg: Donker. Attwell, Sidney 1927. Drifting to destruction. London: Walker. Baker, Amy B 1915. The snake garden. London: Long. Bancroft, Francis (pseudonym: Slater, Frances C) 1915. Money’s worth. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Bancroft, Francis 1918. An armed protest. London: Hutchinson. Black, Stephen 1920. The dorp. London: Melrose. Blackburn, Douglas 1915. Love muti. London: Everett. Bloom, Harry 1956 Episode. London: Collins. (Re-titled Transvaal episode in 1959) Bloom, Harry 1982 [1959]. Transvaaleisode. Cape Town: David Philip. Buchan, John 1956 [1910]. Prester John. Penguin: Harmondsworth. Buxton, Howard 1946. One way home. Cape Town: Timmins. Cameron, V Lovett 1926. Reverse the shield. London: Selwyn & Blount. Caulfield, C T. See Edge, Kathleen. Cripps, A S. 1913. Bay-tree country: a story o f Mashonaland. London: Simpkin, Marshall. Darter, A. 1913 Tor the love o f Gyp. London: Murray & Evenden. Edge, Kathleen (pseudonym: Caulfield, C T) 1912. Through the cloudy porch. London: Murray. Fraser, Colin. 1928. Saartje:A Tale of the Diamond Digging. London: Stockwell. Gibbs, Peter 1953. Stronger than Armies. Johannesburg: Central News Agency. Giles, Norman (pseudonym: McKeown, N) 1932. Jim Crow’s Brethren. London: Collins. Giles, Norman 1935. Rebels in the Sun. London: Collins. Gordimer, Nadine 1983 (1953). The lying days. London: Virago. Graham, Stephen 1937. African tragedy. London: Rich & Cowan. Hardy, George W 1912. The Black peril. London: Holden & Hardingham. Hope, Noel (pseudonym: Morewood, Sarah) 1923. Nomquba: a Zulu maid. London: Salvationist Publishers.

305 Joubert, Magda 1939. Karoo so: a novel. Stellenbosch: Pro Ecclesia Drukkery. Kingon, W A 1910. A trader’s daughter: a tale o f Kaffir land. London: Ouseley. Lamont, A 1923. South Africa m Mars. London: Richard. Lamont, J H P (pseudonym: Saint-Mande, Wilfred) 1934. Halcyon days in A frica. London: Partridge. Lanham, Peter (& A S Mopeli-Paulus) 1984 (1953). blanket boy’s moon. Cape Town: David Philip. Lewis, Ethelreda H 1984. (1933) Wild deer. Cape Town: David Philip. MacDonald, Tom 1946. Gate o f gold. London: Hurst & Blackett. Mansfield, C 1917. lhedupe:A British and South African story oftheyears 1914and 1915. London: Simpkin, Marshall. May, H J and J G Williams 1936. I am black: the story of Shabala. London: Cassell. McKeown, N. See Giles, N. Millin, Sarah G 1923. The Jordans. London: Collins. Millin, Sarah G 1928. The comingof the lord. London: Constable. Millin, Sarah G 1941. The Herr Witchdoctor. London: Heinemann. Mitford, Bertram. 1907. 7 he white hand and the black. London: Ward & Lock. Mitford, Bertram 1908. Forging the blades. London: Ward & Lock. Mitford, Bertram 1910. A dual resurrection. London: Ward & Lock. Mitford, Bertram 1912. Seaford’s snake. London: Ward & Lock. Mopeli-Paulus, A S (& Peter Lanham) 1984 (1953). Blanket boy’s moon. Cape Town: David Philip. Morewood, Sarah. See Hope, Noel. Nicholls, G Heaton 1923. Bayetel Hail to the king. London: Allen & Unwin. Paton, Alan 1958 [1948]. Cry, the beloved country: a story o f comfort in desolation. Harmondsworth, Sussex: Penguin. Paul, Nendick 1906. A child in the midst. Pietermaritzburg: Davis. Reid, Vincent 1946. Steel blanket. Cape Town: Stewart. Rooke, Daphne 1990 (1953). Ratoons. Plumstead, Cape: Chameleon Press. Sachs, Wulf 1996 (1947). Black anger (originally Black Hamlet). Boston: Litde, Brown & Co. Saint-Mande, Wilfred. See Lamont, J H P.

306 Scully, W C 1923. Daniel Vananda: the life story o f a human being. Cape Town: Juta. Smit, Lillian A 1944. Sudden south-easter. Cape Town: Unie-Volkspers. Sowden, Lewis 1955. The crookedbluegum. London: Bodley Head. Thompson, Leigh 1918. The lion and the adder: a story ofthe South African rebellion. London: Mills & Boon. ‘Umfazi’ 1950. Amadodana ami ( my sons): a story o f racial conflicts in south Africa. Editions Franco-Suisses. Van der Post, Laurens 1984 (1934). In a province. Harmondsworth, Sussex: Penguin. Walker, Oliver 1949. Wanton city: an escapade. London: Laurie. Watson, J C 1955. Shadow over the Rand. Johannesburg: Central News Agency. Westrup, William 1911. A sentimental cynic. London: Alston Rivers. Westrup, William 1914. The toll. London: Hurst & Blackett. Westrup, William 1929. Shadows in the water. London: Long. Young, Francis Brett 1922. Pilgrim’s rest. London: Collins. Young, F E Mills 1915. The great unrest. London: Lane. Young, F E Mills 1915. Valley o f a Thousand Hills. London: Bodley Head. Young, F E Mills 1919. The shadow of the past. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

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319 INDEX

ABSALE, see bibliography of South African Afrikaner/English unity, see unity of literature in English, A whites AMWU, see African Mine Workers’ Union Afrikaner nationalism, in: ANC, see African National Congress Gate o f Gold, 167, 168 A dam’s rest (Millin), 282 Reverse the shield, 98 Adey, David, Ridley Beeton, Michael Sudden South-Easter, 164, 165 Chapman, Ernest Pereira (eds) Com­ Afrikaner way of life as eepictedin South panion to South African English literature, African English fiction, The, (Van Zyl, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302 MA dissertation), xxiv Africa fo r the Africans: the Garvey Movement A letta (Mitford), 300 in South Africa 1920 1940, (Hill and Alexandra Bus Boycott, 171, 178-179, 181 Pirio), 125, 286 1940, 178 African Mine Workers’ Union, see Trade 1942, 178 unions 1943, 178-179 African National Congress, 126, 130, 131, in: Crookedbluegum, The, 195 132,133, 134, 140,175, 233-236, 237- Allister Smith, J, see Smith, J Allister 239,252-253, 255,285 Altman, Phyllis, 226, 236-239, 265, 266, Annual Congress of 1943, 233 267, 268, 271,272, 295 ‘Defend Free Speech’ convention, 240 Law o f the vultures, The, 226, 233, 236- Defiance Campaign, 246-251 239, 266, 267, 268, 271,272,273 and the ‘Doctors Pact’, 206 Altman, Phyllis, (interviewed by S-A and Freedom Day, 240-241 Murray, journal article), 236, 238 and the Israelites, 118, 120 A madodana ami (Umfazi), 171, 207-208, in haw of the vultures, 236-239 224-225, 231 organisation of workers in Western Natal Indian Riots, in, 207 Cape, 98 racism, in, 207-208 pass-burning campaign, 133 unity of whites, in, 208 support for ‘native’ republic policy, ambiguity, in: 130 Cry, the beloved country, 192 and the trade union movement, 181 ambivalence, in: in Transvaal episode, 255-256 Bayete! Hail to the king, 19-22 Versailles Conference, 117 Black peril, The, 12-13 African National Congress Youth League, Child in the midst, The, 10-12 227, 232-236, 237-238, 242 Dorp, The, 41 acceptance as part of the ANC, 233 Dual resurrection, A, 14, 17, 18 formation of League, 237 Forging the blades, 14, 15-16, 17 Programme of Action, 235 Love muti, 22-24 strategy of mass action, 234 Nomquba: a Zulu maid, 12 African Tragedy (Graham), 282 Pres ter John, 8-10 Africanist perspective, in: Taw o f the Vul­ Ratoons, 211, 218 tures, The, 237-239 SeaforcT s snake, 14,16 Afrikaner Broederbond, 97 White hand and the black, The, 14, 16, 17 Afrikaner civil religion, 90, 98 Andrews, William H, 51, 58 Anglo-Boer War, see Wars

320 Anglo-Zulu War, see Wars Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Represen­ anti-Afrikaner sentiment, in: tation Act, 202 Gate o f fold, 167, 168, 169 Astinsky, Aviva, 5 anti-Communist sentiment, in: Bibliography of South African novels, 1930 Wild deer, 110 -1960, xviii anti-English sentiment, in: Attwell, Sidney, 1,2,5,7-8,12,25,26,233, ArmedProtest, Art, 31, 42 270,274, 275, 295 Herr Witchdoctor, The, 161, 163, 169 Drijting to destruction, 1,2, 7-8, 12 Rebels in the sun, 37 233,270,274,275 Shadow o f the past, The, 42 Kyandaka, 295 anti-German Protests (Durban, 1915), see Protests Bagwandeen, Dowlat, 172, 200-201 anti-German sentiment, in: People on trial, A -fo r breaching racism, Tion and the adder, The, 40, 43 171 Shadow of the Past, The, 40 Bain, Andrew Geddes, 31 anti-liberalism, in: Kaatje Kekkelbek, 31 Taw of the vultures, The, 236, 267, 271 Bain, J T ,5 1,52, 53, 59 Tying days, The, 243, 245 Baker, Amy, 1, 2, 6-7, 25, 272, 276, 295 anti-Ossewa-Brandwag sentiment, in: Snake garden, The, 6-7, 272, 276 Sudden South-Easter, 163,165, 168,169, Bambatha, Chief, see Chiefs 170,271 Bambatha Rebellion, see Rebellions anti-racism, in: Bancroft, Frances, xii, 28,31,32,33,38,39, Gate o f gold, 166, 168 41,43,44,66-68,84,85,269,271,272, anti-semitism, in: 275, 295 Gate o f gold, 166 Armed protest, An, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, Herr Witchdoctor The, 163 37, 38, 39, 41,42, 43, 269, 272, 275 apartheid, 174, 185, 186, 270 Money’s worth, 45, 53, 58, 66-68, 84, 85, idea of, in: 275 Drifting to destruction, 7-8, 233 O f like passions, xiii, 31 Jim Crow’s brethren, 104 Bayete! Hail to the king, (Nicholls), 1,2, 19- Shadow over the Rand, 231-233 22, 273, 279, 280, 300 A rmed protest, An, (Bancroft), 32, 34, 37, ambivalence, in, 19-22 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 269, 272, 275 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 19—22 anti-English sentiment, in, 37, 38 Bay-tree country, (Cripps), 282 black rebellion, in, 38 Because they chose the plan of God, (Edgar) 117 Boer Rebellion, in, 38, 272 Bee, AG, 281,282, 283, feminism, in, 34 Keeper of the Highway, 281, 282 pacifism, in, 35-6, 39, 42,44 Man Should Rejoice, A , 281, 282 propaganda, in, 41 Beeton, D Ridley, xviii South West Africa, in, 32 Companion to South African English lit­ unity of whites, in, 32 erature, The (Adey, Beeton, Chapman, Armstrong, H C, 46, 48 Pereira, eds) xviii, xxiii, 295, 296, 298, Grey steel (J C Smuts: a study in arro­ 299,300,301 gance), 46, 48 Pilot Bibliography o f South African A rt of conscience: Re-reading Nadine Gordtmer English Titerature, A , xviii (Dimitriu), 242, 278

321 Beyers, C F (Commandant-General), 30, In a province, 141, 144 32, 35 Blackburn, Douglas, 1,2, 14, 22-24, 25, bibliography o f South African literature in 26, 270, 274, 277, 296,298 English, A , (ABSALE), xviii, 279,281, Leaven, 284 288,295, 297,298 Love Muti, 1, 2, 22-24, 270, 274, 277 Bibliography o f South African novels, 1930 Blacks, sympathy for, in: 1960, A , (Astinsky), xviii Jim Crow’s bethren, 102, 103 Bibliography ofSouth African Novels in English Wild deer, 111, 112 published from 1880-1930, (Snyman), Blanket Boy’s Moon, (Mopeli-Paulus and P. xviii Lanham), 171,172,208-210, 223, 225, bildungsroman, 6, 66 275 Black, Stephen, xxiv,28, 31,32, 36-37, 38- inter-racial friendships, in, 20R-210 39,41,42, 43, 271,281 Natal Indian Riots, in, 208-210 Dorp, The, 28,31, 36-37,38-39, 41, 42, Bloom, Harold, xxii, 226, 246, 251, 254— 43,103,281 265,266-268, 270, 271, 273, 290-291, Love and the Hyphen, 31, 281 296 Black Anger, (Sachs), 288 Transvaal episode, xxii, 226, 233, 246, black dissidents, support for, in: 251,254-265, 266-268, 270, 271, 273, Comingof the lord, The, 122, 123, 124, 274,275,276 142-143, 271 Whittaker's wife, 296 Crooked bluegum, The, 271 Boer Rebellion, see Rebellions Cry, the beloved country, 271 Bonner, Philip, 172 Law o f the vultures, The, 211 Politics of black squatter movements on the Lying Days, The, 271 Rand, 1944-1952, (article), 172 Stronger than armies, 271 Bosman, Captain Walter, 280 Transvaal episode, 271 Natal Rebellion o f 1906, The, 3, 280 black consciousness, in: Botha, General Louis, 283 Lying days, The, 242 Botha-Smuts administration (1913), Transvaal episode, 251, 265 51 Black lookingglass in white South A frican lit­ Commission of Enquiry into Indian erature, The, (Wade, journal article), Strikes, 73 254,255-256, 265 decision to enter World War I, 30 Black Miners’ Strike, see Strikes Miners’ Strike, (1913), 56 Black peril, The, (Hardy), 1, 2, 12-13, 297 Miners’ Strike, (1914), 60 ambivalence, in, 12-13 support for, in novels, 32, 34, 42, 44, Bambatha Rebellion, in, 12-13 63 colonialism, criticism of, in, 12-13 white political conflict, 90, 91 miscegenation, in, 13 Bradford, Helen, 126, 128, 133 Black politics in South A frica since 1945, Taste of freedom, A : the ICU in rural South (Lodge), 172, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, Africa, 1924-1930,126, 128,133 183, 233, 234, 235,236,240,241,242, Brett Young, Francis, tee Young, Francis 246, 249, 250, 251, 252,253, 255 Brett black rebellion, see Rebellions Broederbond, see Afrikaner Broederbond black rural unrest, 116-144 Brookes, Edgar 200 black urban protests, see Protests PresidentialA ddress, A GM of the South black/white unity, in:

322 African Institute o f Race Relations, South African literatures, 281 (1948) 200 Charmed fabric, (Sowden), 301 Brookes, Edgar and Webb, C de B, 200 Chennells, A J, xi, xvi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, 278 History of Natal, 200 Settler myths and the Southern Rhodesian Building a nationfrom words: Afrikaans lan­ Novel (PhD dissertation), xi, xvi, xxiii, guage, literature and ethnic identity, 1902- 278 1924, (Hofmeyr, I, article), 284 Chiefs: Buchan, John, 1,2, 8-10, 24, 25, 26, 273, Bambatha, 1, 2-3, 4, 11, 14, 15, 26 274,279 Dinizulu, 3 Prester John, 1,2, 8-10, 24, 259, 273, Mveli, 2 274, 290 Child in the midst, A , (Paul), 1, 2, 10-12 Bulhoek, 118-121,273 ambivalence, in, 10-12 in: Comingof the lord, The, 121 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 11 massacre at, 120, 285 paternalism, in, 12 Bunting, Brian, 227, 251, 289 Chinese miners, opposition to, in: Moses Kotane: South African revolu­ Through the cloudy porch, 47-48 tionary, 227, 251, 289 Christian vision, in: Butler, Jeffrey, Richard Elphick and Cry, the beloved country, 195 David Welsh (eds) 278 Chronicles of darkness, (Ward), 286, 287 Democratic liberalism in South A frica: its Class and Colour in South A frica 1850-1950, history andprospects, 278 (Simons J and R), 47, 52, 73, 76, 79, Buxton, Howard, 288 117,126,128,129,130, 172, 182,183, One way home, 288 242,283,286 Clingman, Stephen, xv, 227, 242, 243, 244, CNETU, see Council for Non-European 289 Trade Unions Novels of Nadine Gordimer, The, 227, CPSA, see Communist Party of South 242, 243,244, 289 Africa Coetzee, J M, xiv, 220 Callinicos, Luli, 46 Novel and history, The, (article), xiv Gold and workers, 1886-1924 (a people’s Waitingfor the Barbarians, 220 history o f South Africa, Vol I), 46 colonialism, criticism of, in: Cameron, V Lovett, xxiii, 88, 98, 112, 113, Black peril, The, 12-13 114, 274, 275, 296-297 Dual resurrection, 14, 17, 18 Reverse the shield, xxiii, 88, 98-101, 104, Forging the blades, 14, 15, 17 112-114, 274, 275, 296-297 Love muti, 23-24 Campbell, Roy, 285 White hand and the black, The, 16, 17 Carpenter, Frederic, 286 Coloured/white relationships, in: Laurens van der Post, 286 Crooked bluegum, The, 198—200 Caulfield, C T, see Edge, Kathleen Comingof the Lord, The (Millin), xxiv, 116, Chamber of Mines, 42-48, 51,76, 77, 182, 121-125, 142, 143, 144, 270, 274, 285 183 black dissidents, support for, in 122, Chapman, Michael, 281 123,124, 142, 270 Companion to South African English Lit­ Bulhoek, in, 121 erature, (Adey, Ridley Beton, irony, in, 121, 122, 124, 142 Chapman, Pereira, eds), xviii, xxiii, Israelite community, in, 121 295,296,298,299,300,301, 302 racism, in, 122, 124

323 commercialism, in: criticism, literary: Seafonf s snake, 14 Marxist, xiii communism, 146 cultural materialism, xiv interest in, in: In a province, 136,137, deconstruction, xiv 138,139,141, 142, 286 postmoderism, xiv Communist Party of South Africa, see Po­ poststructuralism, xiv litical parties critics’ views o f: Companion to South A frican English literature, Transvaal episode, 254—255 The, (Adey, Ridley Beeton, Chapman, Crookedbluegum, The, (Sowden), 171, 198— Pereira, eds) xviii, xxiii, 296, 298, 299, 200,223-225,274,276, 277 300,301 Alexandra Bus Boycott, in, 198 Comrade Bill: The life and times of W. H. black dissidents, support for, in, 271 A ndrews, workers’ Eeader, (Cope, R K), Black Miners’ Strike (1946), in, 198 46, 51, 52, 53-54, 57 Coloured/White relationships, in, Conservative revolution, A : Republican mascu­ 198-200 linity and the 1914 Boer rebellion, (Swart, racism, in 198-200 Paper presented at Natal University), Crwys-Williams, Jennifer, 146, 151-152, 30-31,281 154 Cope, Jack, 279 Country at war, A : South Africa 1939- Fair house, The, xiv, 279 1945,146, 151-152,154 Cope, R K, xii, xxi Cry, the beloved country, (Paton), xx, xxiii, Comrade Bill: The life and times of W. H. xxiv, xxv, 171,188-195, 207,223, 224, A ndrews, workers’ leader, 46, 51, 52, 53- 225, 242, 270, 272, 273,276 54, 57 ambiguity, in, 192 Corder, Catherine, 38, 282, 295 Black dissidents, support for, in 270 Countering Empire on the Faraway veld: Christian vision, in, 195 Romance and Nationalism in the Fiction o f determinism, in, 188, 193 Frances Slater (MA dissertation), 38, inter-racial friendships, in, 193, 225 282,295 justice, concept of, in, 193 Cornwell, Gareth, 295-296 law, concept of, in, 193 Frances Bancroft’s O f like passions and liberalism, in, 188-191, 193, 195 the politics of sex in early-twentieth century naturalism, in, 188, 193 South Africa (article), 295-296 paternalism, in 188, 189, 288 Council for Non-European Trade Unions, reform, idea of, in, 224 see Trade Unions Cry, the beloved country and thefailure o f liberal Countering Empire on the faraway veld: romance vision), (Watson, S, article in English and nationalism in the fiction of Frances in Africa), 190, 195 Charlotte Slater, (Corder, MA disserta­ cultural materialism, tee criticism, literary tion), 38, 282, 295 Culture o f censorship, A : secrecy and intellectual Country at war, A : South A frica 1939-1945, repression in South A frica, A , (Merrett), (Crwys-Williams), 146, 151-152, 154 xxii Crawford, Archibald, 52, 58, 59, 60, 75 Creswell, Frederick, 47, 51, 59 Daniel V'ananda, (Scully), 284 Cripps, Arthur S, 282 Dark river, The, (Millin), 282 Bay-tree country, 282 Darter, A, 278-279 Criticism and ideology, (Eagleton), xiii For the love o f Gyp, 278-279

324 Davenport, T R H, 29, 89, 284 Dunbar Moodie, T, see Moodie, T Dunbar South Africa: a modem history, 29, 89, Dupe, The, (Mansfield), xix 284 De la Rey, General Koos, 30 Eagleton, Terence, xiii in: A rmedprotest, A n, 32 Criticism and ideology, xiii Rebels in the sun, 32 Edgar, Robert, 117 De Villiers, F E, 289 Because they chose the plan of God, 117 Newcomers, The, 289 Edge, Kathleen, xxiii, 45,48-50, 84, 85,86, De Wet, General C R, 30 275, 276, 282,297 in: Lion and the Adder, The, 35, 43 Through the cloudy porch, xxiii, 45, 47, 48- Rebels in the Sun, 32 50, 84, 85, 86, 275, 276, 297 deconstruction, see criticism, literary Elphick, Richard, Jeffrey Butler and Defiance Campaign (1952), 226, 246-251, David Welsh, (eds), 278 252, 253, 255-256 Democratic liberalism in South A frica: its in: Transvaal episode,255—256, 263 history andprospects, 278 Democratic Liberalism in South A frica: its his­ English/Afrikaner unity, see unity of tory and prospects, (Jeffrey Butler, Whites Richard Elphick and David Welsh, eds), 278 Fair house, The, (Cope, J), xix, 279 determinism, in: Cry, the beloved country, 188, fascism, 145, 146, 150, 158, 159,174, 183 193 Fate andfourpence, (Westrup), 301 Dimitriu, I S, 242, 278 Federation of Trades Union, see Trade A rt of conscience, The: re-reading Nadine Unions Gordimer, 242,278 feminism, in, A rmedprotest, An, 34, 37 Dinizulu, Chief, see Chiefs Fisher, Percy, 79, 80, 83 Dorp, The, (Black), 28, 31, 36-37, 41, 42- Fitzgerald, Mary, 52, 58, 60, 64-65 43, 103, 271 For the love of Gyp, (Darter), 278-279 ambivalence, in, 42 Forging the blades, (Mitford), 1,2, 14, 15-16, Boer Rebellion, in, 36-37 17 satire, in, 36, 41 ambivalence, in, 14, 16, 17 unity of whites, in, 36-37, 38-39 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 14,15, 16, 17, Douglas Blackburn, (Gray), 280, 296, 298 18 Drama in South A frica, 1925-1955: a critical colonialism, criticism of, in, 15—16, 17 survey, (Stopforth, PhD dissertation), Forum, The (Journal), xiv, xxiv, 146, 157, 300 158-159,166,172,173, 174, 175, 184, Dr ifting to destruction (Attwell), 1,2, 7-8,12, 185, 186, 187, 202, 218, 280, 287, 288 270, 276,295 FourthReich, The, (Strydom), 146, 154,155, apartheid, idea of, in, 7-8, 233 156 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 7-8 Frances Bancroft’s O f like passions and the poli­ racism, in, 7-8 tics of sex in early twentieth- century South Du Toit, M A, 46 A frica, (Cornwell), 295-296 South A frican trade unions, 46 Fraser, Colin, 284 Dual resurrection, A , (Mitford), 1,2 Saartje, 284 ambivalence, in, 14,17,18-19 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 14, 17, 18 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Ma­ colonialism, criticism of, in, 14, 18, 19 hatma) 71, 73

325 Garvey, Marcus, 117, 130, 286 Graham, Stephen, 282 Gate o f gold, (MacDonald), 145, 154, 166— African tragedy, 282 168,169-170, 269, 270, 271-272, 274 Gray, Stephen, 31, 136, 280, 281,296, 298 Afrikaner nationalism, in, 167, 168 Douglas Blackburn, 280, 298 anti-Afrikaner sentiment, in, 167, 168, Turbott Wolfe in context, 134, 135 169 Great Trek, The, centenary of, 98 anti-racism, in, 166, 168 Great unrest, The, (Young, F Mills), 45, 51, anti-semitism, in, 166 53, 58, 60-63, 67, 68, 73, 85, 271, 275, Ossewa-Brandwag, in, 166-167, 271— 288 272, 274 politicians, in 63 racial purity, in, 168 socialism, in, 60-63, 85 Gathering thistles, (Westrup), 301 Strikes (1913/1914), in, 60-63, 85, 86 Geoffrey Chaucer, (Knight), 278 Green, Michael, xiv, xv George Webb Hardy, journalist and no­ Novel histories, xiv,xv velist, and race relations in Natal, Greenham, Catherine, 2 1901-1906, with particular emphasis Rebellion, 2 on miscegenation, (Rees, MA Greig, J Y T, xxv dissertation) 298 South African Opinion, xxv German South West Africa, see South West Grey steel (] C Smuts: a study tn arrogance), Africa (Armstrong), 45 ‘Ghetto’ Act, see Asiatic Land Tenure and Gun runner, The, (Mitford), 299 Indian Representation Act Gibbs, Henry, 89, 172, 202, 204 Halcyon days in Africa, (Saint-Mande), 283- Twilight in South Africa, 89, 172, 202, 284 204 Hardy, George Webb, 1, 2, 8, 12-13, 25- Gibbs, Peter, 171,218, 219, 220-223, 225, 26,26-27, 298 270, 271,273, 274, 288, 297 Black peril, The, 1, 2, 12-13, 298 Tand-locked island: a commentary on Harrison, Wilfred H, 45,117,119,120,283 Southern Rhodesia, 172, 219-220, 297 Memoirs of a socialist in South Africa, Stronger than armies, 171, 172, 218, 219, 1903-1947,45, 117,119,120, 283 220-223, 225, 270, 271, 273, 274 Heaton Nicholls, G, see Nicholls, G Giles, Norman, see McKeown, N Heaton God’s Stepchildren, (Millin), 122, 159 Herd, Norman, 45, 80-81 Gold and workers: 1886-1924 (a people’s his­ 1922: The revolt on the Rand, 45 tory o f South Africa, Vol.I), (Calli- Hendricks, David, 290 nicos), 46 Riot and reality (article), 290 Gordimer, Nadine, xx, xxv, 226, 240, 242- Hill, Robert A and Pirio, Gregory A, 125, 246, 254, 265-268,271 286 Lying days, The, xx, xxiii, xxv, 226, 233, A frica fo r the A fricans: the Garvey Move­ 240, 242-246, 265-268, 271, 274-275 ment in South A frica 1920-1940, (ar­ World of strangers, A , 288 ticle), 125,286 Governments: Herr Witchdoctor, The (Millin), 145, 159- Nationalist, xxiii, 97, 107, 172, 247 163,168-170, 271, 272, 273, 275 Transvaal, 47, 90 anti-English sentiment, in, 161, 163, Union, 57, 95 169 United Party, 97 anti-semitism, in, 163

326 irony, in, 161 Holism and evolution, (Smuts), 89, 94, 105 Nazism, in, 160-163, 168-170 review of, 284 racism, in, 160, 161, 163, 168, 169 Roy Campbell on, 285 Hertzog, General JB M , 31, 35, 107, 108, Hope, Noel, see Morewood, Sarah 146, 281 Huddleston, Trevor, xvi, 172, 178, 207, and Black Manifesto victory, 126, 130 227-231 and coalition with Smuts’s SAP, 97 Naughtfor your comfort, xvi, 172, 178, and the commission to investigate 227-230 poor whiteism, 95 and the 1922 Strike, 79 and white political conflict 89-92, 94— ICU, see Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union 97 I accuse the Hitler Regime [ Reply to the Dean, forms parliamentary pact, 94 Philosophical Faculty, University of Bonn], Hertzog/Labour victory, 126 in: Karooso, 107—108 (Mann, journal article), 147 1 am black, (Williams and May), 284—285 Obituary, The Forum 158 Image of the crowd in South African Fiction Parliamentary Debate speech, 148^149 (Maughan-Brown, journal article), quits South African Party, 91 254 racist and nationalistic tendencies in imagery, in: his government, 117 Transvaal episode, 258 260, 263 resigns as Prime Minister, 149 In a province, (Van der Post), 89, 110, 116, High chancery, (Thompson), 31 125, 131,132,134-142, 143, 144,271, Hirson, Baruch, 286 274, 275,276,284, 287 Yours fo r the union: class and community black/white unity, in, 141, 144 struggle in South Africa, 1930-1947, 286 communism, interest in, in, 136, 137, History o f Natal, (Brookes and Webb), 200 138,139, 286 History of Southern Africa, (Omer-Cooper), liberalism, in, 137, 139 29, 46, 89,125 realism, in, 137 History o f the Zulu Rebellion, 1906, (Stuart), reviews of, 286-287 3, 279, 280 Indian Riots, see Natal Indian Riots Hitler, Adolf, 147, 148,149, 154, 158, 159 Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Hofmeyr, Isabel, 278, 279, 282, 284, 290 Union see Trade Unions Building a nationfrom words: Afrikaans inter-racial friendships in: language, literature and ethnic identity, Blanket boy’s moon, 208-210 1902-1924, (article), 284 Cry, the beloved country, 193, 225 Mining novel in South A frican literature, Tying days, The, 243-244 The, 1870-1920, (journal article), 282 Ratoons, 212-214 Mining, social change and literature: an irony in: analysis of South African literature with Comingof the lord, The, 121, 122, 124, particular reference to the mining novel, 142 (MA dissertation), 278, 279, 282 Herr Witchdoctor, The, 161 Settingfree the books: The David Philip Jordans, The, 83 A frica South Paperback Series, (article) Ratoons, 216 290 Transvaal episode, 259, 262, 263 Hofmeyr, J H, 146, 174-175, 184-185, Turbott Wolfe, 136 201,202

327 Israelites, The (religious community), satire, in 105,113 117-121 unity of whites, in 106, 112, 113 in: Comingof the lord, The, 121 Keeper of the highway, (Bee), 281, 282 Keppel-Jones, Arthur, 280 Jim Crow'sbrethren, (McKeown), 38, 88, When Smuts goes, 280 100-104, 105, 114—115 King of the Bastards, (Millin), xiii apartheid, idea of, in 104 Kingon, W A, 278-279 blacks, sympathy for, in, 102,103 Trader's daughter, A : a tale o f Kaffir land, paternalism, in 102, 103 278-279 political parties, in, 101-104, 112-115 Knight, Stephen, 278 pro-Afrikaner sentiment, in, 102 Geoffrey Chaucer, 278 trusteeship, idea of, in, 102-103, 114 Kruger, D W, 89 unity of whites, in 101, 113 Making of a nation, The: a history of the Johannesburg Shop Assistants’ Union see Union of South Africa, 1910-1961, 89 Trade unions Kyamdaka, (Attwell), 295 Johns, Sheridan, 45, 76-77, 125, 282, 283 Raising the Red Flag: The International La Guma, James, 128, 129, 130 Socialist Teague and the Communist Tarty Labour History Group (University of the of South Africa, 1914-1932,45, 76-77, Western Cape), 46 125, 282, 283 1922 White Mineworkers’ Strike, 46 Jordans, The, (Millin), xix, 45, 75, 81—84, 85, Labour Party, see Political parties 86, 87, 270, 282 hand- locked island: a commentary on Southern irony, in 83 Rhodesia, (Gibbs, P), 172,219-220, 297 miners’ Strike (1922), in, 82-83 Lamont, A rchibald, 283-284 prejudices (middle-class), in, 83-84 South Africa in Mars, 283-284 Joubert, Magda, xxiii, 104-108, 112-114, Lamont, J H P, see Saint-Mande, Wilfred 274.275.286.298- 299 Lanham, Peter, 208, 288, 299 Karooso, xxiii, 104-108, 112-114, 274, Road ahead, The, 210 275.286.298- 299 Lanham, Peter and Mopeli-Paulus, A S, Joyce, Peter (ed), 44, 283 171, 200,208-210, 275, 288, 299 South Africa’syesterdays, 44, 283 Blanket boy’s moon, 171, 172, 208-210, justice, concept of, in: 223,225,275 Cry, the beloved country, 193 Laurens van der Post, (Carpenter), 286 Wild deer, 112 Laurens van der Post, the noble savage and the ro­ mantic image of Africa, (Rich), 126, 286 Kaatje Kekkelbek, (Bain), 31 law, concept of, in: Kadalie, Clements, 91, 110, 117,128, 129, Cry, the beloved country, 193 130,286,300 Law of the vultures, The, (Altman), 226, 233, Kaffirs are lively, (being some backstage impres­ 236-239, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273 sions of the South African Democracy), Africanist perspective, in 237-239 (Walker, O), 182 African National Congress, in, 236- Karooso, (Joubert), xxiii, 104—108,112-114, 239 274,286, 298-299 anti-liberalism, in 236, 267, 271 nationalism, in, 105, 106 black dissidents, support for, in, 270 political parties, in, 105-106, 108, 113 trade unions, support for, in, 238-239 poor whiteism, in 107 Leaven, (Blackburn), 284

328 Leibbrandt, Robey, 152-156, 166 Lovett Cameron, V, see Cameron, V Lovett Lewis, Ethelreda, 88, 102, 108-112, 113, Lugg, H G, 4, 280 114-115,141,270, 275, 276, 284 N atalfamily looks back, A , 4, 280 Wild deer, 88, 102, 108-112, 113, 114, Lying Days, The, (Gordimer), xx, xxiii, xxv, 115, 141,270, 275, 276, 284 226,233,240,242-246, 265-268, 271, Liberal Party (British), see Political parties 274—275 liberalism, in: anti-liberalism, in, 243, 245 Cry, the beloved country, 189-191, 193, Black consciousness, in, 242 195 Black dissidents, support for, in 271 In a province, 137, 139 inter-racial friendships, in 243-244 Lying days, The, 243 liberalism, in, 243 Shadow over the Rand, 231 May Day Strike, in, 245 Transvaal episode, 255, 258 political parties, in, 243 Turbo ft Wolfe, 136, 139 politicians, in 243 Like a leaf on the stream: Harry Bloom's White consciousness, in 242—243 Transvaal episode, (Maughan-Brown, journal article), 254, 255, 256, 257, MacDonald, Tom, 145, 166-168,168-170, 258,265 269, 270,271-272, 276, 287, 299 Lion and the adder, The, (Thompson), xxiii, Gate o f gold, 145,154, 166-168, 168— 28, 31,32, 33, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 170, 269,270,271-272,276, 287, 299 106,272, 276, 281 McKeown, N (pseudonym Norman anti-German sentiment, in 40, 43 Giles), 28, 31, 32, 33-34, 35-36, 39, black rebellion, in, 37 40-41,42,88,101-104,106,112-113, Boer Rebellion, in, 35 114, 115, 273, 281,297-298 pro-English sentiment, in 37 Jim Crow's brethren, 39, 88, 101—104, propaganda, in, 41 106,112-113,114,115, 274 unity of whites, in, 33 Rebels in the sun, 28, 31, 32, 33-34, 35- Lodge, Thomas, 172, 176,178, 179, 181, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40-^11, 42, 43, 275, 281 182, 183, 233, 234, 235, 236, 240, 241, Making of a nation, the: a history o f the Union of 242, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251,252, 253, South Africa 1910-1961, (Kruger), 88 255,289 Malan, DF, 108, 147, 187 Black politics in South Africa since 1945, and Day of the Covenant celebration, 172, 176,178,179,181, 182,183, 233, 98 234, 235, 236, 240, 241,242, 246,249, and the Defiance Campaign, 247-248 250, 251,252, 253, 255, 289 and the Fagan Commission, 186 Loney, Martin, 172, 219 and white political conflict, 89 Rhodesia: white racism and imperial re­ breaks away from the National Party, sponse, 172,219 97 Long Walk to Freedom, (Mandela), 227, 240- breaks with Ossewa-Brandwag, 156 241 tries to abolish native representation in Love and the hyphen, (Black), 31, 281 Parliament, 185 Love muti, (Blackburn), 1, 2, 22—24, 25, 26, Man should rejoice, A , (Bee), 281, 282 270,277 Mandela, Nelson R, 227, 234, 236, 240, ambivalence, in 22-24 241, 249 Bambatha Rebellion, in 22—24 Longwalk tofreedom, 227, 240, 241 colonialism, criticism of, in 23-24 Mann, Thomas, 147

329 I accuse the Hitler Regime, [ Reply to the Night is long, The, 148, 285 Dean, Philosophical Vacuity, University of Sons o f Mrs A ab, The, 282 Bonn], (journal article), 147 Mills Young, F, see Young, F Mills Mansfield, Charlotte, xix Mine Workers’ Union, see Trade Unions Dupe, The, xix Miners’ Strikes, see Strikes Marais, Michael, 278 Mining Novel in South African Literature, Review of J M Coetzee’s Boyhood: scenes 1870-1920, (Hofmeyr, I, journal ar­ from provincial life, (journal article), 278 ticle), 282 Marks, Shula, 2, 4, 11, 279, 280 Mining, social change and literature: an analysis Reluctant rebellion: The 1906-1908 Dis­ o f South African literature with particular turbances in Natal, 279, 280 reference to the miningnovel, (Hofmeyr, I, Marxist criticism, see criticism, literary MA dissertation), 278, 279 Mason, George, 51, 52, 59 mines, social conditions, in: Matthews, Thomas, 51, 53 Toll, The, 68-71 Maughan-Brown, David, 254, 255, 256, miscegenation, in: 258, 259,262, 265, 290, 291 Black peril, The, 13 Image o f the crowd in South African Fic­ Wild deer, 110-111 tion, (journal article), 254 Mitford, Bertram, xxiv, 1,2,14—19, 22, 25, Like a leaf on the stream: Harry Bloom’s 26, 27, 272, 275, 276, 299-300 Transvaal episode, (journal article), A letta, 300 254, 255, 256, 258, 265 Dual resurrection, A, 1,2, 14, 17, 18-19 May, H J and J C Williams, 285 Forging the blades, 1, 2, 14, 15, 17 I am black, 285 Gunrunner, The, 299 May Day Strikes, see Strikes Seaford1 s snake, 1,2, 14, 16, 19 Memoirs o f a socialist in South Africa, 1903- Through the Zulu country, 15, 19, 299 1947, (Harrison), 46, 117, 119, 120, White hand and the black, The, 1,2,14,15, 283 16, 17-18, 276, 279 Merrett, Christopher, xxii Mitchell, Douglas, 201, 202 Culture o f censorship, A : Secrecy and intel­ Money sworth, (Bancroft), 45, 53, 58,66-68, lectual repression in South A frica, xxii 85, 86, 275, 276 Mgijima, Enoch, (leader of the Israelite Strike (1913), in, 67 Community), 118, 119, 120 Strike (1914), in, 68 Millin, Sarah Gertrude, xiii, xix, xxiv, 45, trade unions, support for, in 66, 68 81-84,85,86-87,121-125, 142-144, Moodie, T Dunbar, 89, 97 145,159-163,168-170, 270, 271, 274, The rise of Afrikanerdom, The: power, 275,282, 285-286 apartheid and the A frikaner civil religion, A dam’s rest, 282 89, 97 Comingof the lord, The, xxiv, 116, 121— Mopeli-Paulus, A S and Peter Lanham, 125,142-144, 271,274, 285 171, 200, 208-210, 275, 288, 300 Cod’ s stepchildren, 122, 159-160 Blanket boy’s moon, 171, 208-210, 223, Dark river, The, 282 225,275 Herr Witchdoctor, The, 145, 159-163, Morewood, Sarah, (pseudonym Noel 168-170, 271,272, 273,274 Hope), 1,2, 12, 25, 26, 298 Jordans, The, xix, 45, 75, 81-84, 85, 86- Nomquba: a Zulu maid, 1, 12, 25, 272 87, 270,282 Morgan, W H, 53 King of the Bastards, The, xiii

330 Moses Kotane: South African revolutionary, in: Herr Witchdoctor The, 160-163, 168— (Bunting), 227, 251,289, 170 Mostert, C W, 285 Newcomers, The, (De Villiers), 289 Native in the South A frican novel, The, New Kleinfontein Miners’ Strike, see (dissertation), 285 Strikes Motivations fo r and obstacles to rebellion in Ma- Nicholls,G Heaton, 1,2,14,19-22,24, 25, pumulo during the 1906 rebellion in Natal, 26, 201,279, 280, 300 (Smith, W A, dissertation), 4 Bayete! Hail to the king, 1,2, 19-22, 273, Murray, Sally-Ann, 236, 237, 238 279, 280,300 Phyllis A It man, Interview with South Africa in my time, 300 (journal article), 236, 237, 238 Night is long, The, (Millin), 148-149, 285 Phyllis Altman’s The law of the vul­ 1922: The Revolt on the Rand, (Herd), 46 tures: a case study of historical imagi­ 1922: White Mineworkers' Strike, The, (Uni­ nation and the novel form, (journal versity of the Western Cape), 46 article), 236, 237, 238 Nomquba: a Zulu maid, (Morewood), 1, 2, Mveli, Chief, see Chiefs 12, 25, 26, 272 ambivalence, in, 12 Nadine Gordimer, (Wade, journal article), Bambatha Rebellion, in, 12 242,243-244, 245, 246 tribal life, condemnation of, in 12 Natalfamily looks back, A , (Lugg), 4, 280 Novel and history, The, (Coetzee, article), xiv Natal Indian Congress, 201, 206 Novel histories, (Green), xiv, xv see also Transvaal Indian Congress Novels of Nadine Gordimer, The, (Clingman), Natal Indian Riots (1949), 172, 200, 202- 227, 242, 243, 244, 289 206 Nurahs, see National Union of Railway and in: A madodana ami, 207 Harbour Servants Blanket boy’s moon, 208-210 Ratoons, 210, 215-217 OB, see Ossewa-Brandwag Natal Rebellion of 1906, (Bosman), 3, 280 O f like passions, (Bancroft), xiii, 31 Nathan, Manfred, xxiv OldMcBein, (Westrup), 301 South African Literature, xxiv Omer-Cooper, J D, 29, 46, 89, 125 National Party, see Political parties History of Southern Africa, 29, 46, 89, National Union of Railway and Harbour 125 Servants (Nurahs), see Trade Unions Oneway home, (Buxton), 288 nationalism, in: Onseieboek, (journal), xxiv—xxv, 281, 289 Karooso, 105, 106 Ossewa-Brandwag, 146, 150-156, 158, Nationalist Government, see Governments 159, 163-165, 166-167, 271, 272 (see Native in the South African novel in English, also anti-Ossewa- Brandwag) The, (Mostert, MA dissertation), xxiv, in: Gate o f gold, 166-167, 271-272, 274 285 Ossewa-Brandwag: traitors or patriots, Native Representative Council, 184, 234 (Visser), 146,150,151, 154, 156 naturalism, in: Outbreak on the Witwatersrand, The ( March Cry, the beloved country, 188, 193 1922), (Urquhart), 47, 79-80 Naught for your comfort, (Huddleston), xvi, pacifism, in: 172,178,227-230 Armed protest, An, 34, 37, 39, 42 Nazism, 145, 146, 147, 148,152, 154, 157, Pajalich, Armando, 288 158,159,160-163,168-170

331 Una litteraturaAfricana coloniale di lingua Turbott Wolfe, xxiii, 134, 135, 136-138, Ing/ese, 288 140, 142, 271,286, 287 Partridge, A C, xxiv, 284 Police brutality, in: Who’s who in South A frican English Transvaal episode, 255, 260-262 literature, 214 Political parties: paternalism, in: Dominion Party, 146 Child in the midst, A , 12 Communist Party of South Africa, 76- Cry, the beloved country, 188, 189, 288 77, 116, 123, 130, 134, 140, 178 and Jim Crow’s brethren, 102, 103 conflict with International Federation Paton, A lan, xx, 171, 188-195, 207, 223, of Trade Unions, 128; and decline of 224, 225, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276 the Party between 1930-1935,134; and Cry, the beloved country, xx, xxiii, xxiv, the ‘Defend Free Speech’ convention, xxv,171,188-195, 207, 223, 224, 225, 240; and the dissolution of the Party, 242, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276,288 242; and the formation of League of Paul, Nendick, 1,2, 10-12, 25, 26, 300 African Rights, 131; and mobilisation Child in the midst, A , 1,2, 10-12 of rural Africans, 130-131; and pass­ Pavel, Thomas, xvii burning campaign, 133; Thematics and historical evidence, xvii Liberal Party (British), 47 ‘Pegging Act’, see Trading and Occupation Liberal Party (South African), 146, of Land Restriction Bill (1943) 184-185, 187 People on trial, A fo r breaching racism, (Bag- Nationalist Party, 79, 88-89, 91, 93, wandeen), 172 94,125, 146, 171,175,176,196, 198, Pereira, Ernest, xviii, xxiii, 295, 296, 298, 220, 284; and the denial of political and 300 economic rights to blacks, 174; and Companion to South A frican English lit­ efforts to abolish native representation erature, The, (Adey, Ridley Beeton, in Parliament, 185; and the Fagan Chapman, Pereira, eds), xviii, xxiii, Commission, 186; and the formation 295, 296, 298, 300 of a ‘purified’ Nationalist Party, 97; Phyllis A Itman’s The Eaw of the vultures: a case and the liberal-smearing campaign, study of historical imagination and the novel 187; and the 1948 Election Victory', form , (Murray, journal article), 236, 234, 271; and the Ossewa-Brandwag, 237, 238 151,156 Pilgrim’s Rest, (Young, Francis Brett), 45, South African Labour Party (SALP), 53, 63-66, 84-86,275 47, 51, 76, 79, 93-94,125, 146, 158, Strike, 1913, in, 64—66 174, 186 trade unions, opposition to, in, 64—66, South African Party (SAP), 88, 91, 93, 84-86, 272 94 Pirio, Gregory A, and Robert A Hill, 125 Unionist Party, 88, 90, 91 A frica for the Africans: the Garvey Move­ United Party, 97, 98, 171, 173, 174, ment in South Africa 1920-1940, 125, 175,185-186 286 United South African National Party, Pirow, Oswald, 132, 146, 150, 157, 159 97,281 Pilot Bibliography o f South African English Political parties, in: Literature, (Beeton), xviii Jim Crow’s brethren, 101—104, 112—115 Plomer, William, 134, 135, 136-138, 140, Karooso, 105—106, 108, 113 142, 271 Eying days, The, 243

332 Reverse the shield, 99-101, 112, 113-115 Drifting to destruction, 7—8 Sudden south-easter, 164 Herr Witchdoctor, The, 160, 161, 163, Wanton city, 196 168,169 Politicians, in: Ratoons, 210-218 Great unrest, The, 63 Sentimental cynic, a, 5-6 Lying days, The, 243 Shadow over the Rand, 232 Sudden south-easter, 164 Toll, The, 69 Wanton city, 196-197 Turbott Wolfe, 140-141 Politics, (white), 88-115 Valley o f a thousand hills, The, 74 Politics of black squatter movements on the Rand, Railway Union, see Trade Unions 1944-1952, (Bonner, article),172 Raising the Red Flag: The International Socia­ poor whiteism, in: list League and the Communist Party of Karooso, 107 South Africa 1914-1932, (Johns), 46, postmodernism, see criticism, literary 76-77, 125, 282, 283 poststructuralism, see criticism, literary Rand Daily Mail, The, 48, 156 prejudices (middle-class), in: Rand Revolt, see Strikes, (1922) Jordans, The, 81, 82 Ratoons, (Rooke), 171,210-218, 224-225, Prester John, (Buchan), 1,2, 8-10,24,25,26, 269, 270, 272-273, 276, 289 273 ambivalence, in 211,218 ambivalence, in, 8-10 inter-racial friendships, in 212—214 primitivism, in: irony, in, 216 Wild deer, 112 meaning of name ‘Ratoons’, 289 pro-Afrikaner sentiment, in: Natal Indian Riots, in 210, 216-217 Jim Crow’s brethren, 102 racism, in 210-218 pro-English sentiment, in: Reader’s Digest illustrated history of South Lion and the adder, The, 37 Africa, (Saunders, C, ed), 30, 47, 89, Reverse the shield, 99 126, 172, 177 pro-German sentiment, in: realism, in: Rebels in the sun, 40-41 In a province, 136, 137 propaganda, in: Wanton city, 196 A rmedprotest, A n,4\ Rebel pity: the life of Eddie Roux, (Roux, E Lion and the adder, The, 41-42 and W), 286 Through the cloudy porch, 50 Rebellion, (Greenham), 2 Protests, see also Strikes, Rebellions Rebellions: anti-German protests (Durban, 1915), Bambatha (1906), xix, 1-27, 271,273, xix 276,285 black urban protests (1940s) 171-225 in: Bayete! Hail to the king, 19-22 black urban protests (1950s) 226-268 Black Peril, The, 12-13 Child in the midst, A, 10-12 racial purity, idea of, in: Drifting to destruction, 7-8 Gate o f gold, 167-168 Dual resurrection, a, 14, 17, 18-19 Wild deer, 110-111 Forging the blades, 14, 15, 17 racism, in: Love muti, 22-24 A madodana ami, 207-208 Nomquba: a Zulu maid, 12 Coming of the lord, The, 122-124 Seaford’s snake, 14, 16, 19 Crookedbuegum, The, 198-200 Sentimental cynic, a, 5-6

333 Snake garden, The, 6—7 Rise o f african nationalism in South A frica, White hand and the black, The, 14, 16, The, (Walshe), 112, 126, 127,128,130, 17 132, 133 Black, xix, 37-38, 39, 42 Rise of Afrikanerdom, The: power, apartheid Boer, xix, xx, 28-44, 89, 91, 271, 272, and the afrikaner civil religion, (Moodie), 273,281 89,98 Rebels in the ™«,(McKeown), 28, 33-34, 35- Road ahead, The, (Lanham), 210 36, 37, 39, 40-41, 42, 43, 272, 274, 281 Roberts, M and Trollip, A E, 90 anti-English sentiment, in, 37 South African Opposition, The, 1939- Boer Rebellion, in, 33-34, 35-36, 37, 1945: an essay in contemporary history, 90 272 Robeson, Paul, 89, 108 pro-German sentiment, in, 40-41 Rooke, Daphne, 171, 200, 210-217, 225, South West Africa, in, 39 269.270.272- 273, 277, 288, 300 unity of whites, in, 32—33 Ratoons, 171, 210-218, 224-225, 269, ReconstructingSouth African Tiberalism, 270.272- 273, 276, 277 (Simkins), 278 Roos, Tielman, 94, 95, 96 Rees, Peter, 298 Roots of segregation, The: native policy in colonial George Webb Hardy journalist and novelist, Natal, 1845-1910, (Welsh), 3-4, 279, and race relations in Natal, 1901-1906, 280 with particular emphasis on miscegenation, Rosenthal, Eric, xxi (MA dissertation), 298 South A frica ’s book publishing boom, (ar­ Reid, Vincent, 288 ticle), xxi Steel blanket, 288 Roux, Edward, 3, 47, 60, 117, 126, 131, reform, idea of, in: 132-133,158,172,178-179,234, 241, Cry, the beloved country, 224 252, 253,255,279, 286 Shadow over the Rand, 232-233 Rebel pity: the life o f Eddie Roux, 286 Reluctant rebellion: The 1906-1908 distur­ Time longer than rope: the black man's bances in Natal, (Marks), 279, 280 struggle forfreedom m South Africa, 3, 47, Reverse the shield, (Cameron), xxiii, 88, 98 60, 117, 126,131,132-133,171,178- 101, 104, 112,113,114, 274, 275, 296 179, 234, 241,252, 253 Afrikaner nationalism, in, 98 rural separate development, policy of, in: political parties, in, 98-101, 112-114 Wild deer, 108-109, 113 pro-English sentiment, in, 99 unity of whites, in, 99-100, 114 SAIC, see South African Indian Congress Review of J M Coetzee’s Boyhood: scenes from SAIF, see South African Industrial Federa­ provincial life, (Marais, journal article), tion 278 SALP, see South African Labour Party Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe SAP, see South African Party Rhodesian strikes, see Zimbabwe strikes Saartje, (Fraser), 284 Rhodesia: white racism and imperial response, Sachs, Wulf, 288 (Loney), 172, 219 Black anger, 288 Rich, Paul, 126, 188, 286 Saint-Mande, Wilfred, (pseudonym J H P Laurens van der Post, the noble savage and Lamont), 283-284 the romantic image of Africa, 125, 133, Halcyon cays in Africa, 283-284 286 satire, in: Riot andrality, (Hendricks, article), 290 Dorp, The, 36-37, 41

334 Jordans, The, 82 Class and Colour in South Africa 1850- Karooso, 105, 113 1950,47, 52, 73, 76, 79, 128,129, 130, Saunders, Christopher (ed), 29, 47, 90, 126, 172,182,183,242,283, 286 172, 177, 180 Smit, L, xxiv, 145, 148, 163-166, 168-170, Reader’s Digest illustrated history of South 270,272,275,276-277, 300 A frica,29, 47, 90, 126, 127, 128, 129, Sudden south-easter, icx.iv, 145, 148, 163—166, 130,131, 172, 177,180 168-170, 270,272, 275, 276-277 Scully, W, 284 Smith, J Allister, 279 Daniel Vananda, 284 Zulu crusade, 279 Seaford ssnake, (Mitford), 1,2, 14, 16, 19 Smith, Warren A, 4 ambivalence, in, 17, 19 Motivations fo r and obstacles to rebellion in Bambatha Rebellion, in, 17, 19 Mapumulo during the 1906 rebellion in commercialism, in, 14 Natal, (dissertation), 4 Sentimental cynic, A , (Westrup), 1, 2, 5-6, Smuts, General J C, 183, 186-187, 188, 272, 274, 275,301 200-202,206,219, 281, 283, 284,285, Bambatha Rebellion, in, 5-6 300 racism, in, 5-6 Alan Paton on defeat of, 188 Settingfree the hooks: the David Philip A frica and arming non-Europeans, 157 South Paperback Series, (Hofmeyr, and the Asiatic Land Tenure and article), 290 Representation Act, 200-202 Settler myths and the Southern Rhodesian novel, and the ‘Black Manifesto’, 95 (Chennells, PhD dissertation), xi, xvi, and coalition with the National Party, xxiii, 278 97 Shadows on the water, (Westrup), 284, 285 and colour policy, 186-187 Shadow of the past, The, (Young, F Mills), 28, and the Israelites, 118 31-32, 33,34—35,37, 38,40,42, 43,63, and the Miners’ Strike, (1913), 53, 56 170,269, 270 and the Miners’ Strike, (1914), 59-60 anti-English sentiment, in, 42 and the Miners’ Strike, (1922), 77, 79— anti-German sentiment, in, 40 80 Boer Rebellion, in, 33, 37 and the Miners’ Strike, (1946), 183 unity of Whites, in, 31-32, 33, 43 and responsibility for Natal Indian Shadow over the Rand, (Watson, J C), xxv, Riots, 206, 226, 227,231-233, 266-268,275 and Robey Leibbrandt, 154, 155 apartheid, in, 232—233 and the Trade and Occupation of Land liberalism, in, 231 Restriction Bill, (1943), 200 racism, in, 232 and unpopularity with the Afrikaner reform, in, 232-233 Press, 157 Sophiatown, in, 231 and white ambivalence, 176, squatter camps, in, 231 and white political conflict, 89, 90, 91 Simkins, Charles, xii attitude to World War II, 148-150 Reconstructing South A frican Liberalism, becomes prime minister,91, 278 Botha/Smuts administration (1913), Simons, J and R, 47, 52, 73, 76, 79, 117, 51 126, 128,129,130, 172, 182, 183, 242, call for suppression of communism, 283,286 131 Jan Hofmeyr’s views on, 184—185

335 in: Karooso, 105 South Africa’ shook publishingboom, (Ro­ Rebels in the sun, 32 senthal, article), xxi South African Party loses election South Africa’ syesterdays, (Joyce, ed), 46, 283 (1924), 94 South West Africa, 30, 31, 149, 159 speech at Parliamentary debate (1914), in: A rmedprotest, A n, 32 148-149 Rebels in the sun, 38 support for Smuts in novels of F Mills Sowden, Lewis, xx, 171, 173, 198-200, Young, 63 223-225, 270,274, 276, 277, 288, 300- Snake garden, The, (Baker), 1, 2, 6-7, 272, 301 276 Charmed fabric, 301 Bambatha Rebellion, in, 6-7 Crookedbluegum, The, 171, 198-200, Snyman, j P L, xviii, xxiv, 284, 286 223-225, 270, 274, 276, 277 Bibliography of South African novels in South African writer abroad, The, (ar­ English publishedfrom 1880-1930, xviii ticle), xx South A frican Nnovel in English, The, Union of South Africa, 301 xviii, 284, 286 squatter camps, in: socialism, in: Shadow over the Rand, 231-232 Great uest, The, 61-63, 85 Squatters’ Movement (1944-1947), 171, Sons of Airs A ab, (Millin), 282 180-181,234 Sophiatown, in: Steel banket, (Reid), 288 Shadow over the Rand, 231 Stopforth, L D M, 300 South Africa in Mars, (Lament), 283-284 Drama in J outh Africa, 1925-1955: a South Africa: a modern history, (Davenport), critical survey, (PhD dissertation ), 300 29,89,284 Strikes: South Africa in my time, (Nicholls), 300 Black Miners’ Strike (1946), xix, 171, South African Indian Congress (SAIC), 182-183, 196, 198 236,250,252 Indian Strike (1913), 45, 71-73 South African Industrial Federation May Day Strike (1950), 226, 240-242, (SAIF), see Trade unions 245,255 South A frican literature, (Nathan), xxiv Miners’ Strike (1913), xix, 45, 53-58, South African Labour Party, see Political 61- 67,68,84-87, 281, 282-283 parties Miners’ Strike (1914), xix, 45, 58-60, South African literatures, (Chapman), 251 62- 63, 68-70, 84-87, 283 South African National Native Congress, Miners’ Strike (1922), xix, 45, 75-81, 90 81-84, 84-87,125,282, 283 South A frican novel in English, The, New Kleinfontein Strike, 51-52, 57 (Snyman), xviii, 284, 286 Zimbabwe strikes, 219, 221-222 South African opinion, The, xxv, 146, 147 strikes, opposition to, in: South African Opposition, The, 1939-1945: Toll, The, 69-71,84-85 an essay in contemporary history, (Roberts strikers (Indian), support for, in: and Trollip), 90 Valley of a Thousand Hills, 74—75, 84-85 South African Party (SAP), see Political Stronger than armies, (Gibbs, P), 171, 172, parties 218, 219, 220-223, 225, 270, 271,273, South African trade unions, (Du Toit), 46 274 South African writer abroad, The, (Sowden, black dissidents, support for, in, 270 article), xx racism, in, 221-222

336 Zimbabwe strikes, in, 221-222 Toll, The, (Westrup), 45, 58, 68-71, 84-86, Strydom, H, 146 272,275 Fourth Reich, The, 146, 154, 155, 156 Miners’ Strike (1914), in 69-71 Strydom, J K, 174, 185 mines, social conditions, in 68-71 Stuart, James, 14, 279, 280 racism, in, 69-70 History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906,3, 279, strikes, opposition to, in 69-71,84-86 280 Trade unions, 48 Sudden South-Easter, (Smit), xxiv, 145, 148, African Mine Workers’ Union 163-166, 168-170, 270, 272,275,276- (AMWU), 181-183 277, 287 Council for Non-European Trade Afrikaner nationalism, in, 164, 165 Unions (CNETU), 181, 183 anti-Ossewa Brandwag sentiment, in Federation of Trades Union, 59 163, 165, 169,170, 272 Industrial and Commercial Workers’ political parties, in, 164 Union (ICU), 95, 106, 116,117, 120, politicians, in, 164 125,126,127, 128,129, 130, 131,132, Swart, CR, 175, 240 133, 134, 140, 284, 286 Swart, Sandra, 30-31 Johannesburg Shop Assistants’ Conservative revolution, A : republican Union, 48 masculinity and the 1914 Boer Rebellion, National Union of Railway and Har­ (Paper presented at Natal University), bour Servants (Nurahs), 58-59 30-31,281 Mine Workers’ Union, 76 Railway Union, 58-59 Taste o f freedom, A : The ICU in rural South South African Industrial Federation A frica 1924-1930, (Bradford), 125, (SAIF), 75-76, 77, 79 128,133 Trade unions, opposition to, in: Taylor, Dora, xxv, 285, 286, 287 Pilgrim’s Rest, 64—66, 84—86, 272 They speak o f Africa, xxv, 280, 285-286 Trade unions, support for, in: Thematics and historical evidence, (Pavel), xvii Law o f the vultures, The, 238-239 Thompson, Leigh, xxiii, 28, 31,32, 33, 34, Money's worth, 66, 68 37-38, 40, 41,42,43,106, 281, 301 Trader’s daughter, A : a tale o f Kaffir land, Fate's high chancery, 31 (Kingon), 278-279 Lion and the adder, The, xxiii, 28, 31, 32, Trading and Occupation of Land Restric­ 33, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 106, 272 tion Bill (1943), 200 Through the cloudy porch, (Edge), xxiii, 45, Transvaal episode, (Bloom), xxii, 226, 233, 47-48,48-50, 84-86, 275,276,297 246,251, 254-265, 266-268, 270, 271, Chinese miners, opposition to, in, 48- 273, 274, 275, 276 49 African National Congress, in, 255- propaganda, in, 50 256 white worker solidarity, in, 49-50, 85- Black consciousness, in, 257, 265 86 Black dissidents, support for, in, 270 Through the Zulu country, (Mitford), 15, 19, critics’ views of, 254—255 298 Defiance Campaign, in, 255-256, 263 Time longer than rope: the black man’s struggle imagery, in, 258-260, 263 fo r freedom in South Africa, (Roux), 3, irony, in, 259, 262, 263 47, 60,117,126,131,132-133,172, liberalism, in, 255, 258 178,234, 241,251,252 police brutality, in, 258, 260-262

337 Transvaal Government, see Governments Dorp, The, 38-39 Transvaal Indian Congress, 206, 240 Jim Crow's brethren, 101, 112 Trek, (Journal), xii, xiii, xiv, xx, xxi, xxiii, Karooso, 106, 112, 113 xxiv, 146, 149,150,157,158,172, 173, Lion and the adder, The, 32—33 174, 176, 177, 184, 186, 187, 205, 206, Rebels in the sun, 32 280, 284, 285,287, 288 Reverse the shield, 99-100, 114 tribal life, condemnation of, in: Shadow o f the past, The, 31, 32, 33 Nomquba: a Zulu maid, 12 Urquhart, Captain William, 47, 78-80 tribal life, support for, in: Outbreak on the Witwatersrand, The, White hand and the black, The, 15 (March 1922), 47, 79-80 Trollip, A E and Roberts, M, 90 South African Opposition, The, 1939- Valley of a Thousand Hills, The, (Y oung, F 1945: an essay in contemporary history, 90 Mills), 45, 63, 71, 73-75, 271, 275 trusteeship, concept of, 174—175 racism, in, 74—75, 85 in: Jim Crow’s brethren, 102—103, 114 strikes (Indian) 1913, in, 73-75 Wild deer, 109, 113, 270 strikers (Indian), support for, in 74— They speakojA frica, (Taylor), xxv, 285-286 75,84-85 Turbott Wolfe, (Plomer), xxiii, 134, 135, Van der Post, Laurens, 89, 108, 116, 125, 136-138, 140, 271,286, 287 131, 132, 134-142,143-144, 271, 275, irony, in, 136 286 liberalism, in, 136, 139 In a province, 89,108,116,125,131,132, racism, in 140-141 134-142, 143-144, 270,271, 275, 276, Turbott Wolfe in Context, (Gray), 136 284,286,287 Twilight in South Africa, (Gibbs, H), 89, Van Rensburg, Dr J F J, (Commandant- 172, 202, 204 General of Ossewa-Brandwag), 150, 2000 casualties: a history o f the trade unions and 151,154-155,156, 157,159 the labour movement in the Union o f South Van Zyl, J A F, xxiv Africa, (Walker and Weinbren), 47, Afrikaner way o f life as depicted in South 51-53, 282-283 African Englishfiction, The, (MA dis­ sertation), xxiv Umfazi, 171, 200, 207-208, 223-224, 288, Verwoerd, Hendrik, 156 301 Visel, Robin, 243 Amadodanaami, 171, 207-208, 223-224 Offering a self : Nadine Gordimer’s colonial Una litteratura A fricana coloniale di lingua Ing- heroines (journal article) 243 lese, (Pajalich), 288 Visser, G C, 146, 150, 151, 154, 156 Union o f South Africa, (Sowden), 301 Ossewa-Brandwag: traitors or patriots?, Union Government, see Governments 112 Unionist Party, see Political parties United National South African Party, see Wade, Michael, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, Political Parties 254,255-256, 265 United Party, see Political Parties Black lookingglass in white South A frican United Party Government, see Govern­ literature, The, (journal article) 254, ments 255-256, 265 unity of whites, in: Nadine Gordimer, 242, 243 A madodana ami, 208 W aitingf or the barbarians, (Coetzee), 220 A rmedprotest, A n, 31 -32

338 Walker, Ivan L and Weinbren, Ben, 47, 51- Democratic liberalism in South Africa: its 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 282-283 history andprospects (Jeffrey Butler, 2000 casualties: a history of the trade unions Richard Elphick and David Welsh, and the labour movement in the Union of eds), 278 South Africa, 47, 51-53, 56, 58, 59, 60, Roots o f segregation, the: native policy in co­ 282-283 lonial Natal 1845-1910,3, 279, 280 Walker, Oliver, xix, xxv, 171, 173, 182, Westrup, William, xxiv, 1,2, 5-6, 25, 26, 196-197,223-225, 285, 288 45, 58, 68-71, 84-86, 271, 274, 282, Kaffirs are lively (being some backstage im­ 284, 301 pressions of the South African democracy), Fate andfourpence, 301 182,288 Gathering thistles, 301 Wanton city, xix, 171,196-197,223-225 Old McBein, 301 Walshe, Peter, 117,126,127,128,130,132, Sentimental cynic, a, 1,2, 5-6, 272, 274, 133 275, 301 Rise o f African nationalism in South Shadows on the water, 284 A frica, The,\\l, 126, 127, 128, 130, Toll, The, 45, 58, 68-71, 84, 85, 86,272, 132, 133 275 Wanton city, (Walker O), xix, 171, 196-197, When Smuts goes, (Keppel-Jones), 280 223-225 white consciousness, in: political parties, in, 196 Lying days, The, 265, 266 politicians, in, 196-197 Transvaal episode, 257, 262 realism, in, 196 White hand and the black, The, (Mitford), 1,2, Ward, David, 286, 287 14-15, 16,17,18, 276, 279 Chronicles of darkness, 286, 287 ambivalence, in, 14, 16, 17 Wars, see also Rebellions Bambatha Rebellion, in, 14, 17-18 Anglo-Boer War, xi, 1,30, 273 colonialism, criticism of, in, 14 Anglo-Zulu War, 1 tribal life, support for, in, 15 World War I, 30, 39, 75, 91, 117 white worker solidarity, in: World War II, xvii, 97, 145-170, 173 Through the cloudy porch, 85 Watson, Andrew, 59 Whittaker’s wife, (Bloom), 296 Watson, J C, xxv, 226, 231-233, 265-268, Who’s who in South African English literature, 275, 301 (Partridge), 284 Shadow over the Rand, xxv, 226, 227, Wild deer, (Lewis), 88,102, 108-112, 113, 231-233, 265-268,275 114-115,141,275,276, 284 Watson, Stephen, 190, 195 anti-communist sentiment, in, 110 Cry, the beloved country and thefailure of blacks, sympathy for, in, 111, 112 liberal vision, (article), 190, 195 justice, concept of, in 112 Webb, C de B and Brookes, Edgar, 200 miscegenation, in, 110-111 History of Natal, 200 primitivism, in, 112 Weinbren, Ben and Walker, Ivan L, 47, 51— racial purity, idea of, in, 110-111 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 282-283 rural separate development, policy of 2000 casualties: a history o f the trade unions in ,108-109, 113 and the labour movement in the Union of trusteeship, idea of, in, 108-109,113, South Africa, 47, 51-53, 56, 58, 59, 66 270 Welsh, David, 3, 275, 279, 280 Williams, J C and H J May, 284, 285 I am black, 284, 285

339 Woodsmoke, (Young, F Brett), 302 Great unrest, The, 45, 51, 53, 58, 60-63, worker solidarity, in: 67, 68, 73, 85,86, 271,275 Law o f the vultures, The, 238-239 Shadow of the past, The, 28,31,32,33, 34, World of strangers, (Gordimer), 288 37, 38,40,41, 42,43, 63,170,269,270, World War I, see Wars 271 World War II, see Wars Valley of a Thousand Hills, The, 45, 63, 71,73-75, 84, 85,271,275 Young, Francis Brett, 45, 51, 53, 63-66, 84-86, 272, 275, 282, 301 Yours fo r the union: class and community struggle Pilgrim’s Rest, 45, 51, 53, 63—66, 84—86, in south Africa, 1930-1947, (Hirson), 272,275, 301 286 Woodsmoke, 301 Young, F E Mills, 28,31,32, 33,34,37, 38, Zimbabwe, 218-220 40,41,42,43,45, 60-63,73-75,84, 85, Zulu crusade, (Smith, J Allister), 279 86,170, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 282, Zulu Rebellion, see Bambatha Rebellion 288,301

3 4 0 This study seeks to explore all South African fictional representations by white writers in English related to historically recorded acts of dissidence or agitation during the period c. 1906 to c. 1956.

For too long the world of political and labour issues has been regarded as not quite proper for literary criticism undertaken by liberal humanists. The author of Representing dissension wishes to recuperate notions of an authentic liberalism in a society where this philosophy has been mocked and repudiated by both the left and the right. Thus the book investigates, from a liberal humanist perspective, ways in which writers of fiction represent particular events or phases in South African history involving sociopolitical dissidence and agitation. In doing so it seeks to develop an intimate sense of the actuality of a period by using historical material close in date to the period itself. However, the study is not primarily intended to supplement or correct the evidence available to historians. Rather it is concerned with the degree to which writers’ re-creation of particular events or historical phases may have led them to some awareness of the gap between the actual and an ideal, non-discriminatorv society.

ISBN 1-86888-204-7

UNISA 9781868 882045