; e r0J11Ca oe Nuevo Mexico ~ Published since 1976 - The Official Publication of the Historical Society ofNew Mexico C6' October 2014 Issue Nultlber 101 Carleen (Crisp) Lazzell, PhD April 7, 1940-January 15, 2015

By Michael Stevenson Carleen Lazzell. the editor of La we never lacked for anything we really northwest Albuquerque. Cronies de Nuevo Mexico and a long-time needed." This epitomized her approach to While doing her own academic work board member of the Historical Society of life and also shows her understandins of and workin~ as an editor, Carleen raised New Mexico. died in her home town of what New Mexico ranchers went through and saw to the education of her and Rue's Clayton, New Mexico. on January 15,2015. in tough times. She always loved ranch two daughters, Ruleen and Renee. Ruleen This is her last issue of La Cronies. an issue life and was proud to say that her father and Renee also enriched Carleen's life with that she almost had ready for publication rode in the Clayton Fourth of July parade seven ~randchildren and 17 ~reat- and was still workin~ on not lon~ before every year from when he was a teenager ~randchildren. In recent years, Carleen she left us . This epitomized her courage. until his death at 86 (for more on her insisted that Ruleen's two daughters, Claire dedication and spunatness in continuing father. see Issue No. 61, April 2004, of La and Sophie, attend the Society's on while she stru~~led with a very difficult Ctotiice de Nuevo Mexico). conferences when they could, with her illness that sapped her strength. Even Never forgetting where she came hope that this would endow them with a many of us who knew her well were not from, Carleen branched out from Union long-term interest in New Mexico history. fully aware of her illness until the end, and County after hi~h school and went to In the 1980s Carleen be~an a Ions those of us who did know the seriousness UNM. She married "the love of her life," association with John Conron. a well- of it were sworn to secrecy, as she did not Rue Lazzell, in 1959. Rue, who died in known Santa Fe architect and want anyone to feel sorry for her. 2008, was trained as an architect and was a preservation advocate and a member of Carleen's early life was spent with her general contractor for many years in New the board and sometime president of the family on ranches in Union County near Mexico. Rue received the Historical Historical Society of New Mexico. In 1984, Clayton. Her parents, Ira Vincent and Society's 1. Bradford Prince Award for John, as Editor of New Mexico Irene Christian Crisp, were both from Historic Preservation in 2004 for the work Architecture maqazine , asked Carleen to homesteading Union County families and he and his company did in renovating the be his Associate Editor, a role she filled for were Ions involved in farming and historic Eklund Hotel in Clayton, an award many years with this renowned maqezlne. ranching. Carleen described this life and that Carleen was just as proud of as was John had started producing La Cronica de Carleen (Crisp) Lezzeli. PhD her early years in an article,"Home on the Rue. Nuevo Mexico in 1976 and was its editor (J940- 2015) Ran~e: Growtnq Up on a Ranch in Union Carleen herself was always interested until his death in 2005. Along the way he format of La Cronies. According to County, New Mexico, 1939-1950 ," in the in historic buildinss and their architecture ~ot Carleen to help him with La Cronies. Carleen, John had started usinq this format book Sunshine and Shadows in New and over the years she completed her B. A. and she also joined the board of the with the first issues so that it would stand Mexico's Past, The Statehood Period. 1912 Degree from UNM and then an M.A. with a Historical Society in 1998. She was first out in readers' bookcases. Even after to 2012. edited by Richard Melzer. specialty in the early architecture of New listed as the Associate Editor of La Ctonice John's passtnc. Carleen kept this tradition, M Carleen relates in this article, she Mexico. In 1996 she received her Ph. D. in the November 1998 issue, but had likely and critics were usually told that if they was about four years old when her parents from UNM in American Studies (she been doing much of the editorial and didn't like it they could edit La Cronies bought a quarter-section (160 acres) always said it was in "Architectu ra l production work well before that time. themselves. "about a mile south of Perico Creek," History," which was close enouqh. with her Carleen not only did a lot of the work, As Editor, Carleen expanded and which they always called "the place over dissertation bein~ on the courthouses of but she managed to keep La Cronies issues improved La Cronice. doing her best, on the creek." Ranch life in those days was New Mexico). Her love of historic coming out for several years despite John despite sometimes recalcitrant hard for everyone, but Carleen says that "it architecture also led her to write and Conran's sometimes betnq at odds with his contributors, to keep it on a four issues per might appear we were poor, but that publish in 2007, with Melissa Payne, the colleaques on the SOCiety's board, with year basis. She saw to it that each issue would be far from the truth. Although we book Historic AIbuquerque--An Illustrated Carleen generally in the middle. One of had at least one substantive historical lacked electricity, indoor plumbtnq, a History. She also delighted in her own old the issues John had with the board was article and that contributors could take telephone and other modern amenities. house on Rio Grande Boulevard in with the somewhat unusual 11 x 17 trifold co nt in ued on page 5 II~ ••• The Kiowa Tribe and Inter-Tribal Relations in the Southwest 1780-1880

By Stephen Zimmer

Introduction then south a~ain , while their le~ends Mexicans with Pueblos from Santo Occasionally their efforts were successful Kiowa tradition places the earliest retained only the last of these migrations" Domingo in the party, and they packed such as in 1871 when an Army patrol homeland of the tribe in present day (Kroeber 1939: 80). Nevertheless, once the supplies of flour and bread to trade with apprehended twenty-one Isleta Indians western Montana. M early as the 1740s Kiowas settled on the southern Plains, they the Kiowas and Comanches for robes and who were driving a large herd of stolen members of the tribe traveled southward en~a~ed in trade with the Rio Grande horses. All were mounted on mules and cattle acquired from the Plains tribes (Amy to the Spanish Province of New Mexico in Pueblos either in their villaqes or on the either wore serapes or headdresses and 1871: 388). search of horses and trade. In their travels open plains where the Kiowas roamed. beads. Six of their party were scattered The Comanchero trade continued up they encountered aboriqinal tribes most of The Pueblos traded a~ricultural over the prairie in search of tradtnc into the time that the Kiowas and whom resented the intrusion. Whereas the products such as flour, corn, and beans partners but were thus far unsuccessful in Comanches were placed on a reservation Kiowas found the Pueblo tribes to be (Monahan 1965: 77-79) for which the finding any because all of the Plains tribes in southwestern Indian Territory in 1867­ amenable tradinv partners, they were Kiowas bartered buffalo robes, dried meat. were away hunting in the north (US Senate 68.. One of the last visits made by Mexican prevented from free access to the province horses, and mules in return (Ward 1864: 1854: 34). and Pueblo traders to the Plains was in the by the Ute and Jicarilla Apache tribes. 193). Mexican lower classes also joined in By the 1860s New Mexican traders winter of 1872-73. They traded biscocho Consequently, the Kiowas fouzht them in the trade, sometimes allied with the offered the Kiowas desirable American or Pueblo bread and eacle feathers to a addition to the Navajos who also Pueblos and sometimes on ventures of goods such as cloth, sugar, coffee, trinkets, ~roup of Kiowas camped on the Washita attempted to block their access to the their own. These Mexican and Pueblo guns, and ammunition in addition to River near Rainy Mountain. The Kiowas region. traders were commonly called traditional items. On the other hand, the liked the Pueblo bread and were known to Pro~ress ively the Kiowas moved their "Comancheros" because of the great Kiowas had a new trade item, cattle, which give "a pony for a small bag of it" (Mooney villases southward durlnc the 18th amount of trade they carried on with the they stole from settlements on the Texas 1898:336). Century and were identified by the Comanches as well as the Kiowas. frontier (Monahan 1965: 229-30) . The Kiowa business ethics in dealing with Spanish as beins south of the Arkansas Cheyennes, and Arapahos. Comancheros developed well defined the Pueblo and Mexican traders reflected River by 1780-1790. Along with their allies. Some lJroups from New Mexico went trails that oriqinated on the upper the manner in which they reqarded them. the Comanches, the Kiowas developed a east onto the Plains to specifically hunt tributaries of the Red and Brazos Rivers Although trade was beneficial to the possessive attitude toward the Southern buffalo but also carried trade items along (Kenner 1969: 181) along which they drove Kiowas, the felt themselves superior to the Plains buffalo range and fought the Utes, because it was dangerous to hunt on cattle traded from the Kiowas and Comancheros and were notorious for Jicarilla Apaches, Navajos, and Mescalero Kiowa range without betng capable of Comanches to New Mexico. Once home sometimes killin~ their trading partners Apaches in an effort to keep them from the carrytnz on commerce (Monahan 1965: in their vlllages, they either sold the cattle (Kenner 1969: 258). hunting gro unds. 70-7 I) . Many Pueblo tribes took part in the to local buyers or kept them for their own Often the Kiowas and Comanches The Pueblos Southern Plains trade which was ~oin~ consumption. Later while confined on a exchanged livestock for Comanchero Ltnquistic evidence exists that the strong by 1815. In August of that year, for reservation in Indian Territory, the Kiowas ~oods but then retook the animals before Kiowa lan~ua~e is closely related to the example, twenty-three Taos Indians met a and Comanches used a trail up the the traders reached their homes (Carroll Tanoan languages of the Pueblo tribes of group of Kiowas that were camped near Canadian River "where they drove cattle, 1941:71). Because the Kiowas were New Mexico (Harrlngton 1910: 119-123). their pueblo (Lucero 1815). Trade horses, and mules stolen from Texas, to hunters and warriors, they viewed the This possibly indicates an earlier continued into the 1870s and was reported New Mexico, and traded them for ~uns , a~ricultural Pueblos as "inferior beings" for association between these people and by many white travelers who journeyed ammunition, blankets, etc" (Tatum 1970: they believed that any labor spent outside might place the Kiowas at one point in through Kiowa territory. Lt. Amiel W 50). of makin~ war, love, or hunting was their history much to the south of their Whipple, while explorlnq a proposed Respondin~ to complaints from Texas wasted. Pueblo people were less warlike le~endary homeland. It has been railroad route alone the 35th parallel. met cattlemen, the United States Army worked than the Plains tribes and the Kiowas and su~~ested that the Kiowas had a southern a group of New Mexico traders in hard to break up the trade in stolen their allies took every opportunity to bully onsm but "temporarily moved north, and September of 1853. There were several animals but met with little success. continued on page 3 6

New Mexico History Conference, Albuquerque, Embassy Suites Hotel, May 7-9, 2015 Dr. Robert Rankin White (1942-2014) By Stephen Watson One of the earliest memories of my In the spring of 1964, I was a geology not lost. had never been used sufficiently to childhood was seeing the Indian painting in student at the University of Texas at Austin. I dispel misconceptions and presumptions, or my grandmother's house. Entitled In the needed credit for a liberal arts course that explain dissent among the artists. As one of Foothills. it pictured two Indians on year, so with the thought that I had always the nation's best known art societies. the Taos horseback, quietly riding out of some hiJIs liked history, I looked in the catalog to see artists deserved this historical clarity. and into the sage-brush plains. In the lower what might be offeredat a time that would be Robert put it in print for all to see. The effort corner the artist hadneatlyprintedhis name, convenient for me. The only course brought permanent attention to him as a "E. Martin Hennings." Living in Houston, available that reelly fit into my schedule was superb researcher and established him as an where clouds and smoke covered the sky for "History of the Near East in Modern Times," art historian. Other art related topics soon weeks at a time, I always thought that the taught by Dr. [George] Arnakis. ... For the followed. Including a substantial article on sunlight in this picture was somehow first time in my colieqe career, I felt that I was the New Mexico Painters. artificial. that it was just too bright. It was not in the presence ofa true scholar. Robert completed his "conversion" in until my first visit to New Mexico years later In the summer of 1964, I needed credit 1989 when he cast off his job at the that I realized just how real Hennings' for two courses so that I could graduate. I Geological Survey. He then beqan an intense sunlight was. .... entolled in another course taught by Dr. period of independently researching and My grandmother's painting lay in the Arnakis... As I completed the requirements publishing on art history that remained recesses of my memory until 1971, when I for a Bachelor's degree in geology that steady during the remainder of the 1990s. visited an exhibit of western art at the summer, I gave considerable thought to the Although he had begun his doctoral University ofArizona. In that coJIection was fact that the two most interesting courses I education at the History Department of the a small painting with the same painstakingly had taken during the previous four years University of New Mexico in the 1980s. Dr Robert Rankin White lettered signature - "Ii. Martin Hennings. fI I were history courses. I considered changing internal strife in the department re!6ardin~ (T942·20 14) then determined to learn all that I could my major at that point but finaIly gave up on Western American history caused him to shift from 1974 to 2006. as well as periodic travel about this man, who for years had been on the idea , as I hadno idea how to earn a Jiving to the American Studies department. He journals from the 1960s and 70s. all of which the outer fringes of my consciousness, but as a historian (a question with which I am stiJI completed his often consulted PhD . are now part of his collection donated to the whose identity was to me completely struggling [in 1994]).2 dissertation. "Artists of Territorial New University of New Mexico's Center for unenovrn.' Mexico. 1846-1912" in 1993. And he wrote Southwest Research. These journals are a two chapters of "Bert Geer Phillips and the rich trove of information recardinc the Robert Rankin White. preeminent the Taos artists and Martin Hennings. in 1973 Taos Art Colony." co-authored with Julie cultural life of New Mexico for that period. Southwestern art historian, prolific author of Robert took the su~~estion of a Santa Fe art Schimmel and also published by UNM. in and his writinlJ sparkles with references to works in several cultural fields. and Past dealer exasperated with his questions and 1994. In hi!6h demand as a lecturer on Taos the luminaries of the time as well as the President of the Historical Society of New went directly to see Hennings' widow - the and Territorial New Mexican art. Robert issues confronting artists. art history. and Mexico , passed away in Albuquerque. New sole survivor of the Society's art ists and their spoke extensively at art conferences and publishing and selling books in New Mexico. Mexico on July 17. 2014. Born in Houston. spouses. Although Helen Hennings seemed symposia across the nation. Gallery owners, Additionally. the collection contains his Texas on February 8. 1942. Robert's father "disappointed" that Robert and Judy were not private art collectors. museum curators. and personal papers. manuscripts. research was a civil engineer; his mother a musician. "professional interviewers." Robert charmed even other art historians sought him out to notes. and historical documents. In 1960. Robert ~raduated from St. Stephen's her into divul~inlJ previously unknown evaluate paintings. etchtnqs, and prints. and Sadly. Robert was afflicted with severe Episcopal School in Austin. Texas - a stories and details, and befriended her for to prepare exhibit catalogue essays. notably and prolonged tinnitus belJinninlJ in prestigious coed boarding school. After Iife.' Four months later. Robert sent off his for the Gerald Peters Gallery in Santa Fe. He November of 2000. the result of an extremely receiving a bachelor's deqree in !6eolo!6y from manuscript on "Taos Founder. E. Martin published a few topics of personal interest. low fly-over of Air Force jets across the Las the University of Texas in 1964, he enlisted in Hennings," to Southwest Art and became a such as "Christmas in New Mexico in 1891." in Lomas neiqhborhood. Although the tinnitus the U.S. Army durlns the Vietnam conflict published art historian. And only three years pamphlet form through his own Las Lomas eventually abated. it was supplanted with (1965 - 1968). and was stationed in-country as later he had his first major piece. "The Press . In 1998. UNM Press reissued "Taos Parkinson's disease. Along with his second an intelliqence specialist. He then completed Lithographs and Etchings of E. Martin Society of Artists" with a Preface that updated wife . Pat. he actively challenged the 10nlJ­ a Master's de~ree with an emphasis in Hennings, 1886-1956." published by the the inter-edition scholarship. much of which term illness. But while many symptoms hydroloqy from the University of Arizona in Museum of New Mexico Press. Robert had conducted. But paraphrasinq essentially disappeared with treatment. 1971. After a two year stint in Texas. Robert Robert's methodology and style Bert Phillips' comment re~ardin~ the amount others - notably softened speech. visual worked for the U.S. Geological Survey in employed accuracy. thoroughness, and of art that could be created at Taos. Robert deterioration. and then dementia New Mexico as a hydrologist and editor for humor. As a researcher, Robert could aptly be reflected on the amount of work remalninc effectively sidelined his ability to research the next fifteen years. In 1993. at the a~e of described as a bull do~ - once he bit into a to be done on studying the Society: "There is and write. When the tinnitus set in. Robert 51. he obtained his doctorate from the topic. he refused to let ~o . "O n a number of a lifetime's work for twenty art historians." was not yet 59 years old but the diseases that American Studies Department at the occasions. I became interested in a certain Robert's passion for the history of New cascaded down on him forced him to University of New Mexico. During the course subject but findin~ little or nothing available Mexico was reflected in his participation in abandon his biography of prominent Taos' of his career. Robert authored or co-authored in the literature. began my own research; by the Historical Society of New Mexico. citizen Thomas "Doc" Martin. and he never over fifty published books . articles. chapters the time my curiosity was satisfied I had Robert's involvement in the Society started completed his full biography of E. Martin and essays in history and the arts . as well as lJathered enough information to write an by 1980. when he was convinced to chair a Hennings or the expanded version of his almost ten Geoloqical Survey studies. article or bOOR on that particular person or panel on technology in New Mexico at the dissertation topic on Territorial Artists. Be!6innin~ in 1974, Robert and his first wife . event." His persistent research is most annual conference . Add itionally. the Society Complications from Parkinson's would Judy, lived first in Las Cruces and then in evident in the discovery of the organlzational financially supported the 1983 publication of eventually take Robert's life. Santa Fe, but moved to Albuquerque in 1980 documents of the Taos Society of Artists. and "Taos Society of Artists." He began serving on Robert's life intersected with art. history. and purchased a classic Mission revival home his determination to track down and meet the Board of Directors in 1987. and served as and literature. as well as music. publishtnq, in the historic old Country Club addition just with artists or their families. In 1993, he and a President from 1991 to 1993. By the time of and travel. Robert lived at a time in New west of the University of New Mexico. where !6roup of fellow art historians finally located his Presidency. the Society had bequn to Mexico when it was possible to befriend or at Robert remained until his passing. the "Sacred Site" where the founders of the experience a period of internal least have more than a passing nod with Robert left many references to his Taos Society of Artists. Bert Geer Phillips and administrative tumult. as well as disaffection many - if not most - of those folks who intellectual origins. and how his two passions Ernest Blumenschein. broke a walJon wheel with associated organizatlons. A former past created and celebrated its culture. as well as of art and history merged. Robert was raised and discovered the northern New Mexico President now recalls that Robert provided those who preserved it. Never particularly in an extended family that valued history and li~ht in 1898. While Robert's method strong leadership - "with Robert, you always reticent. Robert often massaged initial face ­ the arts : his father completed a Bachelor's evaluated the artist's process. technique and knew where you stood" - to calm the to-face conversations at bookstore degree in history before ~oin~ on to his style. and commented on how they bureaucratic waters and. workin~ with like­ autograph parties or art show openings into engineering career, and even the women ­ discovered New Mexico and fell in love with minded a!6ents of other !Jroups such as David friendships. Tony Hillerman, Fray Angelico be~innin~ with his ~randmothers - had the place and its peoples. he focused Holtby of UNM Press. brokered a~reements Chavez. David Remley. Austin Hoover. Dave college deqrees. The family's ancestors often extensively on the subject's biographical and smoothed ruffled feathers. Probably the Cargo. Jim WrilJht. artists and families of had cultural back!6rounds. Including William details to brin!6 them alive. And Robert liked hi~hli~ht of his tenure was the Society's artists Kloss. Couse. Hennings, Henry Redin. a nineteenth-century EnlJlish­ to lace his wrltinz with humor. In an article dinner honoring the visit of Christopher Blumenschein. berninqhaus. Fechin. born artist. photographer. and architect. on etchings and James McNeill Whistler. Columbus XX to New Mexico in October Borqlum. Jonson and MeilJs - Pe!J!JY Pond Robert recalled becomtnq "devoted to Robert recounted an incident in which an 1991. Church. Marc Simmons. Norm Zollinger, history" around the a~e of five when his artist died before being able to deliver two Robert spent much of his time Mary Carroll Nelson. Stanley Hordes. parents took him to the nearby San Jacinto etchings. whereupon Whistler a~reed to fulfill participatlnq in or even serving as an official Frederick Nolan. Kristen Wilson. Father battlefield.' During his schooling years. St. the man's agreement. "Our sympathies to or board member of numerous cultural Thomas Steele. Myra Ellen Jenkins. most of Stephen's School involved him in literature the poor Mr. Luard, but for the sake of future organizations. including the Westerners. the whom have passed away. These and so many and the arts. and as an underqraduate. lJenerations of art-lovers. his death could not Southwest Art History Council, the Western others he considered among his friends and Robert travelled across the Southwest and have been more ttrnely?" Robert initially Historical Association. the Santa Fe Trails contacts. His affable. charming nature checked out such places as old Lincoln. disdained the writer's dictum. ''Write. publish. Association. Phi Alpha Theta. and the New introduced him to these circles. but his sharp While stationed at the Army's Sandia Base in revise and update. and re-use," but later Mexico Geographic Names Committee. He intellect. competence. strength of character. Albuquerque in 1967-68. he took Ed Perkins' became an adherent. For example. he served on the board of the Friends of the and desire to serve and contribute kept him History of the American West course from produced six separate published pieces on UNM Libraries in the 1980s. and the Editorial well connected. UNM Continuing Education which Hennlnqs from 1974 to 1991. as well as Board of the New Mexico Historical Review But Robert's personality was more "reawakened my interest in history'" He numerous lectures. This technique kept his from early 1990 through early 1998. In expansive than merely art and history. Aside would hone his skills by studying the name and writin~ in public view. valuable October 1995. he became the Executive from stimulating and intellectual "meticulous research" and "lucid writin!6 marketing for an independent scholar. Director of the New Mexico Book League. conversation. he loved a good train trip style" of the works of Robert Taft. a chemistry In the 1980s, Robert turned to purely publisher of the literary review newsletter (preferably overnight). classical music. the professor and art histortan.' With Judy. who historical and biographical subjects. as well Book Talk. which ran for thirty years until company of indulgent and ~entle felines. shared his intellect and passion for art, they as topics on New Mexico literature and even October 2001. He took on the role after the collectinq guns and coins. attending an toured New Mexico and its ~alleries and architecture. Like many historians, his 1995 passing of editor Dwi~ht Myers in order Albuquerque Dukes baseball ~ame. watching museums in the early 1970s. Robert White outside work sustained his passion. Yet he to support Dwi~ht's widow Carol. who was University of Texas football or the World found his niche in the study of northern New found a way to cominqle the two interests left to handle the time-consuming editorial Series. baking - yes . baking - his own pound Mexico artists. as well as a passion for New with an article on a Geological Survey duties. In addition to revtewtnq many of the cake or apple pie or buttermilk pie for Mexico's history, from the Territorial period employee murdered in New Mexico. and a selections. Robert used that venue to visitors. Volkswa~en buses (when they ran through the early twentieth century - indeed. biography of famed New Mexico-based produce several short articles on the history well). and warmed shortbread cookies. And Robert considered the representational art of hydrologist c.v. Theis. Robert produced "The of New Mexican literature. In the final as often happens with those who are smitten this time to be "a window onto the past." Taos Society of Artists." arquably his best edition. Carol Myers paid him tribute: ''Who with the northern New Mexico li!6ht. Robert A scant two years after finishing his known work. during this early period. else in the world would have volunteered to accumulated his own collection of Taos and Master's de!6ree in Hydrology Robert began Published by UNM Press in 1983. the book help me produce Book Talk? ... he still has Western art . His wry. dry sense of humor that his "conversion on the road to Taos ." consisted of the meeting minutes and other persisted to the end. Thanks. Robert."t2 played throuqh his writin!6 can best be Although there had been previous works on documents of the Taos Society. and although Robert kept a series of personal journals continued on page 5 l!? 2 (continuedfrom page 1) of Kiowa ponies and the column headed crossed the mountains from their homes Kiowa Tribe ... back to New Mexico. Although the Utes in northwestern New Mexico to hunt and Jicarillas were pleased with their buffalo and steal horses on the southern them (Calhoun 1849: 62). But while (Tatum 1970: 108). spoils. they took no scalps and had to Plains. The Kiowas and Comanches Kiowas occasionally committed hostile The Utes and Jicarilla Apaches purchase the only one taken in the battle resented the intrusion and periodically acts toward the traders. they never went so At first contact the Utes. who lived in from a Mexican soldier in order to perform sent raiding parties into the Navajo far as to alienate the Pueblos and Mexicans the mountains around the sources of the a scalp dance (Pettis 1908: 7-35). country in an effort to stop them. from the trade. Arkansas and Canadian Rivers. prevented The most memorable filJht for the According to Kiowa tradition one of the The Pueblos considered the Kiowas the Kiowas from accesslnq the trade. Kiowas with the Utes occurred in the tribe's first raids alJainst the Navajos came more treacherous than the Comanches. In horses. and buffalo herds of northeastern summer of 1868. In this battle the Kiowas in 1852 and was led by the war chief. BilJ the early 1860s some Kiowas attacked a New Mexico (Monahan: 1965: 58-9). lost two of their three Sun Dance Bow (Nye 1969: 84). In 1856. while the ~roup of forty San Juan Indians who finally Therefore. when the Kiowas moved to the medicines. The battle precipitated a flurry Kiowas were camped at Bent's fort with repulsed them after the Kiowas had stolen plains south of the Arkansas. they of revenge raids by the Kiowas that lasted the Cheyennes and Arapahos. Bi~ Bow their horses. On another occasion a party embarked on a lone and violent war with until the two tribes stopped fighting in with Stumbling Bear alJain led Kiowa of Cochiti traders en route to barter with the Utes and their allies . the Jicarilla 1873. warriors against the Navajos (Mooney the Comanches was stopped by the Kiowas Apaches. This war lasted until the Kiowas Several months before the battle a 1898: 301). who asked to trade. During the night. the had been confined to their reservation for Kiowa war party encountered some The two tribes continued to raid each Kiowas surrounded the Cochiti camp and . several years . Navajos on the Canadian River. A fight other sporadically until the Navajos were accused the Cochitis of harboring a group The Spanish of New Mexico first followed . and one Navajo and one Kiowa moved to the Bosque Redondo. In the of Texans who had previously killed some recocntzed that the Kiowas were fightin~ were killed. The Kiowa man's father. becinntnc the Navajos did not receive Kiowas. The Kiowas demanded goods as the Utes in 1805(Alencaster 1805). Later. in saddened by the loss of his son . sought adequate food supplies from the United reparation for those killed. The Cochitis 1809. a ~roup of six hundred Utes and revenge and organized a war party. The States lJovernment and were forced to turn refused. and when the situation looked as Jicarillas tried to enter the plains near the party. including some Comanches. to the southern buffalo plains for if it would degenerate into a fight. a group Arkansas River. but were defeated by a departed after the summer Sun Dance and subsistence (Unrau 1963: 8). The Kiowas of Comanches rode in to break up the combined force of Kiowas and Comanches carried two Sun Dance fi~ures called determined to prevent them by increasing affair causing the Kiowas to ride away (Manrrique 1810). from that time forward. taime as spiritual aids to ensure success on raids against them. Interestingly. the (Lance and Carroll 1966: 162). In May of the Kiowas and Comanches successfully the raid . commander of Fort Bascom. New Mexico 1872 the Kiowas attacked a hunting party kept the Ute and Jicarilla villages close to from the outset the war party was was ordered in the fall of 1864 to tell any of ei~hteen San Juan Indians and a few the mountains and away from the buffalo beset with ill fortune. for the taime Kiowas and Comanches who came to the Mexicans who were camped on plains . medicine to be powerful. it was not to post that they were not to visit the Navajos Currumpaw Creek in northeastern New After the Kiowas established authority come into contact with such things as or make a treaty with them until the Mexico. The fight lasted all day and ended on the southern Plains. they continued to bears . skunks. rabbits . or Iooatnc Sitlasses. injuries done to whites had been atoned only when the Kiowas withdrew at war a~ainst the Utes and Jicarillas. They At the be~innin~ of the trip the Kiowas for (US Senate 1865: 198). The army was ni~htfall taking alone their dead and not only raided them but endeavored to became alarmed when a skunk crossed not aware of the actual situation but was wounded (Taylor 1971 :317). kill or capture as many of them as possible . their path. Later they found that the not left in the dark for 10nlJ. In the The Mescalero Apaches A typical raid occurred in October of 1851 Comanches had brought along lookin~ summer of 1866 the Navajos. after Before the Kiowas and Comanches when a lar~e party of Kiowas and ~Iasses which added to the Kiowa feeling sustaininq an attack by a band of moved to the Southern Plains. the Pueblos Arapahos attacked a Ute villa~e located of impendmq disaster. To seal their fate. Comanches in which the Navajos lost one had traded with the Mescalero Apaches. thirty miles from Taos. They stole fifty the Kiowas discovered that the hundred horses and four warriors. The Mescaleros roamed the Southern horses and captured two women and four Comanches had killed a bear and were complained to their alJent that they were Plains at will until the Kiowas and children. Later the same month the eatlnc it in their camp. At this time several dissatisfied with their reservation. They Comanches began to pressure them from Kiowas and Arapahos attacked the same Kiowa warriors left the party feeIin~ that explained that they wanted to return to the north. The Kiowas and Comanches band and stole their remaining stock . Ute the power of the taime had been broken. their homeland and were convinced that desired the Mescalero hunting ~rounds a~ent John Greiner implored New Mexico Nevertheless. the leader continued the they could never live in peace located on and therefore joined in a war to push the Governor James S. Calhoun to provide march although he feared lJrave land that belonged to the Comanches and Mescaleros further south. They were military aid to protect his charges (Abel consequences. Kiowas. Agent Theodore H. Dodd assured successful and moved the Mescaleros 1915: 438). but none came. Consequently. At the Salt Beds of the Canadian. the them that the reservation was theirs and south and west where they were drawn a year later the Utes and Jicarillas allied war party met a force of Ute warriors. and that the Plains Indians would be punished into a war with the Spanish and later with the Navajos in a joint expedition to a f i~ht commenced. Because the Kiowas (Dodd 1866). However. the Untied States Mexican population (Mayhall 1971 : 16). strike back at the Kiowas. Comanches. and felt that they had lost the power of their Army was unable to prevent the raids. and However. in 1847 the Comanches. Arapahos (Abel 1941 : 215). They gathered medicine. they did not fi~ht with their the Kiowas and Comanches continued to who were in closest proximity to the a Iarqe ~roup of warriors and successfully normal confidence. and the Utes quickly show the Navajos that they were not Mescaleros. made an alliance with them attacked a Kiowa and Arapaho village. put them to fIilJht. killin~ seven. Twoof the welcome in their country. (US House 1847: 6-7) and began raiding The raid was one of the few instances slain Kiowas carried the taime. which the The Navajos fought back when they with them into Mexico and Texas. Soon where they gained retribution against the Utes reaped as the harvest of the battle. could such as the party of Navajos who the Kiowas also made peace with the Plains tribes. Back in their own country the Utes gave stole a herd of horses from the Kiowas Mescaleros. Nevertheless. the Kiowas The Kiowas realized their superiority the medicine to Lucien Maxwell at his durinc the summer Sun Dance of 1867. remained suspicious of the Mescaleros and over the Utes and Jicarillas and raided Cimarron ranch and told him if the Kiowas On discoverinq their loss the Kiowas and never exhibited the same unity with them them at will. sometimes sendlnq multiple came for it to ~ive it to them for a specified some Cheyennes organized an expedition that they did with the Comanches or expeditions against them during the same number of ponies. The Kiowas never to the Navajo reservation and captured a Cheyennes. They made a point of year. In 1856 Governor David Meriwether reclaimed the medicine but instead asked Iarce herd of horses in return includinq the dtsplayrnq their superiority which the of New Mexico reported that the Kiowas Army officials in Kansas to help them stolen animals (Mooney 1898: 320). Apaches. as one Kiowa Mexican captive had made several expeditions a~ainst the recover it. They promised to pay the Utes Another war party of three hundred put it. were "too prudent to resent ... and Utes during the year and killed a number any number of ponies they demanded and Kiowas and Comanches went against the endeavored to take everything in perfect of them (Meriwether 1856: 184). declared they would make peace with Navajos later that summer (Labadie 1867: ~ood humor" (Methvin 1899: 38-9). Occasionally. the Kiowas sent large war them. There is no record of an attempt by 214) in order to revenge a Comanche The Mescaleros surrendered to Army parties. while at other times only a few the Army to recover the medicine. warrior whom the Navajos had previously forces led by Colonel Kit Carson in the fall warriors participated. A Kiowa war chief. However. as late as 1893a ~roup of Kiowas killed. A relative of the slain man took the of 1862 and were placed on a reservation Satanta. led a small ~roup in the fall of visited the Utes in New Mexico hopinq to war pipe to both the Comanches and at Bosque Redondo on the Pecos River. 1858 that located a single Ute tipl on the locate it only to find that it had been lJiven Kiowas and recruited a Iarqe number of On arrival they expressed fear at beinq upper Canadian and killed one Ute and to Maxwell and probably lost (Mooney warriors. Although lJreat care was given to attacked by the Kiowas and Comanches. wounded several others (Mooney 1898: 1898: 322-25). make sure that the expedition was well Therefore. James H. Carleton. commander 306). The bad luck of the defeated Kiowas armed and equipped before it departed. it of the Department of New Mexico . Ute and Jicarilla population declined continued for on their return a number of was repulsed by a larlJer force of Navajos su~~ested that the Mescaleros camp near in the 1860s because of the warfare with them camped with the Cheyennes on the (Nye 1969: 143-47). the ~arrison at fort Sumner so that they the Kiowas and their allies (US Senate Washita River and were attacked by Lt. The Navajos persisted in their efforts miqht feel more secure (US Senate 1865: 1865:487-88). Whereas Ute and Jicarilla Colonel GeorSite A. Custer in November of to return to their native country so as to be 102). raiders were hesitant to venture onto the 1868 (Hyde 1968: 315). On hearing the rid of Kiowa and Comanche raids (Dodd Over the winter of 1863-64 a large plains to their enemies. the Plains tribes news of the defeat of their warriors by the 1868: 164) and were allowed to return to number of Navajos surrendered to Kit moved freely in Ute and Jicarilla territory. Utes. the rest of the Kiowas sent out two their present reservation in 1868. This Carson at Canyon de Chelly and were also whether raiding. huntinq. or trading. This revenqe parties. one led by Kicking Bird effectively ended their war with the relo cated on the Bosque Redondo caused the Utes and JicariIIas to maintain a (Leckie 1963: 91) and the other by Kiowas and Comanches who subsequently reservation with the Mescaleros . Up to defensive posture in their territory in order Stumbling Bear. Stumbllnq Bear recovered concentrated their war efforts in New that time the two tribes had been enemies to protect their homes. horses. women the bodies of the slain Kiowa warriors and Mexico solely against the Utes. and unrest between them arose and children. Consequently. they lost not buried them. His party continued Except for the Pueblo Indians livinlJ immediately. The Mescalero agent. only warriors but also women and westward hoping to kill some Utes so that alone the Rio Grande. the Kiowas Lorenzo Labadie . reported that he had children who were either killed or carried "the Kiowas' hearts would feel better"(Nye continuously foucht the tribes of New been instructed by his charges that they off as captives. 1969: 148-50). There is no evidence as to Mexico up into the 1870s. The Kiowas and desired "more to live with the Comanches. Because of the Ute and Jicarilla hatred how successful Stumbling Bear and their Comanche allies were bound Kiowas. etc .. than with the Navajo." and for the Kiowas and Comanches. they were Kicking Bird were. but the following economically to the Pueblos in trading that "a deadly hatred" existed between the easily recruited to join Colonel Carson's summer a war party under Big Bow alliances that precluded war between two tribes (Labadie 1864: 205). expedition a~ainst the Kiowas and returned from a raid with a war bonnet them. whereas the Utes. Jicarillas . and The Mescaleros were not ~ranted their Comanches in the fall of 1864. The Utes taken from a Ute they had killed (Mooney Mescaleros represented threats to the request but instead were offered the and Jicarillas were ~iven rations. 1898:326). normal execution of this commerce. The opportunity to accompany Carson on an ammunition. and blankets in return for The war between the two tribes Mescaleros on the Llano Estacado tried expedition to chastise the Kiowas and joinin~ the expedition. In addition. they continued even as the Kiowas were valiantly to keep the ~rounds where they Comanches for their raids. They were told were ~ranted the right to any plunder and confined to their reservation in Indian traded with the Pueblos and Mexicans. that they could obtain ~ood horses from horses they might obtain from their Territory after 1867. Aqent Lawrie Tatum Nonetheless. the Kiowas and Comanches the Kiowas since all the Navajo ponies enemies (USWar Department 1893: 243-45. reported the last known Kiowa raid on the proved to be superior in filJhting these were in poor condition (US Senate 1865: The mountain tribes saw Carson's Utes when Black Eaqle led a war party people and effectively kept them backed 202). The Mescaleros declined the offer expedition as an opportunity to take a~ainst them after the Sun Dance of 1870 alJainst the northeastern and southeastern because they did not wish to incur the revenge on their enemies and also acquire (Tatum 1970: 38). However. it was not until mountains of New Mexico respectively. wrath of the Plains tribes. The Mescaleros valuable war spoils. January of 1873 that the Kiowa chief. In the 1840s the Kiowas and became so dissatisfied with the Navajos Seventy-two Utes and Jicarillas joined Kickin~ Bird. made a request of ~ent Comanches made peace with the that they left the Bosque Redondo Carson. At the end of each evening on the Tatum for some white man to accompany Mescaleros but continued to war with the reservation in November of 1865 and hid march toward the Kiowa and Comanches the Kiowas so that they micht meet the Utes and JicariIIas whom they hated with in the mountains south of fort Stanton villalJes. the Utes and Jicarillas performed Utes in council and make peace (Battey lJreat passion . On the other hand the Utes. where they continued to raid the war dances in order to fortify themselves 1968: 106). It is unclear if the two tribes Jicarillas. and their friends . the Navajos. surrounding countryside (Norton 1867: for the upcoming battle. When the enemy formalized the peace or if war simply not only raided the Kiowas. but also their 192). was si~hted on the Canadian River in the ended when the military power of the Comanche. Cheyenne. and Arapaho allies Ironically. in 1870 an Apache chief eastern Texas Panhandle. Carson attacked Kiowas was crushed by the United States in an effort to steal horses and take scalps . visited the Kiowa and Comanche agent. and routed the foremost village which was Army in the Red River War of 1874. It was far more edvantaceous for the Utes Lawrie Tatum. and requested the right to comprised of Kiowas. He broke off the The Navajos and Jicarillas to lJo directly to Kiowa and move his people from New Mexico to live en~a~ement. however. when he The Kiowas were also hostile toward the Comanche camps in search of horses than with the Kiowas and Comanches on their recoqntzed that warriors from villages Navajo Indians. although they to attempt to cross the Southern Plains to reservation in Indian Territory. down stream had joined the battle. He experienced only minimal contact with steal horses from Texan and northern Nevertheless. before arrangements could quickly destroyed the Kiowa village seizing them before the Navajos were located on Mexican settlements and brinlJ them back be made. the Mescaleros decided to a large number of buffalo robes. The Utes the Bosque Redondo reservation in 1864. across alien territory. -52 remain in their New Mexico homeland and JicariIIIas rounded up a large number In the 1850s the Navajos commonly

3 The Kiowa Tribe and the Indians of the Southwest References Cited Stephen Zimmer

Abel. Annie Heloise O ffice of Indian Affairs. Washing ton. Manrrique. Josef Tatum, Lawrie 1915 The Official Correspondence of D.C. 1810 Letter to Commandante-General 1970 Our Red Brothers. University of JamesS. Calhoun, while Indian Agent at Harrington. John P Salcedo, Spanish Archives of New Nebraska Press , Lincoln. Santa Pe and Superintendent of Indian 1910 On Phonetic and Lexie Resemblance Mexico, Document 2304. Archives and Taylor. Morris F. Affairs in New Mexico. Government Between Kiowan and Tanoan. State Records Center. Santa Fe. 1971 Plains Indians on the New Mexico­ Printlng Office, Washin~ton . D.C. American Anthropologist 12:119-123. Mayhall, Mildred Colorado Border: The Last Phase. 1870­ 1941 Indian Affairs in New Mexico under Hyde , George 1971 The Kiowas. University of Oklahoma 1876. New Mexico Historical Review the Administration o f William Carr 1968 Life of George Bent. University of Press. Norman. XLV1:315-336 . Lane. from the Journal of John Ward . Oklahoma Press. Norman. Meriwether. D. Unrau. William New Mexico Historical Review XV1:2 15. Kenn er. Charles 1856 AnnualReport Annual Report of the 1963 The Role of the Indian Agent in the Alencaster, Joaquin Real 1969 A History of New Mexican-Plains Commissioner of Indian Affairs . Office Settlement of the South -Central Plains, 1805 Letter to Commandante-General Indian Relations. University of of Indian Affairs , Washington. D.C. 1861 -1868. Unpublished Ph .D. Salcedo. Spanish Archives of New Oklahoma Press, Norman. Methvin, Rev. 1.1. dissertation, Department of History, Mexico. Document 1925 Archives and Kroeber, AL. 1899 An dele. or th e Mexican-Kiowa University of Colorado, Boulder. State Records Center. Santa Fe. 1939 Cultural and Natural Areas of Native Captive. Penecostal Herald Press, United States House of Representatives Arny, WF.M. North America. University of Californai Louisville. 1847 A Report of Messrs. Butler and Lewis. 187 1 Annual Report. Annual Report of Press, Berkeley. Monahan, Forrest D. Jr. Relative to the Indians of Texas and the the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , Lange, Charles H. and Riley, Carroll L., 1965 Trade Goods on the Prairie, The Southwestern Prairies. House Office of Indian Affairs, Washington. ed itors Kiowa Tribe and White Trade Goods. Document No. 76. 29th Congress, 2nd D.C. 1966 The Southwestern Journals of 1794-1 875. Unpublished Ph .D. Session, Wash in~ton , D.C. Battey. Thomas C. Adolph F. Bandelier, 1880-1882. dissertation. Department of History, United States Senate 1968 The Life andAdventures ofa Quaker Un iversity of New Mexico Press, University of Oklahoma, Norman. 1865 Condition of th e Indian Tribes. Am ong the Indians. University of Albuquerque. Mooney, James Senate Report No. 156, 39th Congress, 2nd Oklahoma Press, Norman. Labadie. Lorenzo 1898 Calendar History of the Kiowa Session, Washington, D.C. Calhoun. J.S. 1864 Annual Report. Annual Report of Indians. Smithsonian Institution, 1854 Report of Explorations for a Railway 1849 Annual Report. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Bureau of American Ethnology, 17th Route. Lieutenant AW Whipple. Senate the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Office of Indian Affairs, Washington. Annual Report, Part 1, Government Executive Document No . 78. 33 rd Office of Indian Affairs . Washington, D.C. Printing Office, Washington. D.C. Congress. 2nd Session, Washington, D.C. D.C. 1867 Annual Report. Annual Report of Norton, AB. United States War Department Carroll. H. Bailey, editor the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1867 Annual Report. Annual Report of 1893 War of the Rebellion, Official 194 1 The Journal of Lieutenant J.W Abert Office of Indian Affairs , Washington, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Records of the Union and Confederate fro m Bent's Fort to St. Louis in 1945. D.C. Office of Indian Affairs. Washin~ton , Armies. Series I. Part III of \701. XLI. Panhandle Plains Historical Review Leckie. William H. D.C. Correspondence, Government Printing XIV':71. 1963 The Miltary Conquest of th e Nye . Wilbur S. Office , Washin~ton , D.C. Dodd. Theodore Southern Plains. University of 1969 Bad Medicin e and Good. University Ward , John 1866 Annual Report. Annual Report of O klahoma Press. Norman . of Oklahoma Press. Norman. 1864 Annual Report Annual Report of the the Commissioner of Indian Affairs . Lucero. Pablo Pettis. Captain George H. Commissioner of Indian Affairs . Office Office of Indian Affairs , Washington, 1815 Letter to Governor Interino Maynes, 1908 Kit Carson's Fight with the of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C. D.C. Spanish Archives o f New Mexico, Comanche and Kiowa Indians. ~SZ 1868 Annual Report. Annual Report of Document 2619 . Archives and State Historical Soci ety of New Mexico the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , Records Center. Sa nta Fe. Publications 12:7-35. • •• Nationally Known New Mexico Artists Homes and Studios Designated Historic Santa Fe - The homes and studios of Although primarily known for his lars;/'e portrait of her brother. Andrew Wyeth, She is working on additional nominations three nationally known artists who lived polychrome and fiberqlass sculptures, he appeared on the cover of Time magazine. with former students. The nomination and created their most significant works in was an accomplished draftsman and Considered by art scholars to be one of the also was forwarded by the committee for Lincoln County, New Mexico, were listed taught art at universities in Arizona and great women painters of the twentieth consideration in the National Register. in the State Register of Cultural Properties, Texas . He is credited with opening doors century. she painted the official White the New Mexico Historic Preservation for other Mexican-American artists. House portrait of former first lady Pat FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Division announced today. Nixon Historic Preservation Division, Department Jimenez and his wife purchased the adobe of Cultural Affairs Luis Jimenez is considered one of the school and gymnasium in scenic Hondo The Peter Hurd and Henriette Wyeth Hurd Bataan Memorial Building leading figures of twen tieth- century Valley in 1985. They adapted it to raising a House and Studios nomination was 407 Galisteo St., Suite 236 American art fo r uniquely blending family and establishing a studio that written by New Mexico State University Santa Fe, NM 87501 Chicano sensibilities with a keen political Jimenez worked in until his death in 2006 student Brittany Porter and her professor, (505) 827-4067 and social awareness in his work. His when a portion of his largest piece. "Blue Beth O'Leary, Ph .D. O 'Leary, a former home and studio-a 1902 adobe school Mustang," fell and severed an artery in his CPRe member, helped Porter complete Tom Drake, Public Relations house and New Deal-era gymnasium he le~ . the nomination after she retired from the [email protected] and his wife Susan converted into their school's Anthropology Department in July. wwwnmhtstoncpreservatton.orc home-and a separate property known as the Apple Shed where he applied finishes "We have preserved a lot of the studio as is ••• to his monumental public art were listed in ... so people will understand the influence the State Register and forwarded for of Hondo Valley, which ~ave him the space consideration in the National Register of to think," said Linda Jimenez. who Olive Rush, Artist in New Mexico Histori c Places. attended the meetlnq and has worked to preserve her late husband 's legacy. When she settled in Santa Fe in the biology building at New Mexico State The committee at the same October 17 early 1920s, Olive Rush already was an University in Las Cruces Rush died in meeting listed the home and studios of He was considered "a ~iant in the Hispanic established illustrator and muralist in the 1966. Peter and Hen riette Wyeth Hurd in San community." said CPRC member Reginald East. Among her Southwest -inspired Patricio. also in Lincoln County's Hondo Richey. an architect in Lincoln County works were murals for Santa Fe's historic (Information from "Tidbits: Did You Valley. The couple lived in and painted who knew Jimenez. La Fonda Hotel. th e Santa Fe Public Know?" column, American Profile. June works now hung in galleries nationwide at Library. the Santa Fe post office and th e 26- July 2,2011). the hacienda they expanded between 1938 The Luis A and Susan B. Jimenez House and 1942 and continued liVing in until and Studios nomination was written by Peter's death in 1984 and Henriette's Moffson and HPD intern Richard Juliani. ••• passing in 1997. Hurd was born in Roswell and attended the Dr Robert Rankin White ••• (continued from page2) "New Mexico has always been a place New Mexico Military Institute and West where artists have come for its scenic Point. in New York . He studied under summed up in his trademark telephone 3. Personal Journals, 1997, March 3. 1997. beauty and the quality of light," said illustrator N.C. Wyeth and married Wyeth's answering message. "You have reached RRW Collection. CSWR. Box 2. Steven Moffson. State and National daughter Henriette in 1929. In New (dramatic pause) the White house." On e 4. New Mexican Genizaros and Turkish register coordinator for HPD. Mexico. he painted murals during the lJood friend considered him as "tall, but Janissaries, PlJ. iv Great Depression, including ones at the deep ," and another close friend described his 5. "Artists of Territorial New Mexico, 1846­ The Georgia O 'Keeffe Home and Studio, in Alamogordo post office and Artesia Pubic personality as "always ~ o o d humored. so 1912," PhD. Dissertat ion , University of New Abiquiu. a National Historic Landmark, Library. His American Southwest ~enerous , immensely sociable, and a first Mexico , 1993, pg. v. and the Eanqer Irving House and Studio landscapes and images of World War II and Joseph Henry Sharpe Studio . in Taos , soldiers-many appeared in Life rate listener who always kept his 6. Ibid, PlJ. 220. p~. are among other artists properties listed in magazine-were completed at the 40-acre confidenc es." 7. Ibid, vi. the State and National registers . ranch. Robert is survived by his sister and 8. Travel notes. 1973. September 22. 1973. brother-in-law, Eleanor and Richard Viebi~ of RRWCollection, CSWR. Box 1. "It is important in a state known In 1966. Hurd painted the White House Houston, Texas. and nieces Pe~~i Bloomquist 9. 'White, Robert Rankin. " Contemporary internationally for its art and the many portrait of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and Tracy Broyles. as well as numerous Authors, 1988 (Vol. 123), p~ . 465. RRW artists who have lived here that we primarily from photographs at their New friends. nelqhbors. colleagues. and Collection CSWR. Box 3, Bio~raphical Entries recoqnize them in the State and National Mexico hacienda when Johnson would careqivers. Robert was buried at the Houston folder. registers for their significant contributions allow only two IS-minute sittings. National Cemetery in Texas in late July 2014. 10. Print Review.Vol. 74. 1975. PlJ. 38. to the state's culture and history." said Jeff Johnson described the portrait as the and a Celebration and Remembrance of his 11. The Taos Society of Artists, University of Pappas, State Historic Preservation "ugliest thin~ I ever saw," which led to the life took place at his home in late August New Mexico Press. 1998 edition, p~ . xxvi. Officer and director of HPD. quip "artists should be seen around the 20 14. -5W 12. Carol Myers. "A Farewell to All My Dear White House, but not Hurd. " The episode Friends," Book Talk (\701. 30, NO.4), October The registers are the state's and the gave Hurd notoriety. and the painting now Notes: 2001. p~. 1. nation's lists of cultural properties and hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in 1. "The Lithoqraphs and Etchlngs of E. resources considered worthy of historic Washington, D.C. Martin Hennings." EI Palacio, (\701. 84, No. 3). Steve Watson preservation. Fall 1978, pg. 21. Albuquerque, New Mexico Henriette was a child prodigy known for 2. New Mexican Genizaros and Turkish Sept ember, 2014 Jimenez was born in EI Paso, Texas . her portraits and still-life paintings. Her Janissaries. Las Lomas Press, 1994, pp. ili-iv

4 Account of the Tolar Munitions Explosion By Randy Dunson

Five hundred feet of track was SJone. any way remember it vividly Sheriff Bob After the excitement abated. a Whitley. deputy sheriff Charlie member of the train crew found Winn's Witherspoon (the author's uncle) and cap almost buried in the dirt beside the district attorney Dick Rowley. alone with tracks. It had a piece of iron in it about the FBI officers, went to investigate the size of a baseball. Winn said that when he accident. Conductor Winn was questioned finally returned to his caboose he found by the FBI on five occasions. Rumors of that the explosion sucked part of the face sabotage surfaced but they were of the air QauQe into the air hose. "For completely unfounded. The most about a month after that I pulled little Interesting conspiracy theory was that the pieces of thread out of the skin of my explosion was staqed by the Qovernment stomach," Winn said "I don't know where to divert attention from the top secret they came from of how they Qot there but atomic bomb blast which had occurred the explosion somehow embedded them earlier in the year. in the flesh." Brakeman Johnson, at the Grim reminders of that day are still rear of the train, was blown to the SJround evident. It doesn't take much searching to when the blast occurred but. miraculously. find small pieces of the bombs still lyinSJ on the entire train crew escaped serious the Q'round. Pieces of twisted metal are still injury. When Mrs. Brown returned to her evident arnonq the ruins of Tolar. On that home she found a heavy chunk of metal da y, the people of Tolar and eastern New had crashed through the roof and was now Mexico saw first hand the devastation of a Tom Drake. the coordinator of the New Mexico historical marker program . gives a speech during the in an easy chair. war in their homeland. One commented. ribbon cutting ceremony for the Tolar historical marker Though every building in Tolar "So this is what war means. This is only a (photograph couttesy ofPortalesNews Tribun e) suffered major damage. two factors small portion of damage in the eyes of contributed to the lack of casualties. First. people who have undergone bombings for America had been involved in World rear of the train so we could save some of most of Tolar's 30 residents were out of years." Another added, "Broken homes War II for almost three years when the war the cars." At the time most of the cars were town. Some, Including Mrs. Brown, had have been able to testify to the desolation was brought much closer to home Nov. 30, of wooden construction. Qone to Melrose to shop and do laundry. and heartbreak that has followed our 1944. Residents of eastern New Mexico had The residents of Tolar watched Winn The school children were in neighborinSJ entrance into the war. But on Thursday. read of the bombing of London. Paris and make his way toward the fire. Winn could Taiban due to the school consolidation, so this vicinity felt also the destruction of the rest of Europe. but on that fateful . hear beer bottles exploding from the heat no one was in the school building when it property that accompanies war." This was Thursday the terror of war was brought as he neared the derailment. When he was was demolished. Second. with the the second hot box mishap for Winn at into their own front yard. The instrument six cars from the wreckage. the bombs exception of Mrs. Watkins. all of the Tolar. Shortly after he joined the railroad of destruction was not an enemy bomber exploded, blOWing him under the train. "I residents had stepped outside to watch the in 1922, he was the head brakeman on a flyinSJ overhead - it was a westbound Santa almost smothered to death - there was no fire and were not trapped in their homes westbound fretqht train. Spotunc a hot Fe freight train. air." he said. C.A Watkins, owner of when windows were blown out and roofs box. the enqineer stopped so Winn could originated The train in Kansas City Watkins store. and Jess Brown were collapsed. The blast was felt and heard for SJo back and check it. It was a pitch dark and was bound for the west coast. Just east watching from a distance of about fifty many miles around. even as far away as niQht and the enqine crew did not realize of Amarillo. at the Pantex Ordnance Plant. yards. When the bombs exploded a bomb Hereford. Texas, some 120 miles distant. that they had stopped on top of the hiSJh the train picked up car CN476931. This was fraSJment struck Brown in the head. He Doors and windows were rattled in Clovis . bridge near the east sidinQ switch at Tolar. a box car loaded with 160 five hundred died enroute to the hospital in Melrose. The shock was felt in Portales. N.M. Dishes In those days the bridge did not have any pound bombs destined for Japan through Ieavinq a widow and seven children. rattled in Farwell, N.M. Windows broke in walkway or guardrails. When brakeman courtesy of the US Army Air Corps This Miraculously. Watkins escaped injury. Mrs. Melrose and Forrest. Dishes were shaken Winn stepped off of the engine he fell would be a full bomb load for four B29 Watkins. who was inside the store, said, off the shelves in the Elida Hotel. Boys some eighty feet. Miraculously, he landed bombers. "crepe paper saved my life." Just before the workinSJ on a combine near Floyd said the between the pillncs and escaped with a At Clovis . the Pecos Division crew explosion. she had Qone to the front of the ground literally shook beneath them. broken back. For six months he laid on a climbed aboard. On steam locomotive .store to arrange a crepe paper display. On the liQhter side. one lady said she board in the kitchen of the family duqout 5002 were locomotive engineer B.L. Clark. When the explosion occurred. a 1.500 Qot a cold as a result of the explosion. Mrs. near Grier. After that. Winn always said. "If fireman 1. Worley and brakeman Jack pound axle assembly from one of the J.E Harris, who lived about a half mile from I can just SJet past Tolar, I've SJot it made." Miller who was making his first trip on the derailed cars whirled through the air. the scene, had the only workinQ telephone ~RD Santa Fe. Conductor Darry Winn and smashed through the roof of the store. after the blast. She said that besides havlnq brakeman J..1. Johnson rode the caboose. spun across the floor and crashed out no windows in her house. she was beinQ Randy Dunson. HSNM member and It was cold and Windy as they started through the wall. She did receive a minor constantly roused from her sleep by the Clovis locomotive engineer, authored westward. There was nothtnq unusual head injury when she got excited and numerous telephone inquiries concerning this true story. Dunson wrote similar about their train that morning. The 81 cars jumped through the front window. The the explosion. This was all making her cold articles for a former newsletter. the contained a variety of SJoods destined for crepe paper display was in the only part of much worse. Many thought the air field at Pecos Division's Pecos Handbill. His the war in the Pacific - such thinSJs as the store where the roof did not collapse. Clovis had been bombed. Others thought a work will be featured in future bottled beer. salted peanuts. canned meat. Despite the cold weather. Mrs. EG. Forrest. plane had crashed. One thing is certain ­ Southwest Express newsletters. airplane enqines, bal es of cotton. fuel oil. 83 . was watching from the front porch of those who experienced the explosion in steel bars and various other materials. her home near the schoolhouse. The blast At Krider. section foreman H.W blew her front door off the hinges and she Southard and his six men huddled beside and the door were blown back into the ·e· an embankment eating their lunch out of house toqether; Other than being "scared the cold wind. Normally. section QanSJs to death." she was uninjured. Mrs. H.W posted a man on both sides of the track to Smith. Postmistress. and AC. Cash were Carleen Lazzell, PhD... (continuedjrompage 1) inspect passtnc trains for overheated "The watching from the step of the Smith train slipped up on us as the wind was Grocery and Post Office. The blast sent pride in havtnc their work published in La Rue's death. Carleen often went on the blowing so hard." Southard said. "I didn't them sprawling to the SJround. Passing Cronies. road to visit small museums and history SJet a man on the opposite side. but we all motorists also received quite a thrill. Darry Carleen loved the Historical Society's groups around the state. always takinSJ a stood up and watched the train SJo by at Winn said. "As I recall. there was one old Annual Awards program. She personally pile of La Crotiices to distribute wherever about 45 mph. We observed indications of cowboy in a Chevy. He told me the and successfully championed adding to she went. She made many friends for the a hot box on a car near the head end. As explosion spun his car around in the the Awards' categories the Pablita Velarde Historical Society and made a hUSJe the rear of the train came by I Qave them a hiSJhway and blew out all four tires ." The Award (for an outstanding children's contribution to New Mexico history by hot box siSJnaI. holding my finqers to my suction from th e blast literally pulled out publication relating to Southwest or beinSJ the enqine that kept La Cronies Borderlands history) and the Fabiola SJoinSJ as the "official publication of the nose and pointed ahead. A member of the all of the windows in another automobile. Cabeza de Baca Award (for an outstanding Historical Society of New Mexico" (not a crew on the caboose acanowledsed it." As Fire chief Wayne West received injuries publication or exhibit relanns to domestic "journal." not a "newsletter" as Carleen the train rounded the curve east of Tolar when the blast overturned his car about a life in New Mexico). At each Annual always stressed) for so many years. Many brakeman Jack Miller also saw the car half mile from Tolar. Another motorist said Awards ceremony she would round up the of the articles that she published in La smokinz, He yelled to Clark. "Bill. we have that after he got his car under control. he awardees, sometimes to their Cronies became the basis for the Historical a hot box or a brake stickinSJ." Clark eased looked back in his rear view mirror and embarrassment. for photoqraphs that were Society's three-volume series Sunshine off the throttle of the 5002 and beqan to set saw a car rolling. He went back to see if the then published in La Cronies. She also and Shadows in New Mexico's Past. the brakes. Before the train could stop. the driver needed help. The driver was took delight in publishlnq in La Cronica Carleen was active in historic journal burned off of the seventh car. a crawling out of the back seat. He her photoqraphs of other Society events. preservation efforts in Albuquerque as a tank car contalninq fuel oil. This allowed remarked. "That was some explosion." thus documenting the Society's activities member of the TACA (The Albuquerque an arch bar to drop onto the track. As the Peanuts and corned beef were for posterity. Conservation Association), which was car went over the east house track switch scattered over a wide area. On the back Carleen's persuasiveness and responsible for publishing her book. dOQQedness helped her in convincing the Historic Albuquerque - An Illustrated it derailed alone with the 36 cars behind it. porch of a ranch house about a half mile Society's board to hold the 2005 New History. Carleen also belonged to the including the car of bombs. The away. a SJallon of corned beef was found Mexico History Conference in Clayton. AAUW (American Association of University locomotive and the head six cars drifted without a scratch on it. Most of a metal Despite the concerns that it was too far Women) for many years. and was several hundred yards down the track boxcar was blown onto the highway. Two away for many members and too small to particularly active in their "writers group". before coming to a stop. The time was cars contained cotton mattresses which hold such a conference, Carleen prevailed. where she honed her story about SJrowinSJ 12:08 p.m. Before the lunch hour was over were blown into small pieces. Winn She then took the lead in putting together up in Union County, New Mexico. every buildinq in Tolar would be damaged commented. "The pieces looked to be a wonderful and very successful Carleen Lazzell will be SJreatly missed or destroyed. Almost immediately the fuel several hundred feet up in the sky. Each conference. particularly so due to the by all who knew her infectious laugh. her oil caught on fire . Everyone in Tolar either piece was Iloaunq down and smoking. warm reception and support of her Union boundless energy, and her insatiable heard the derailment or saw the smoke They looked like little stars on fire." Clark County friends, with the newly restored curiosity about everything New Mexican. ~MS from the fire and ran to the door to see recalled, "we had a carload of new Eklund Hotel being the centerpiece. what was SJoinSJ on. Clark sent the head airplane engines on the train and I Carleen loved New Mexico. New Mexico history. and New Mexicans. After brakeman to flaSJ down traffic on the remember seeinq one of them fly directly hiQ'hway. Johnson, rear brakeman. went over my head," he said. "I don't know if it back to flaSJ against following trains. Winn was the same one or not. but several days walked up to investigate. later they found one of the enzines in a At the phone booth he called the field over a mile away." Clovis and Ft. dispatcher. tellinq him to send an ensine to Sumner Army Air Fields sent firefiSJhters to pull the rear of the train away from the the scene but the intense heat was too fire. He said. "I walked up the side of the much for them. The destruction was train. scrapmq my shoulders against the unbelievable. The blast left a crater 22 feet cars tryinq to avoid the heat as much as I deep and 66 feet across. Four spans of could. I was goinQ to try to uncouple the telephone lines were twisted and tangled.

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This Newspaper is pu blished by Non-Profit Organization HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO U.S. POSTAGE PAID P.O. Box 191 2 Santa Fe. New Mexico 87504 La Crol1ica Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 EDITOR oe Nuevo Mexico Permit No. 95 Carleen C. Lazzell Ronald R. Hadad - Assoc iate Editor Number 101 OffICERS Janet Saiers - President HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO Don Bullis - tst \lice President Linda Tiqqes - Treasurer Post Offi ce Box 1912 Baldwin G. Burr - Sec retary Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 DIRECTORS Martha Sh ipman Andr ews John Port er Bloom David L. Caffey RETURN SERVICE REQUESTED Doyle Daves Kathr yn Flynn Frederick Friedman Ren e Harris TO: Kermit Hill Carleen C. Lazzell Nancy Owen Lewis Margaret Espin osa McDonald Richa rd Melzer Joh n Ramsay Dawn Santtaqo Debor ah Slaney Robert J. Torrez Stephe n Zimme r Ex-Officio Rick Hendricks - State Historian Ex-O fficio Crai q Newbill -NM Humanities Council

The opinions expressed in sil1ned articles are not necessarily those of the iiistoricaI Society of New Mexico. Mention of a product. service or profession in these columns is not to be considered an endor sement of that product. service or profession by the Historical Society of New Mexico Printed by Tri-State Printing

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Railroad historian and Clovis resident Randy Dunson prepares to cut dedication ribbon Employees of the NM Transportation Dept. and other attendees (photograph couttesy ofPortales News Tribun e) gath er around m etal remnant ofexplosion (photograph couttesy ofPortales News Tribune) • • • New Books for Your New Mexico History Bookshelves Compiled by Richard Melzer 2015 New Mexico Ray John de Aragon . New Mexico Book of John McWilliams. New Mexico:A Glimpse the Undead : Goblin and Ghoul in to an Enchanted Land . Scottsdale, History Conference folklore. Charleston: History Press. 2014. Arizona : Inkwell Productions. 2013.

Carlos Blanton. George I. Sanchez: The Jessica Dawn Palmer. The Apache This year's conference. to be held at Mexico's railroad history on Thursday Long fight fo r Mexican American Peoples: A History of All Bands and the Embassy Suites Hotel in be~innin~ in the morning and ending at Albuquerque. May 7-9 . will likely be the 2 PM. also at the Embassy' Suites. Integration. New Haven: Yale University Tribes Thro ugh the 1880s . Jefferson. bi~gest yet. Twenty-eight full program Registration options will include Press. 2013. North Carolina: Mcfarland. 2013. sessions will be held. stretching from program sessions only (no meals other Friday morning. May 8. through than the Thursday reception) and a full Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio. Boxin g in Ollie Reed. Jr. , Slim Randles. and Ruth E. Saturday afternoon. May 9 . package with the Friday lunch and New Mexico. Jefferson . North Carolina: Francis . Max fvans and a f ew Good The conference opening reception Saturday evening banquet included. As Mcfarland, 2013 . friends. Albuquerque: Rio Grande Books. will be at the Albuquerque Museum on usual for our conferences. teachers (K­ 2014. Thursday eveninq, This will provide 12) can attend for free (no meals conference attendees a unique included). Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Our America: opportunity to tour the new Only in The full conference program, with A Hispanic History o f the United Dawn Moore Santiago et aI. The Heart of Albuquerque exhibit put toqether by the registration information. will be out in States. New York: WW Norton. 2014. Las Cruces: A History ofSt. Genevieve's Museum's history curator and HSNM early February. In the meantime, Church. Las Cruces: St. Genevieve's board member Deborah Sla ney over conference attendees can make room David Johnson. The Horrell Wars: Church. 2014. most of the past decade. There will be an reservations at the Embassy Suites (call feuding in Texas and New Mexico. opening plenary session featuring Travis 505 245-7100) for the special conference Denton: University of North Texas Press. Paul Second. Pecos. Charleston: Arcadia. Suazo. director of the Indian Pueblo rate of $102 sin~le and $112 double Cultural Center. as speaker. The HSNM (make sure you indicate that this is for 2014. 2014 . Annual Membership meeting will be held the History Conference; rates are good at lunchtime on Friday. and the Annual for May 6 through 9). All suites are two Steve Larese. Balloons Over Toby Smith. Bus h League Boys: The Awards banquet will be Saturday rooms with two televisions. a Iivin~ room Albuquerque. Atqlen, Pennsylvania: Postwa r Legends of Baseball in the evenlnq. all at the Embassy SUites. with sofa bed, mini-frtdoe. microwave Schiffer. 2014. American Southwest. Albuquerque: There will also be a pre-conference and other amenities. The room rate University of New Mexico Press. 2014. symposium. organized by HSNM board includes an evening cocktail time and Michael Maddox. Porter and Ike member Fred Friedman. on New buffet breakfast. Stockton: Colorado and New Mexico Don Unser. Chasing Dichos Through Border Outlaws. n.c.: n.p .. 2014. Chimayo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2014. Richard McCord. No Halls of Ivy: The Gritty Story of the College ofSanta Pe, Robert Turner Wood . The Postwar Please visit 1947-2009. Washin~ton. D.C.: De La Salle Transformation of Albuquerque, New Christian Brothers , 20 13. Mexico, 1945-1972. San ta Fe: Sunstone Historical Society Press. 2014. of New Mexico website! www:hsnm.org