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Morphological and Biochemical Characters of Eggplant Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(5): 915-920 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Morphological and biochemical characters of JEZS 2018; 6(5): 915-920 © 2018 JEZS eggplant (Solanum melongena) conferring Received: 09-07-2018 Accepted: 10-08-2018 resistance against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Muhammad Musa Khan Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Muhammad Musa Khan, Muhammad Yahya Khan, Rana Muhammad Faisalabad, Pakistan Kaleem Ullah, Muhammad Yasir, Annum Khalid and Muhammad Ahsan Muhammad Yahya Khan Khan Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Abstract Faisalabad, Pakistan Results showed that maximum whitefly incidence was observed in Black Round and the minimum population was recorded on Black Beauty. Correlation analysis described that the hair length on midrib Rana Muhammad Kaleem Ullah region, leaf lamina thickness and percentage of manganese contents showed negative and hair density on Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Science midrib region, nitrogen contents and protein contents have a positive correlation with whitefly and Technology, Bahauddin population. When the morphological characters were regressed together, hair density on midrib was a Zakariya University Multan. most important parameter with 72.1% impact. The combination of all morphological parameters has no Pakistan significant impact on the whitefly population. Among all the biochemical parameters nitrogen showed maximum 71.1% impact while all parameters together showed 8.4% impact. Principle component Muhammad Yasir analysis showed that the thickness of the leaf lamina played an important role in the reduction of whitefly Department of Horticulture, when all significantly correlated parameters were calculated together. From the results, it can be Agriculture University concluded that the morphological and biochemical characters of brinjal imparted resistance against Peshawar, Pakistan whitefly which can be used as an important tool in integrated pest management model. Annum Khalid Keywords: Solanum melongena, morphological resistance, whitefly, biochemical traits, host plant Department of Horticulture, resistance Agriculture University Peshawar, Pakistan 1. Introduction Muhammad Ahsan Khan Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important solanaceous vegetable crop in sub-tropics and Department of Entomology, tropics. It is extensively grown in India, Pakistan, China, Philippines, Bangladesh, Egypt, University of Agriculture France, Italy, Middle East, Far East and the U.S.A. [1]. Brinjal is grown as an annual crop Faisalabad, Pakistan [2] throughout the year in the tropics and subtropics . In Pakistan, the area under this crop was 8,482 hectares and the total production was 84,690 tons with an average yield of 9.98 Kg/ha. [3]. Brinjal crops are damaged by several insect pests that can cause considerable damage, which renders the fruit unfit for human consumption [4]. Some of the important insect pests of brinjal in Pakistan are brinjal fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), brinjal stem borer, Euzophera perticella Ragonot (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), leaf roller, Eublemma olivacea (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabr. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), aphid, Aphis gossypii (Homoptera, Aphididae), Whitefly, Bemisia tabici (Genn.) (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae), thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) and cotton jassid (CJ), Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) [5] (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) . Whitefly is an important pest of many vegetable crops. Two species of whitefly are important pests in vegetable crops the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Whitefly transmits Begomovirus in tomato and cucumber which causes tomato yellow leaf curl and cucumber yellows [6]. Whitefly also caused a problem in eggplant [7]. Farmers mostly tried to use easy and quick method to control insect pest. To achieve this, farmers mainly use synthetic [8] pesticides . Pesticide not only exerts health issues in human and animals it also pollutes the environment [9]. The unplanned and extensive use of pesticides also causes the development of Correspondence resistance among insects [10]. HPR (Host Plant Resistance) is a key component of IPM which Muhammad Musa Khan can make crop unsuitable for pests without the development of any induced and inheritable Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture resistance in the insects. Plant morphological and biochemical traits played an important in Faisalabad, Pakistan resistance. Hair length on leaf negatively correlated with whitefly population. ~ 915 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies More the length less will be the population. It is also showed was added and 50ml of the substrate was taken into a that nitrogen contents of a plant played an important role in volumetric flask. whitefly population establishment. Nitrogen contents of cotton positively correlated with whitefly population [11]. 2.4 Statistical Analysis Keeping in view the importance of host plant resistance, the Data were computed statistically with the help of Statistix 8.1 present study was designed on six verities of brinjal to and Microsoft office Excel 2013. LSD (Least Significant determine the role of morphological and biochemical plant Difference) with P< 0.05 was used to determine the traits and to determine the comparative resistance and significance of results and mean comparisons. The correlation susceptibility of different verities against B. tabaci. So the was computed to determine the relation between whitefly host plant resistance can be used in IPM to minimize the population and with different morphological and biochemical pesticide usage in the standing crop. plant traits of brinjal. To determine the impact of the significantly correlated parameters, a multiple linear 2. Materials and Methods regression model was constructed with the help of Statistix 2.1 Experimental plants and sowing of plants 8.1. Graphical work was done on R i386 3.5.0 and Minitab 16 Six brinjal verities were used in the present studies. Black Beauty, Black Round, New Nobel, BSS-513, BSS-985 and 3. Results Kalash were planted in the Randomized Complete Block 3.1 Population comparison of whitefly on different Brinjal Design (RCBD) with three replications to each verity. The cultivars plot size was 3.83m x 8.82m with the plant to plant and row Results showing that the whitefly population differs to row distance was maintained as 23 cm and 76 cm significantly in different Brinjal genotypes per leaf as shown respectively. The data was recorded on weekly bases by in Table 1a. (F=657.40; DF=6; P=0.000). Maximum selecting 15 leaves/plot/variety/replication. population was recorded in Black Round with a mean of 1.600 per leaf which significantly differ from other genotypes. 2.2 Determination of morphological plant traits The minimum population was recorded with a mean Three random plants were selected from each plot in such a population of 0.346 per leaf on Black Beauty. Analysis of way that one leaf from the top portion of the plant, a middle variance of phenotypic characters is shown in Table 1a, while leaf from the second plant and lower leaf from the third plant the variation among the biochemical traits is shown in Table was taken. Hair density and hair length were counted from 1b. All the phenotypic and biochemical parameters showed leaf lamina, vein and midrib region. These parameters were significant variation among all the brinjal verities under study counted from the lower side of the leaf. 1 cm length of the except chlorophyll contents where the difference among the midrib and leaf vein area was taken out with the help of a fine verities was non-significant. razor, while 1 cm2 of leaf lamina was taken out with the help of 1 cm2 iron dye. Hair length and hair density were counted 3.2 Influence of phenotypic and phytochemical plant traits under CARL ZEISS binocular microscope. The thickness of on whitefly population on Brinjal. the leaf lamina was taken from three different places of leaf 3.2.1 Effect of Morphological traits on whitefly population lamina. To determine the leaf lamina thickness ocular Results in Table 2a showed that hair length on leaf midrib has micrometer was used. Leaf area was measured by leaf area a significantly negative impact on whitefly population. Hair meter L-3100 [12]. density on midrib region also showed the positive and significant impact on whitefly population. Results also 2.3 Biochemical analysis revealed that population of whitefly will be affected Phytochemical plants traits were examined at crop maturity. significantly if the leaf lamina is thicker, while leaf area has a Different micro and macronutrient analysis were done from non-significant but positive correlation with on the basis of a the leaves of brinjal plant viz., nitrogen was estimated by number of whitefly individuals per leaf. Kjeldhal apparatus [13] and phosphorus percentage was determined by using a calorimetrically Novaspace-II 3.2.2 Effect of biochemical plant traits on whitefly spectrophotometer. Potassium percentage was estimated by a population flame photometer. Protein, iron and manganese contents were As far as biochemical traits are concerned results in Table 2b determined by methods mentioned by Khan et al., 2017 [11]. showed that nitrogen percentage in the brinjal plant played a Chlorophyll contents of brinjal leaves were measured by significant and the positive role in whitefly population
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