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1 Enoch in Jude and in the Eotc “Canon”

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1 ENOCH IN JUDE AND IN THE EOTC “CANON”: DEVELOPING AN ADEQUATE INSIGHT IN SECOND TEMPLE LITERATURE (STL) IN THE VARIOUS ETHIOPIAN CHURCHES FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EACH OTHER AND FOR THE PROMOTION OF ECUMENISM AND MUTUAL COOPERATION By BRUK AYELE ASALE 209540376 Submitted in Fulfilment of the Academic Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Subject of NEW TESTAMENT (BIBLICAL STUDIES) At the UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL (UKZN) School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics (SRPC) (Pietermaritzburg Campus) SUPERVISOR PROFESSOR PAUL BERNARD DECOCK PIETERMARITZBURG March 2015 i DECLARATION As required by University regulations, I hereby state unambiguously that this work has not been presented at any other University or any other institution of higher learning other than the University of KwaZulu Natal (UKZN) the School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics (SRPC) (Pietermaritzburg Campus), and that unless specifically indicated to the contrary within the text it is my original work. BRUK AYELE ASALE March 06, 2015 As candidate supervisor I hereby approve this thesis for submission PROFESSOR PAUL BERNARD DECOCK March 06, 2015 ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the many Ethiopian Christians who have strived and become part of ecumenical movement in Ethiopia. And Among these Christians, Rev. Gudina Tumsa stood out in being instrumental for the practical initiation of inclusive Ecumenical Council of Churches in Ethiopia. He was murdered for the faith he believed in! Rev. Gudina Tumsa believed not only in the possibility and inevitability of ecumenism, he rather believed more in the God of the Bible Who has the power to miraculously bring churches into unity. He said: It seems to be necessary to remind ourselves of the mighty power of the Bible’s God, because there are Christians who argue that there cannot be a unity among the churches. Biblical faith is based on the impossible, on miracles. … Miracles are contrary to the laws of nature. Ours is still the God of miracles, and one of the miracles he may perform today is to bring about unity among His churches. Let us then talk about His Church rather than our churches (Gudina Tumsa 2003:19). It is, therefore, to this committed martyr, the Rev. Gudina Tumsa, this thesis is dedicated with complements. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most importantly, I would like to give incomparable thanks to the Triune God, who is worthy of honour and glory, for His calling me to His Kingdom and ministry, for His providential care during my study leave abroad, and for His abundant guidance in writing this thesis. He has made everything possible through His matchless help and support. All glory be to God. I am especially grateful to my advisor, Prof. Fr. Paul Bernard Decock, for his both academically rigorous and fatherly supportive approach from the very beginning to the end in going through all the drafts of my paper repeatedly, encouraging and challenging me to attempt to be fair and open to the many views on my topic, and providing me with a number of documents. It is both honour and privilege to be your student. My gratitude also goes to the Ethiopian Graduate School of Theology which trustfully included me in its Faculty Development Plan and graciously facilitated my studies. In addition, I owe my appreciation to those who supported me at various levels and times during my research, both financially and in their prayers, which includes Scholar Leaders International, WCC’s Program on Ecumenical Theological Education, and the Rev. Dr. Staffan Grenstedt’s family. Needless to say that there are numerous people around me, family members, friends, colleagues, interviewees and many others, who have been supportive in so many diverse ways and my gratitude goes to all of them. Besides my academic achievement during my stay in Pietermaritzburg, the family of Church on the Ridge have immensely contributed in shaping my spiritual maturity by sharing their lives and showing a meaningful fellowship, hence I am sincerely grateful. Finally, above all, I wish to express my profound and heartfelt love and gratitude to my wife, Charis (), who has taken all the responsibilities and burdens of our home and supported me sharing all my academic pains patiently at every moment in my studies; and without her help my success would have been impossible. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Behulum and Tamagne, God’s incredible gifts, our lovely two sons, who became my source of inspiration, joy, shifting the mood of agony to a world of freedom and happiness. iv ABSTRACT The Epistle of Jude not only used 1 Enoch and some Second Temple Literature as authoritative Scripture, but also it has been significantly influenced by it. Until it disappeared from the Church since the fifth and sixth centuries, except the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, 1 Enoch has been used as authoritative Scripture among many Jewish and Christian communities. Unlike any other church, the EOTC is the Church that has preserved the text in Ge’ez in its entirety and made 1 Enoch part of its canon, which is unique both in its concept and extent. As part of its Scriptures, which has been received as early as the reception of Christianity itself, 1 Enoch has significantly influenced the EOTC directly and other Ethiopian churches indirectly. However, the unifying factor of the Scriptures and the positive role 1 Enoch and other STL would have played, have been misunderstood as a source of differences among Ethiopian churches. This misunderstanding arises from the neglect and misrepresentation of the concept and extent of the canon of the EOTC by the western scholarship, which is permeated Ethiopian Evangelicalism. So, the central question this thesis asks is: Why do the Ethiopian Churches, Orthodox and Evangelicals, who have the Scriptures in common, who are considered as Trinitarian churches and who have been shaped and influenced by 1 Enoch, hold strongly opposing views on the STL in general and on 1 Enoch in particular? The tripolar African contextual approach, complement by the history of reception approach, and an ecumenical appreciative approach, is the best framework to this study. The tripolar African contextual approach helps us to see this from an African/Ethiopian context, against the western approach which tends to assume that all contexts as the same. Whereas the history of reception approach helps us to frame the reception history of both the Scriptures and Christianity to Ethiopia, the ecumenical appreciative approach directs us to positive impacts in cooperation and unity. The findings suggest that (1) the concept of the canon of the EOTC refers more to the “rule of faith” understanding than a “list of books”. (2) 1 Enoch has an impact in shaping the ancient Ethiopian literature, culture, theology, spirituality, chronography and popular religious practices. (3) With all the possible interpretive differences, the Scriptures have more of a v unifying than a dividing effect in the Ethiopian churches, and if other dividing elements are adequately and properly addressed, they can play a positive role in ecumenical unity. (4) Ecumenical unity is indispensable for all Ethiopian churches not only to tackle the challenges of the twenty-first century, but also for their very existence. It is suggested that these findings should be taken positively and seriously for a better future of both citizens and churches in Ethiopia. Key Terms: 1 Enoch, Amharic Millennium Translation, Angels in Jude, Apocrypha, Authoritative Status of 1 Enoch, Authority, Bible, Canon, Ecumenical Appreciative Approach, Ecumenism, Ecumenism in Ethiopian Churches, Ethiopian Evangelical Churches, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC), Ethiopian Manuscripts, History of Reception Approach, Inspiration, Jude, Legacy of 1 Enoch, Pseudepigrapha, Scripture, Scriptures in Ethiopian Churches, Second Temple Literature, Septuagint, Tripolar African Contextual Approach, vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. General Acronyms AAU Addis Ababa University ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation BBE The Bible in Basic English BNTC Black’s New Testament Commentaries BSE The Bible Society of Ethiopia B.S.P.E. Berhanena Selam Printing Enterprise CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CCC The Crossway Classic Commentaries CCCE The Council on the Cooperation of the Churches in Ethiopia CMS Church Missionary Society CTM Concordia Theological Monthly DSS Dead Sea Scrolls EBR Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception ECFE Evangelical Churches’ Fellowship of Ethiopia EDNT Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament EEC Ethiopian Evangelical Churches EECMY The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus EGST The Ethiopian Graduate School of Theology EKHC The Ethiopian Kale Hiwot Church EMML The Ethiopian Manuscripts Microfilm Library EOC The Ethiopian Orthodox Church EOTC The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church EPRDF The Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GTF Gudina Tumsa Foundation HMML The Hill Museum & Manuscript Library HTR Harvard Theological Review vii IBS The International Bible Society IDB The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible ISBE The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia IES The Institute of Ethiopian Studies JBR Journal of Bible and Religion JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplements JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTS(S) Journal for the Study of the New Testament
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