This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

Volume Title: Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel

Volume Author/Editor: Claudia Goldin and Hugh Rockoff, editors

Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Volume ISBN: 0-226-30112-5

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/gold92-1

Conference Date: March 1-3, 1991

Publication Date: January 1992

Chapter Title: Biographies, Indexes

Chapter Author: Claudia Goldin, Hugh Rockoff

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6975

Chapter pages in book: (p. 475 - 492) Biographies

Howard Bodenhorn is assistant professor of economics at St. Lawrence University in New York State.

Michael D. Bordo is professor of economics at Rutgers University and was previously at the University of South Carolina. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ann M. Carlos is associate professor of economics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and has recently moved there from the University of Western Ontario.

Stephen Crawford is an advertising executive with Leo Burnett, Inc. in Chicago.

Stanley L. Engerman is the John H. Munro Professor of Economics and professor of history at the University of Rochester and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Gerald Friedman is assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

David W. Galenson is professor of economics at the University of Chicago and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Claudia Goldin is professor of economics at Harvard University where she moved recently from the University of Pennsylvania. She is program director and research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and was the editor of the Jour- nal of Economic History from 1984 to 1988.

Alice Hanson Jones was, until her death in 1985, professor emeritus of economics at Washington University in St. Louis. She served as president of the Economic History Association from 1982 to 1983.

John Komlos is associate professor of history and economics at the University of Pittsburgh.

475 476 Biographies

Michael Kurth is associate professor of economics at McNeese State University in Louisiana.

Frank Lewis is professor of economics at Queen’s University in Ontario.

Robert A. Margo is professor of economics at Vanderbilt University and was previ- ously at Colgate University and the University of Pennsylvania. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Donald N. McCloskey is the John F. Murray Professor of Economics and professor of history at the University of Iowa and is the director of the Project on the Rhetoric of Inquiry.

Clayne L. Pope is professor of economics at Brigham Young University and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Peter Rappoport is assistant professor of economics at Rutgers University.

Joseph D. Reid, Jr., is associate professor of economics at George Mason University.

Hugh Rockoff is professor of economics at Rutgers University and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Winifred B. Rothenberg is assistant professor of economics at Tufts University.

Anna J. Schwartz is research associate emerita of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Boris Simkovich is a graduate student in economics at Harvard University.

Kenneth L. Sokoloff is associate professor of economics at the University of Califor- nia at Los Angeles and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Re- search.

Richard H. Steckel is professor of economics at the Ohio State University and a re- search associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Georgia C. Villaflor teaches economics at San Diego State University.

Jenny Bourne Wahl is assistant professor of economics at St. Olaf College in Minne- sota.

Donghyu Yang is associate professor of economics at Seoul National University, Korea. Contributors

Howard Bodenhorn David W. Galenson Department of Economics Department of Economics Hepbum Hall University of Chicago St. Lawrence University 1126 East 59th Street Canton, NY 136 17 Chicago, IL 60637

Michael D. Bordo Claudia Goldin Department of Economics Department of Economics New Jersey Hall Harvard University Rutgers University Cambridge, MA 02138 New Brunswick, NJ 08903 John Komlos Ann M. Carlos Department of History Department of Economics University of Pittsburgh Campus Box 256 Pittsburgh, PA 15260 University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309 Michael Kurth Department of Economics and Finance Stephen Crawford McNeese State University Leo Burnett, Inc. Lake Charles, LA 70609 35 West Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60601 Frank Lewis Stanley L. Engerman Department of Economics Department of Economics Queen’s University University of Rochester Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Rochester, NY 14627 Canada

Gerald Friedman Robert A. Margo Department of Economics Department of Economics Thompson Hall Calhoun 109 University of Massachusetts Vanderbilt University Amherst, MA 01003 Nashville, TN 37235

477 478 Contributors

Donald N. McCloskey Boris Simkovich Department of Economics Department of Economics University of Iowa Harvard University Iowa City, IA 52242 Cambridge, MA 02138

Clayne L. Pope Kenneth L. Sokoloff Department of Economics Department of Economics 154 Faculty Office Building 405 Hilgard Avenue Brigham Young University University of California Provo, UT 84602 Los Angeles, CA 90024

Peter Rappoport Richard H. Steckel Department of Economics Department of Economics New Jersey Hall Ohio State University Rutgers University 410 Arps Hall New Brunswick, NJ 08903 1945 North High Street Columbus, OH 43210 Joseph D. Reid, Jr. Department of Economics Georgia C. Villaflor 4400 University Drive 3521 Columbia Street George Mason University San Diego, CA 92103 Fairfax, VA 22030 Jenny Bourne Wahl Hugh Rockoff St. Olaf College Department of Economics 1520 St. Olaf Avenue New Jersey Hall Northfield. MN 55057 Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Donghyu Yang Department of Economics Winifred B. Rothenberg Seoul National University Department of Economics Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu Tufts University Seoul, Korea Medford, MA 02 155

Anna J. Schwartz National Bureau of Economic Research 269 Mercer Street, 8th floor New York. NY 10003 Author Index

Adams, Donald R., Jr., 30, 35n16.64, 70n7, Becker, Gary, 358-59, 375n2, 377nn8.10, 174n24, 175t 378n11, 380, 392n43, 397n52, 4311118, Adams, John W., 2721114 44 1 n45 Adams, T. M., 42n26 Bennett, Sari J., 458n41 Addams, Jane, 428113 Benson, Lee, 434n28 Aitken, Hugh G. J., 4071119 Berlin, Ira, 322n34 Akerlof, George, 1921110 Bernanke, Ben S., 90n44, 190n4, 192111 I, Albert, Peter J., 2501113 197nn22-23, 198nn26-27 Alchian, Armen A,, 921154.4311118 Berry, Thomas Senior, 761119, 87 Aldrich, Nelson W., 69n6 Bewley, Truman F., 1091113 Alston, Lee J., 135n2, 143n23, 145nn27,29 Bezanson, Anne, 63 Alter, George, 1411118, 3561112, 360n32, 363 Bidwell, Percy W., 49n34, 119n26, 120n30, Altgeld, John P., 4631157 142n21 Anderson, Barbara, 376n6 Binswanger, Hans P., 105nl. 108n12 Anderson, Ralph V., 108nll Bizzell, William, 136n6, 145n27, 149n34 Aries, Philippe, 382n22 Blinder, Alan, 205n39 Arrington, Leonard J., 2281110, 2301113 Bodenhorn, Howard, 168t Atack, Jeremy, 31116, 351116, 120n29, 137, Bogue, Allan G., 136, 145n25, 150n36, 154, 359, 3961150 459n43 Avery, Roger C., 269n6 Bogue, Donald J., 353n6 Boorstin, Daniel I., 30n2 Balke, N. S., 223 Borcherding, Thomas E., 434n27 Bancroft, Frederic, 300nn14,17, 323n37 Bordo, Michael D., 195n17 Bancroft, Hubert H., 176, 177t, 178 Borjas, George J., 237n21 Banfield, Edward C., 428nn4,7, 429n9, Boulay, Harvey, 444n57 430n17,433nn24-25,44lnn41,44 Bourne, Jennie, 384n27, 386n34. See ulso Bardhan, P. K., 150n39 Wahl, Jennie Bourne Barrett, Brian W., 159 Boylan, Anne, 382n23 Barro, Robert J., 47n33 Brackett, Jeffrey R., 302n21 Bateman, Fred, 351116, 120nn29-30, Brady, Dorothy S., 32n9, 33nl I, 401124, 63, 137nn9-10, 148, 151, 153, 359, 396n50 65 Beales, Ross W., Jr., 110n16 Brass, William, 269n6 Bean, L. L., 272n14 Bridenbaugh, Carl, 244n2

479 480 Author Index

Bridges, Amy, 429n9,430n14, 457n35 Danhof, Clarence, 136 Brown, M. Craig, 427,429n9.438n37, 439t, Datta, Samar K., 145n27 4551130 David, Paul A., 17, 40n24.62, 356-57, Brunner, Karl, 1931112, 209n39 3581121, 360, 3801114, 382n25 Bryce, James, 428113,4301113 Davis, Lance E., 32n9, 105111, 129n44, 159- Bushman, Claudia, 3811117 60, 1721118, 183 Bushman, Richard, 3811117 Davis, Pearce, 381119 Butler, Richard J., 228119 Dawley, Alan, 911151 Deacon, Robert T., 434n27 Cain, Glen G., 129n41 Debow, J. D. B., 320t Caldwell, J. C., 105nl, 358 DeCanio, Stephen, 86, 92n55 Calomiris, Charles W., 173n21, 190, 1951117, Degler, Carl, 248119, 382 197n22,201-2, 204-5, 213n47, 218, De Long, J. Bradford, 2161156 221, 222n59 Demeny, Paul, 27 1 Cameron, Colin A,, 362n40 d’Emilio, John, 386n34 Campbell, J., 82, 84n30 Demos, John, 127n40, 246n4, 269n4, Carlos, Ann M., 416n39 2841133, 285134, 290-91, 377n9 Chambers, J. D., 53n37 Demsetz, Harold, 431n18 Cheung, Steven N. S., 13511, 137n7 Deno, Kevin T., 4441157 Christianson, Gale E., 171110 Depew, Chauncey M., 33nll Clapham, John H., 16 De Tray, Dennis, 3971152 Clark, Christopher, 119n27 Dexter, Elizabeth A., 248119 Coale, Ansley, 271, 291n42, 354n9, 370n46, Dickey, David A,, 81n25 37 I n48, 376 Diewert, W. E., 1011156 Coase, Ronald H ., 43 1n 18 DiGaetano, Alan, 4441157 Cochran, Thomas C., 32n7 Dockhorn, Robert, 3851128 Cochrane, John H., 82, 84 Doeringer, Peter, 129n4 I Coehlo, Philip R. P., 69n6 Dollar, David, I12n20 Cogswell, Seddie, 137, 141n18 Dye, Nancy, 382 Cole, Arthur H., 63, 731114, I01 Dyke, Bennett, 2721114, 2731116 Coleman, Peter J., 2321118 Collingwood, R. G., 22 Earle, Camille, 1121119, 122n35, 4581141 Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Easterlin, Richard A., 32118, 105111, 141n18, 437n33.442n46, 444n61 147n31, 269-70, 352n3, 356n12, 358, Commons, John R. and Associates, 30n4, 360n32, 363, 376, 382-84, 393 68nn1,3,92n52 Eatwell, J., IOln56 Condran, Gretchen A,, 1411118, 3561112, Edgar, J. H., 409 360n32, 363 Edwards, Richard, 452 Conrad, Alfred H., IOnl, 161 Eichengreen, Barry, 160 Cooky, Thomas, 197n23, 198n26 El-Badry, M. A,, 290n39 Cornwell, Elmer E., Jr., 429n9, 433n25, Eltis, David, 299n9 457n34 Elton, Geoffrey R., 17 Cott, Nancy, 377n9, 381-82 Ely, Richard, 136n3 Crawford, Stephen, 349n23 Engerman, Stanley L., 30n2, 31nn5,6, Currie, A. W., 402,403n7, 409n25, 112n20, 113-14, 121n31, 138n12, 140t, 410nn28,29,41 It, 414, 417, 419n46. 152n40, 160, 161115, 181, 18%. 226115, 420n48, 421n52 246n4.270n8, 272n14,274n18, Currie, J. M., 144n24 294n44, 297n2, 298nn3,5, 352n4, Curry, Leonard P.. 322n34 353n7, 3581121, 376nn5,6, 4081122 Curti, Merle. 226n4, 2321118, 239n25, Engle, Robert F., 86n38, 87nn4 I ,42 240n26 Erie, Stephen. 456n31,460nn47,49 Emle, Lord, 53n37 Dahlin. Michel, 2501113 Escott, Paul D.,33 In2 Dalton. Amy H., 442n49 Evans, Peter, 464n65 481 Author Index

Evans, Robert, Jr., 161 Glazer, Nathan, 429n9, 457n34 Eveleth, Phyllis, 298114, 299n11 Glover, James, 283, 294n47 Everton, George B., Sr., 229n 1 1 Goldenweiser, E. A., 1381113, 146n29, 149n34, 154 Falconer, John I., 49n34, 119n26, 120n30, Goldin, Claudia, 33nn10.12, 341114, 38n19, 142n21 Faler, Paul G., 30n4, 46n3 1,47n33 52n36, 112n20, 113-14, 1211131, 2x11130, 358, 381n20 Fama, Eugene F., I93n I2 Good, David F., 160113, 187n48 Field, Alexander J., 591142, 1491135 Fields, Barbara, 317n26 Goodrich, Carter, 32n7 Gordon, David, 452 Fink, Leon, 459n42 Gordon, John E., 295115 1 Fiorina, Morris, 4311119 Gordon, Robert J., 33111 I, 65, 1931112, 223 Fishlow, Albert, 341113, 42n26, 403n9, Gorton, Gary, 1951117, 213n47 408n22, 4201150 Gould, Benjamin Apthrop, 353n48 Flanigan, William, 459n43 Graff, Harvey J., 3571119 Fleisig, Heywood, 90n46 Granger, C. W. J., 86n38, 87nn41,42 Floud, Roderick, 2741118, 297n2, 29811.5 Gras, Norman Scott B., 166t. 169t Fogel, Robert W., I, 7-8, 16-17, 30112, Gray, Lewis C., 150, 152n40, 155n43 31n5.44n28, 59,68111, 75n17, 138n12, Gray, Robert D., 63 140t, 152n40, 160, 161115, 181, 185t, Green, George D., 172n20 246n4, 268, 270, 272n14,274n18, Greenstein, Fred, 4341126 284n31, 294n45, 295, 297nn1.2, Gregory, Annabel, 297n2 298nn3.5, 310n23, 353n7, 376n6, Greven, Philip J., Jr., 246n4, 269n4, 284n33, 3811115, 384n27, 402, 407-8,410, 413 285n34, 290-91 Foner. Eric, 447n3,463n60 Griliches, Zvi, 152 Forster, Colin, 352n3, 3551110, 359 Guasti, Laura, 428116 Foust, JamesD., 137n10, 148, 151, 153 Guest, Avery, 381n18 Franklin, Benjamin, 247 Gurley, John, 192118 Fredman, L. E., 429n9 Gutman, Herbert G., 331111, 4551129 Freedman, Estelle, 386n34 Freemen, Bettie C., 2721114 Habakkuk, H. J., 381119 Frenkel, Jacob A., 2001132 Hahn, Frank, 1961118 Freudenberger, Herman, 300, 3021118, 307t, Hahn, Stephen, 105111 316t, 3251146, 3271154 Haines, Michael R., 102n58, 268113, 269n6, Friedman, Benjamin, 192n9, 196nn18-20 270, 352n4, 376n6,448n5,451t Friedman, Gerald, 453n21 Halaby, Charles, 427, 429n9,438n37, 439t, Friedman, Milton, 189111, 1951116, 223 455n30 Fuller, Wayne A., 811125 Hall, S. G., 88t Galenson, David W., 60, 129n44, 225n1, Hallagan, William S., 105111 226nn3-5, 228n9 Harding, William F., 169t Gallman, James M., 269115 Hareven, Tamara, 1411118, 3561112 Gallman, Robert E., 30n2, 31nn5,6, 381120, Harley C. Knick, 4081122 40n24, 70n9, 87, 108nl1, 129n44, Hart, Oliver, 108-9, 1121118, 129n42 163118, 226115, 246n4, 270nn7,X. Hartwell, R. M., 29nl 272n14, 294n44, 297n2, 352n4, 353n7, Haskins, George L., 249111 1 3581121, 376nn5,6, 3811118 Hassett, Kevin, 86n34 Galloway, Lowell, 3851128 Hays, Samuel P., 4441156 Galpin, Charles, 136n3 Hazard, Blanche E., 381119 Gardner, Bruce, 3971152 Heckman, James J., 22x119 Garlock, Jonathan, 463n60 Heligman, Larry, 290n39 Gates, Paul W., 49n34, 53n37, 65, 136 Henry, Louis, 2721114 Genovese, Eugene, 331nl Hershberg, Theodore, 385128 George, Peter J., 401112, 407 Higgs, Robert, 135112, 143n23, 146n29, Gertler, Mark, 190n3, 191116 147n32, 270 482 Author Index

Higman, Barry W., 3251144 Kazin, Michael, 456n32,462n56 Hirsch, Susan E., 30n4, 331112, 38n19,44, Kearl, J. R., 226nn4,5, 227n7 46nn30-32,68111 Keehn, Richard, 160n3 Hobsbawm, Eric J., 29nl Keller, Morton, 4301115 Hoffman, Philip T., 143n23 Kent, William, 136n3 Hoffman, Ronald, 1121119, 122n35, 250n13 Kerr, D. G. G., 406 Hofstadter, Richard, 428n5, 429n9, 443n53 Kessel, Reuben A., 92n54 Hollingsworth, T. H., 2721114 Key, V. O.,Jr., 427n2 Holmstrom, Bengt, 108-9, 1121118, 129n42 Keynes, John M., 191 Homer, Sidney, 1651112, 177 Keyssar, Alexander, 450n14 Hoogenboom, Ari, 4291110, 438n36,444, Kilby, Peter, 3 1 n6 444n60 Kindahl, James K., 1851 Hoover, Ethel D., 40n24, 63, 102n57 King, Stephen, 196n20 Honvitz, Morton J., 106n2, 180n36 Kiple, Kenneth F., 298113 Hubbard, R. Glenn, 190, 1951117, 197n22, Klingamen, David, 3851128 201-2, 204-5, 218, 221, 2221159, 223 Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph, 119n25 Hubka, Thomas C., 132n47 Knight, Frank H., 187 Hughes, Jonathan, 434n28 Knodel, John, 2731116, 361 Huntington, Charles C., 175-76, 177t Koehler, Lyle, 248n9 Hurd, Michael, 392n43 Komlos, John, 295, 297n2, 298113, 299n10, Hussey, Miriam, 63 310n23, 323n38, 326n49, 3271154 Hutchins, Theresa, 129n44 Kulikoff, Allan, 3001116, 322n33, 324n43 Kunitz, Stephen, 294-95 Innes, Stephen, 107nn6-8 Kunze, Kent, 270, 2811129, 284 Innis, Harold A,, 401n2 Kurth, Michael, 432n21, 4421150, 4451162 International Association of Machinists. 454- Kussmaul, Ann, 106115, 127n39 55,456t International Iron Molders’ Union, 455, 456t Lamar, Howard, 105111 Izard, Holly, 110n16 Landale, Nancy, 356 Lande, Carl H., 428116 Jacobs, Rodney L., 1981126 Lane, F. C., 16115 Jacobson, Paul H., 269n6, 270, 282, 2911140 Lang, William W.. 194n13 Jaffee, A. J., 269n6 Larkin, Jack, 331111, 40n24, 63, 65, 110n16, Jaffee, Dwight, 1961118, 2161154 122n35, 127n39, 12% 129n41, 132n46, James, John 159, 160n3, 163118, 1651113, 133t 2 12n43 Laurie, Bruce, 68nnl,4, 463n61 James, William, 14 Laurie, W. I., 269n6 Jensen, Michael, 4311118 Layer, Robert G., 70n7, 84, 911150 Johnson, Christopher, 4411145 Learner, Edward, 1981126 Johnson, D. Gale, 135nl, 136n6, 137n7 Lebergott, Stanley, 68113, 70n7, 911147, Johnson, Eddis, 273t 150n38 Johnson, Harry G., 200n32 Lee, Ronald Demos, 356n14 Johnson, Ronald N., 437n32 Leet, Don R., 352n4 Johnston, Hugh B., 273t Leff, Nathaniel H., 429n9 Jones, Alice Hanson, 30n2, 249t LeRoy, Stephen, 197n23, 1981126 Jones, Charles P., 213n47, 223 Lesesne, J. Mauldin, 169t Jones, Robert L., 53n37 Levenstein, Harvey, 381n17 Levy, Daniel S., 269n5, 284n33, 2851134 Kaminkow, Marion J., 2721113 Lewis, Frank D., 281n30,408n23,416n39, Karl, Barry D., 429n9 4 18n41, 420n49 Kasakoff, Alice Bee, 272n14 Lewis, H. Gregg, 359, 375n2, 377118 Kass, Alvin, 4301116, 434n28 Lewis, Kenneth A., 160113 Katznelson, Ira, 464n65 Lewis, Lawrence, Jr., 169t 483 Author Index

Libecap, Gary D., 437n32 Michael, Robert, 3771110 Lindert, Peter, 341114, 77n21, 381n19, Milgate, M., 1011156 382n24 Miller, David E., 229n11 Lindley, James G., 182n43 Miller, William, 32n7 Lindstrom, Diane, 32n7,46n31, 3261150 Mineau, G. P., 2721114 Link, Arthur, 428116, 4351129 Mingay, G. E., 53n37 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 447n2 Mink, Gwendolyn, 447n2 Lopez, Alan D., 2711112, 290nn38.39 Mishkin, Frederic S., 202nn35.37, 2161154, Lucas, Robert E., 90 223 Lyman, Richard B., Jr., 110n16 Mitchell, B. R., 53n37 Lynch, Katherine A,, 272n14 Mitchell, John, 4581139 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 92n54 Macaulay, F. R., 176t. 223 Moen, Jon R., 152n40 McCloskey, Donald N., 200n32 Mokyr, Joel, 86, 921155 McCormick, Robert, 428n6,435n29 Montgomery, David, 462n55,463n58 MacGill, Caroline E., 341113, 44n28 Montgomery, Royal, 462n54 McGuire, Robert A,, 4351129 Morrill, Warren T., 2721114, 2731116 McIlwraith, Thomas F., 404111 1 Morris, Richard B., 248119 McInnis, Marvin, 356, 359 Mosley, W. Henry, 386n33 MacKinnon, Mary, 408n23,418n41,420n49 Moynihan, Daniel P., 429nn9.10, 457n34 McMahon, Sarah, 120n28 Mundaca, B. Gabriela, 392n43 McPherson, James, 375111, 377 Munro, W. B., 457n34, 4581138 Maitland, Frederick W., 106n4 Myers, Gerald, 14111 Malin, James, 232n18 Myers, Gustavus, 459nn43,44 Malthus, Thomas, 247 Myers, Margaret, 212nn43-46, 213n48 Mandelbaum, Seymour J., 428115, 4411142 Mankiw, N. Gregory, 82, 84n30 Nakamura, Leonard, 194n 13 Mann. Arthur, 429nn9,lO Neal, Larry, 186 Marglin, Stephen A., 29111 Neher, Philip A., 3611137 Margo, Robert A., 30, 39n22,40, 52n36, 70, Nelson, Bruce, 46111.51. 463n62 73nl1, 76n20, 77nn21,23,94-100t, Nelson, Lowry, 2301112 101. 2951150, 298nn5,6, 299118, 310n23, Newberry, David N. G., 150n39 316t, 319n27, 323n37 Newman, P., 1011156 Mar, William L.,402 Newton, Isaac, 17 Marshall, William, 4311118 Norton, Mary Beth, 248119 Martin, Joseph G., 169t Norton, Susan, 269n4, 2731116, 284n33, May, D. L., 2721114 2851134 Mayhew, Anne, 4351129 Nugent, Jeffrey B., 1451127 Meckling, William, 4311118 Meech, Levi, 269n6, 282, 291 Oestreicher, Richard J., 447n3 Meeker, Edward, 270 Oliver, William, 145n25 Mehay, Stephen L., 4441157 Olson, Mancur, 429111 1,436n30.4431154, Meltzer, Allan, 1931112, 209n39 4551128 Menard, Russell, 269n5, 284n33, 319n28, Ommer, Rosemary, 105nl 3271152 Ostrogorski, M. I., 429n9 Menchik, Paul, 392n43 Menken, Jane, 386n34 Palmore, James A., 353n6 Mercer, Lloyd J., 401n2, 407, 409n26, 412- Parker, William N., 105111 13,417n40, 4201150 Parkin, Frank, 4581139 Meredith, Howard V., 12n3 Parkman, Francis, 4571137 Merton, Robert, 428114 Paterson, Donald G., 402 Meyer, Balthasar, 34n13. 44n28 Payner, Brook, 228119 Meyer, John R., IOnl, 161 Pearson, Frank A,, 63 484 Author Index

Peterson, Jon, 381n17 Rothenberg, Winifred, 30, 39, 40t, 75n18, Petrocik, John, 433n25 84, 106n3, lllt, 113t. 115t. 121, 124- Phelps-Brown, Henry, 447n1 26t, 131 Piore. Michael, 129n41 Royal, William. 182nn40.42 Pollock, Frederick, 106n4 Rueschenmeyer, Dietrich, 464n65 Pollock, Linda, 382n22 Russell, John H., 319n29, 322n34, 323n35, Pope, Clayne, 31115, 60, 225111, 226nn4.5, 324n43, 3261151 227n7, 246n4, 2741118, 29811.5, 3811115, Rutman, Anita H., 26911.5, 284n33, 290-91 384n27 Rutman. Darrett B., 269115. 284n33, 290-91 Power. Eileen, 248119 Ruzicka, Lado T., 2711112, 290nn38.39 Powlison, Keith, 182, 183t Preston, Samuel H., 268n3, 290n38 Sachs, Jeffrey, 86 Pritchett, Jonathan B., 300, 302n18, 307t, Salmon, Marylynn, 249nn10-12. 2501113 316t, 325146, 3271154 Samuelson, Paul A., 341115 Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly, Sanderson, Warren C., 3581121, 376n6, 404n12, 405nnl3-I6 377n 10 Prude, Jonathan, 30n4, 59n42, 105111 Schaefer, Donald F., 226n4 Schapiro, Morton 0..3561113, 360n32. 363 Ransom, Roger L., 109n13, 135112, 152, Scharnaau, Ralph. 459n45 298113, 356-57, 360-61, 3801114, Schmidt, Peter, 388n37, 389n39 382n25 Schmidt, Steffen W., 428n6 Rathbun, Ted A., 3271153 Schneirov, Richard, 4611152, 462n54 Rawick, George P., 331111, 334nn6-8, Schob, David E., 112n20, 120n30, 122n34 335nn10,11, 336nn12-14, 337nn15,16, Schultz, Theodore W., 359n27, 3771110 3381117, 340nnl8.19, 341 n20, 3481122 Schutjer, Wayne, 3811118 Regehr, T. D., 401n2 Schwartz, Anna J., 165111 I, 1711116, 189111, Reich, Michael, 452 1951116, 223 Reid, Joseph D.. Jr., 1351, 137n7, 139n15, Schweikart, Larry, 173n21 1431123, 429111 1, 432n21, 442n50, Schwert, G. William, 2161155 443n55,445n62 Scobey, David, 457n36 Reynolds, Lloyd V., 150n39 Scott, James C., 428n6 Rhodes, Aaron A,, 428115,4431152 Scrimshaw, Nevin, 295115 I Rice, Bradley Robert, 427n1, 440nn38,39 Sen, Amartya, 290n39 Riemersma, J. C., 16115 Sengupta, Sunil, 2901139 Riker, William, 431n19 Shammas, Carole, 250n13 Rikoon, J. Sanford, 1151124 Shannon, Fred A., 136 Riordon, William L.. 429n9, 432nn22,23, Shaw, Edward, 192n8 433n25 Shefter, Martin, 428n8.430n15.4411143, Robbins, William G., 232n18 444n57.456n31, 459nn43,46 Robinson, David W., 416n39 Shepherd, James F., 69n6 Rock, Howard B., 30n4 Shepsle, Kenneth, 4411145 Rockoff, Hugh, 159n2, 180n34, 182n39, Shklar, Judith N., 15 183t, 186n45 Shorter, Edward, 2731116 Rogin, Michael, 464nn64,66 Sibley, Joel, 459n43 Romer, Christina, 193n12, 196n21 Sims, Christopher, 197n23, 1981125 Romer, David, 193n12, 196n21 Skelton, 0. D., 402 Roosa, Robert, 192n7 Skocpol, Theda, 464n65 Rosen, Sherwin, 107n9, 108, 129n43 Skolnick, S., 272n14 Rosenberg, Charles, 322n34 Skowroneck. Stephen, 427n2, 4301116, Rosenbloom, Joshua, 449n7 438nn34.35.442n47.4441159 Rosenzweig, Mark R., 105111, 1081112 Smiley, Gene, 19n2, 159, 160n3, 163 Ross, Stephen J., 30n4, 38n19, 68nl Smith, Adam, 178n32, 191 485 Author Index

Smith, Daniel Blake, 269115, 382 Tanner, James M., 280n27, 298114, 299n I 1, Smith, Daniel Scott, 130n45, 247n6, 269n4, 2991113, 306t. 3251144 284n33,285n34,381n16 Taylor, Carl, 295115 1 Smith, Josiah Renick, 251115 Taylor, George Rogers, 32n7, 341113 Smith, Walter B., 70n7 Tchakerian, Viken, 32118, 381120 Sokoloff, Kenneth L., 30n2. 31116, Teaford, Jon, 456n33 33nn10.12, 34nn13,14, 38111119.20, Temin, Peter, 52n36.68-69, 90n44, 911148 44nn28,29,46n32, 59n43, 64,70n7, Themstrom, Stephan, 59n42, 60,225111, 1 I2n20 2311116, 363n41 Solar. Peter, 40n24, 62 Thompson, Norman, 409n24 Soltow, Lee, 239n25, 3581120, 3851128. Thompson, Warren, 269-70, 376 396n50 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 15-16 Somerville, James K., 269n4, 284n33, Thorp, Willard, 47n33 2851134, 291 Throne, Mildred, 2321118 Sorauf, Frank J., 427n2.429n9.443115 1 Tiebout, Charles M., 440n38 Spillman, W. J., 136n3, 146n29, 149n34 Tilly, Charles, 352n4 Sprague, Olive M. W., 212n46, 2161155, Tobin, James, 196n20 222n59 Tolnay, Stewart, 381n18 Srinivasan, T. N., 150n39 Tomes, Nigel, 375112, 377nn8,10, 378111 I, Stabler, Lois K., 1091115 3801112, 392n43, 3971152 Stampp, Kenneth M., 300n17 Trivedi, Pravin, K., 362n40 Stanton, William, 322n34 Trout, Edward, 401111, 420n47 Stave, Bruce M., 428nn3,4, 430n13, 4441156 Trout, J. M., 401n1, 420n47 Steckel, Richard, 77n22, 295n50.297n1, Truesdell, Leon, 1381113, 146n29, 154 298nn5,6, 299nn7J.12, 3001114, Trussell, James, 2741118, 297n1, 298115, 304n22, 306t, 310n23, 312, 314n25, 386n34 316t, 319n27, 323n37, 324, 3251145, Tryon, Rolla Milton, 32n9, 341113 351111, 352nn4,5, 3561115, 359, 361n39, Tucker, G. S. L., 352n3, 355n10, 359 363n41, 371n50, 386n36 Tucker, George, 322n34 Steffens, Lincoln, 427n1 Tullock, Gordon, 442n49 Stevens, award, 3581120 Stewart, Ian, 16n4 Ulrich, Laurel T., 248n9 Stigler, George J., 163n7, 4311119 United Bricklayers and Masons, 454-55, Stiglitz, Joseph, 190n3, 1921110, 193-94, 456t 1961118, 2091139, 2161154 United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Join- Stokes, C. Shannon, 3811118 ers, 452n19, 454-55, 456t, 463n63 Stone, Lawrence, 381 United Nations, 359n29 Suhrbur, Thomas J., 4611152 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 453n22 Sullivan, William, 68nl U.S. Bureau of the Census, 441129, 1381113, Sundstrom, William, 356-57, 360, 380n14, 247n7, 267111, 268n2, 292t, 3681145, 382n25 3711149, 393n44.436nn30.31, 439t, Sushka, Marie E., 159 460n48 Sutch, Richard, 109n13, 135112, 152, 298113, U.S. Census Office, 320t, 367t, 3681145, 356-57, 360-61, 3801114, 382n25 3691, 370t, 448115, 451t, 453n22, 454t, Sylla, Richard E., 159, 163118, 1711116, 456t, 458n40,459n42 213n47, 223 U.S. Commissioner of Labor, 451t. 454t, Synenki, Alan, 132n46 458nn40,41 U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, 2141150 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 138n14, Taeuber, Conrad, 270 146n29 Taeuber, Irene, 270 U.S. Department of Commerce, 267n1, Takaishi, M., 306t, 3251144 460n48 486 Author Index

U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Weiss, Thomas, 87n40, 370n47 448n4 Whelpton, P. K., 269-70, 376 U.S. Department of Labor, 122n35 White, Eugene N., 213n47, 223 U.S. Department of the Interior, 4601150 White, Leonard D., 440n40, 444 U.S. House of Representatives, 31116, 169t Whitehouse, R. H.. 306t, 3251144 U.S. Special Commission on Farm Tenancy, Wilcox, E. V., 1381114, 149n34 136n4 Wilentz, Sean, 30n4, 44n30, 46n31, 47n33, Uselding, Paul, 2941144 49n34, 68nn1,2,4, 70n9, 911150, 92nS3, Utah Income and Wealth Project, 233t, 234t, 463n60 236t. 240t Williams, Anne, 386n34 Williamson, Jeffrey G., 34n14, 62, 77n21, Vallin, Jacques, 2711112, 290n39 159 Van Fenstermaker, J., 166t. 173n22, 174n25 Williamson, Oliver, Jr., 43 ln20 Van Riper, Paul P., 4401140 Willigan, J. Dennis, 272n14 Vedder. Richard, 3851128 Willis, Robert, 3771110, 3971152 Vickers, Daniel, 107nn6-9 Wilson, Jack W., 213n47, 223 Villatlor, Georgia C., 30nn2,3, 39n22, 40t, Wilson, James Q., 427n2, 428nn4,7, 429n9, 59n43, 70, 73111 I, 75t, 76n20, 4301117, 433nn24,25, 440n40 77nn21,23, 94-IOOt, 101 Wilson, Lonny, 449nn7,9 Vinovskis, Maris A,, 1411118, 269-70, Wimmer, Larry T., 226114, 2741118, 298115, 2731115, 282, 284n33, 291, 352nn3,4, 384n27 3561112, 359, 381n18 Winkle, Kenneth J., 225112, 231n16 Winters, Donald, 137, 1391115, 143nn22,23, Wachter, Kenneth, 297n2 150, 152n40 Waciega, Lisa W., 245n3 Wolfinger, Raymond, 429n9 Wahl, Jennie Bourne, 2721114, 352n4, Wright, Carroll, 63 358nn21,24, 359, 376n5, 377118, Wright, Gavin, 90n46, 135112, 143n23, 378111 1, 381n15, 386n34, 389n39, 149n35 396n49, 397n53 Wright, James M., 302n21, 319n29, 3211132, Wainwright, Nicholas, 169t 322nn33.34, 323n35, 326n49, 328t Waldron, Ingrid, 290n38 Walett, Francis B., 109n15, 1341148 Xenophon, 251115 Wallis, John, 38n20, 40n24, 70119 Walsh, Lorena S., 269115, 2841133, 319n28 Yamamura, Kozo, 160n3 Ward, Michael, 1981126 Yang, Donghyu, 1371110, 138nn11.12, Ward, W. Peter, 326n51 1411119 Ware, Norman, 68nl Yarbrough, Beth, 4311118 Warner, Sam Bass, Jr., 244n2, 429119 Yarbrough, Robert, 4311118 Warren, George G., 63 Yasuba, Yasukichi, 10, 270, 294n46, 352n3, Watkins, Susan, 386n34 3551110, 356n13, 376n3 Weeks, Joseph D., 69n6 Weingast, Barry, 4311118, 441n45 Zabler, Jeffrey, 70117 Weinstein, James, 4441156 Zecher, J. Richard, 2001132 Weir, David R., 54n39 Zelnick, Melvin, 2911142, 354n9, 370n46, Weiss, Andrew, 190n3, 1921110, 193 3711148, 376 Subject Index

Agricultural sector: effect on labor markets, Central bank: role according to credit and 90; exogenous shocks (1830~-1850s), money views, 194; when absent, 89-90, 47-53, 62; growth in 1839-60 period, 194-96 294, 326; labor shift out of (1810-60), Children: price of quality and quantity of, 59, 370; price impact on wages (1820- 377-82, 393. See also Free black chil- 60). 47-53; seasonality of employment dren; Slave children in, 112-21 Civil War: effect on financial markets of, Artisans: wages (182Os-I85Os), 76-77, 80 182-84, 187; life expectation during and Availability doctrine, 192 after, 281-82, 284, 293 Clerks: wages (1820~-1850s), 73, 76-77, 80 Bank Act (1874) regulations, 21 1-12 Cointegration analysis, 86-87 Banking system: antebellum rates of return to Communications technology, 436-37 equity, 180-82; antebellum structure of, Comptroller of the Currency, 189 189; effect of Civil War on, 182-84, Consumption levels, Northeast (1820-60). 33 1987; role in decline of antebellum fertil- Contract labor: in England, 106-7; factors ity, 367-68, 370-72 contributing to rise of, 3; increase in Bank panics, 44,52, 67-68, 173, 212-13 New England of, 107; seasonal wage Banks, national: credit policy of, 191-93; in- differentials for, 120-21; wage compari- vestment of reserves of, 190-91, 21 1- son with day labor, 122-23; wages and 20; loans during period of, 213; postbel- other remuneration of, 122-23. See also lum problems of national, 189; state Day labor bank notes of, 189. See also Availability Credit rationing, 191-92; equilibrium theory doctrine; Credit rationing; Real bills doc- of, 192; in national banking era, 213-14; trine when used by banks, 190 Bargaining model, parent-child: to explain Crisis of 1825, 67 fertility decline, 356-57; proxies of con- Cyclical fluctuations: advancement of wages ceptual variables for, 360 during (1830s-l85Os), 47-53; effect on Bills of exchange, 179-80 employment and economic activity, 67- Business cycles. See Cyclical fluctuations 69; monetarist and credit-rationing views of, 194 Call loan market: effect on stock market of, 21 1-13; investment of national banks in, Data sources: for estimates of nominal wages, 190-91, 211-13 35; family histories as, 271-76; for farm Canal construction, Canada, 404 labor analysis, 110-12; for farm tenancy Capital markets. See Financial markets analysis, 137-43; for fertility decline

487 488 Subject Index

Data sources: (continued) terns of, 359, 370-71; possible influ- analysis, 384-85, 394-95; for interest ences on, 355-62; quantity-quality rate analysis, 161-64, 174; for instru- model, 380; relationship to wealth of, mental wealth variables, 396-97; for 389, 391-94; suggested research in, manufacturing worker market, 3 1 ; for 373-74; target-bequest model, 382-84 marital fertility analysis, 352; for nutri- Financial-institutions hypothesis, 36 I, 372, tion of slave children, 299-301; for price 374 indexes (1820-60). 40-41,62-65; for Financial markets: antebellum and postbellum slave family analysis, 331-32; for study integration of, 186-87; crises during na- of nutritional adequacy for slaves, 298; tional banking era, 212-13; integration for Utah precedence and wealth analysis, in U.S. of, 187. See also Bank panics 227-3 1 ; for wages, prices, and labor Free black children: height compared with market analysis, 70, 73, 75-76 slave children, 304, 321-33, 324; height David-Solar index, 41, 62 differentials between boys and girls, 326 Day labor: decline in America, 107; distinc- Free labor, 105-6, 110 tion from contract labor, 106; wage com- parison with contract labor, 121-23 Gallman-Berry index, 87 Gold dollar, I83 Economic growth: in Northeast (1820-60), Gold standard, 183, 194-95 32; in 1839-60 period, 294, 296. See Gold Standard Act (1900), 159 also Agricultural sector; Manufacturing Government, a model of, 430-34 sector Greenback dollar, 183-84 Economic shocks: action of central bank for, 194; analysis of transmission mechanism for, 196-21 I; factors influencing trans- Height: causes of decline in, 31, 326; decline mission of, 193-96; persistent effects on for free black males and whites, 326; real wages of, 80-89, 92-93; transmis- differences in rural and urban, 328; re- sion with gold standard, 183, 194-95 gional pattern of slave (Maryland Education: availability of public, 381; effect sample), 316-21; of slave children, 299, on family size, 357-58 321-22; of slaves, 304-16, 327. See also Embargo of 1807.67, 69 Nutritional status

Factors of production (1820-60). 33 Immigration: effect on real wages, 44, 60, 62; Farm labor. See Agricultural sector; Contract in 1839-60 period, 294; possible effect labor; Day labor; Free labor; Labor mar- on mortality rates, 295; probable effect ket on fertility rate, 371 Farm tenancy: characteristics of, 138-43, Income distribution, colonial and early na- 147-50, 155; doctrine of inefficiency of, tional periods, 30 136; economic rationale for, 135-37; ef- Information: adjustment with imperfect, 90- ficiency of production under, 136-37; 92; effect of asymmetric, 192 estimates of productivity under, 150-56; Infrastructure development (1820-60), 34 market-equilibrium model for, 143-47; Interest groups, transregional, 435-37 speculator and agricultural ladder theses Interest rates: antebellum integration of short- of, 136, 144, 146-47, 149-50, 155; val- term, 166-78; calculation of proxy, 165- uation of output, input, and productivity, 66; cross-sectional analysis (I 850-54). 141-42 175-78; differences in regional (1814- Federal Reserve Act (I9 13), 222 1914). 184; expected antebellum, 160; Federal Reserve Bank, 192-94 measuring differentials in, 163-64, 184- Fertility: child-woman ratio as indirect mea- 86; postbellurn regional differences in, sure of, 353-55; controls for, 357-58, 183-84; postbellum variation of short- 377; decline in America of, 351, 375- term, 159-60, 172. See also Banking 77; financial-institutions hypothesis of, system; Bills of exchange; Usury laws 361; hypotheses of long-term decline in, Interstate Commerce Commission (I 887). 355-59, 362-67, 372; occupational pat- 436 489 Subject Index

Labor contracts: in England and America, 357; effect on mortality of westward, 106-7; motivation for, 107-9, 112; pos- 268, 285-87, 294 sible effect on agricultural labor force, Monetary forces, antebellum, 89-90. See 1 I4 also Signal processing theory Labor market: demand in Midwest land Money and credit: credit model, 201-5; em- boom, 91; demands of (1820-60), 32- pirical evidence for actions of, 196-99, 34; effect of immigration on supply, 44; 221-22; hybrid credit model, 208-1 I; factors influencing flexibility in, 90; hybrid monetarist model, 205-8; mone- measuring competition in, 58-60; mobil- tarist model, 199-201 ity in (1820-60), 58-60; n~obilityto Mortality rates: analysis of trends (1760- capture high wages, 30, 449; segmenta- 1880), 276-284; of children in antebel- tion in farm, 123-30; skilled and un- lum period, 371-72; comparison of male skilled in, 33-34, 56, 58, 61-62. See and female, 268, 290-94; differences in also Agricultural sector; Contract labor; rural and urban areas, 294-95; effect of Day labor; Free labor nutrition on, 294-95; family histories as Labor unions: activity in large cities of, 458- data source for, 274-75; in 1840-60 pe- 59; effect on urban wage differentials of, riod, 296; regional differences in, 268, 452-55 284-90 Laborers: wages (1820~-1850s), 76, 80 Land-availability model: number of births Napoleonic Wars, 67 controlled by, 355-56; proxies of con- National Banking Act (1863, 1865): effect of, ceptual variables for, 360; test against al- 186-87, 189; rationale for, 189 ternative hypotheses, 363. See also National banking era: factors influencing Target-bequest model shock transmission during, 194-96; mo- Lender of last resort: absence in antebellum netarist and credit-rationing views of, period, 90; Federal Reserve Bank as, 189-90, 195-96, 221-22; relation of re- 194; in national bank era, 195 serves to bank loans during, 21 1-20. See Life-cycle transition model: to explain fertil- also Banks, national; Banking system; ity decline, 357-58; proxies of concep- Credit rationing; Economic shocks; tual variables for, 360-61 Money and credit Life expectation: during and after Civil War, Nutritional status: in antebellum period, 307, 281-82, 284, 293; antebellum, 268-70, 326; decline for females (1820-60), 281, 284, 293; colonial period, 269; esti- 329; effect of, 297; limits to information mates of cohort, 277-79; factors in ante- about slave, 298-300 bellum reduction in, 294-96; of mi- grants and non-migrants, 287-94; regional comparisons (before 1900), Open market operations, 192-94 284-90, 293. See also Mortality rates Life tables, 270-71, 275-76, 282-84 Panic of 1819, 67. 173; 1837, 44,52,67- Louisiana Certificates of Good Character, 325 68; 1857. 67 Patronage: explanations for decline of, 7, Manufacturing sector: growth and changes in 441-45; as form of political transaction, Northeast (1820-60). 32-34; increased 445; pattern of urban, 438-41,445; rise division of labor in, 33, 46-47; produc- and decline of federal, 434-38 tivity of (1820-60), 33 Patronage machines: common explanation for Maryland Certificates of Freedom, 302-3 existence of, 427-29; Progressive expla- Migrants: to cities (1820-60). 59-60; life ex- nation of, 429-30 pectations (before 1900), 288-90, 293; Persistence rates: link to precedence rate of, separation in analysis from non- 226; measurement of, 225; in Utah coun- migrants, 285-87; to and within Utah ties (1860-70), 232-37 (1860-70), 231-32, 239-40. See also Political activity, of construction workers, Life expectation 463-64. See also Labor unions Migration: effect on federal patronage of, Political machines: role in large cities of, 7, 434-35; effect on fertility of westward, 455-60; union alliances of, 460-63 490 Subject Index

Political transactions, 431-32, 441, 455-57. single-parent, 334-38, 346-49; two- See also Public works parent consolidated, 332-33, 338-39, Population: colonial, 247; growth in Utah 343, 346-47, 349-50; two-parent di- (1860-70). 231. See also Fertility; Life vided, 333-34, 343, 346-47, 349-50 expectation; Migration; Mortality; Per- Slave household distribution, 346-47 sistence rates; Precedence rates Slavery: effect on free labor markets of, 90; Precedence rates: measurement of, 225-26; in profitability of, 160-61, 180-82 Utah counties (1860-70). 232-37 Slaves: age of marriage of, 344; heights of Price fluctuations, antebellum period, 89-90 all, 327; personal property of, 252 Price indexes: construction for manufacturing Standard of living: measurement of, 267; of workers market, 62-65; construction for slaves, 297-98 wage-price analysis, 101-4; construction Stock market: crashes during national banking for antebellum, 101-4; for real wage es- era, 213; effect on call loan market of, timates (1820-60), 39-44 191, 21 1. See also Banks, national; Call Property, personal, 252, 260-62 loan market Public works, 460 Strikes, labor, 92

Quantity-quality model: comparison with Target-bequest model: effect on size of fam- ily, 356; as explanation of fertility de- target-bequest model, 383; creating data sample for, 394-97; description of, 377- cline, 382-84, 393 80; estimating fertility equation, 386, Technology advancement in manufacturing, 33-34 388-91, 393; estimating wealth equa- tion, 391-94; to understand declining fertility, 375-82 Urban areas: labor unions in, 458-59; migra- tion to, 59-60; mortality rates in, 294- 95; politics in, 7, 438-41, 445, 455-60; Railroads, Canada: discounted bonds as ti- nutrition of slave children in, 323; wages nancing for, 417-21; legislation related in, 35-47, 53-58,452-55. See also La- to, 404-5; loan guarantees as financing bor market for, 7,402-5,408-9, 413-15,417-22; Usury laws, 178-80. See also Bills of ex- private profitability of, 7, 401-2, 407- change 15, 417, 422; role of government in ti- nancing, 7,402-5,407-8,417-22; so- Wage differentials: in construction crafts, cial profitability of, 7, 415-17, 422; sub- 447-50, 452-55; contract and day labor, sidies as financing for, 7, 403, 407, 412- 121-23, 126-27; regional, 448-49; for 15,419,422 seasonality, 120-21 Real bills doctrine, 191 Wage indexes, 101 Wages, nominal: convergence of, 35, 37; dif- Servants, indentured, 252 ferentials and levels of antebellum, 76- Servants-in-husbandry. See Contract labor 80; estimates for differentials (1820-60). Sharecropping. See Farm tenancy 35-39,41 Shocks. See Economic shocks Wages, real: advances with cyclical changes Signal processing theory (Lucas), 90-92 for, 47-53, 62; in agricultural sector Slave children: effect of different family types (1820-60), 52; analysis of variation in, on, 349-50; growth patterns and heights 53-58; convergence of, 54-56, 60; dif- of, 299-300; height compared to free ferentials in manufacturing, 3 1-32; esti- black children, 324; height differences mates for (1820-60), 39-47, 61-62; im- among, 323; height of, 299, 304, 321- pact of Midwest land boom on, 91; lag 22, 325; nutritional differences of rural of, 92-93; multivariate analysis of, 53- and urban, 323; separated from parents, 58; persistent effects of economic shocks 339-44, 349-50. See also Height; Nutri- on, 80-89; rise in levels of antebellum, tional status; Slave family 30; rise in periods of unemployment, 91 Slave family: permanence of, 345, 349-50; War of 1812, 67 491 Subject Index

Wealth: effect on family size of, 358-59; fer- tion and, 237-41; distribution in (1860 tility relationship to parental, 389, 391- and 1870), 239; duration of residence as 92; increase in 1860-70 period, 393; determinant of, 226,232-37 Wealth, colonial: of men and women, 254- Williamson index, 41, 62 63; ratio of female to male, 248; valua- Women, colonial American: activities, 245- tion of, 25 1-52 48; property rights, 248-5 I, 254; Wealth, household: correlation between dura- wealth, 255-63