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Alexandra E.S. Antohin Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of The EXPRESSIONS OF SACRED PROMISE: RITUAL AND DEVOTION IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX PRAXIS Alexandra E.S. Antohin Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London 2014 I, Alexandra E.S. Antohin, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: 2 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the notion of sacred promise, a grounded devotional category for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. It is based on ethnographic research among urban parishes seeking to gather the often dispersed memberships of local Orthodox communities in Dessie, a city of a quarter million residents in north-central Ethiopia. The central thesis contends that the spaces and methods of engagement by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians are organized by the internal dynamics of archetypal promises. I consider the wide spectrum of social and ritual activities contained within the domain of “church” to be consistent with a developed socio-theological genre of “covenant”. Covenant is narratively defined as a dialogic of bestowal and responsibility and it is also expressed in performative, material, and associative dimensions. Starting from an investigation of the liturgical praxis of temesgen (the ethic of thanksgiving), each chapter explores variations of covenant: as unifying events of human/divine manifestation (e.g. feast days); as the honour of obligation within individual stances of paying respect on an interpersonal and meta-relational level, at church and during visits to mourning houses; and through customs of reciprocity by confraternities and the blessings such practices confer on the givers and receivers. Lastly, pilgrimage presents a context where personal commemorative events transform into “traditions” due to their ability to sustainably influence broader communal commitments. Analysed collectively, Ethiopian Orthodox Christians creatively distil a core monotheistic precept through their everyday devotional acts. Rather than interpreting covenant as exclusively an ethno-historical idea of “chosen peoples”, this research advances a meta-argument concerning the processual nature of creation within tradition. Presenting an original perspective on the rupture/continuity paradigm within the anthropology of Christianity, I trace how this doctrinal principle originated through an inventive merging of culture and ideology, demonstrated through the synthesis of Old and New Testament in ritual and allegory and by local conditions of religious heterogeneity within Ethiopia. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures................................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................7 Notes on Transliteration............................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1: THE PRISM OF PROMISE 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 THE FIELD: URBAN ORTHODOXY IN DESSIE, SOUTH WOLLO............................................................... 21 1.3 TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF "COVENANT"........................................................................... 25 1.4 REFRACTIONS OF SACRED PROMISE IN ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX PRAXIS ............................................... 32 1.5 METHODS AND DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................................... 41 1.6 THESIS OUTLINE .................................................................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER 2: RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND THE GENRE OF COVENANT 2.1 SPLITTING COVENANT INTO TWO ESSENCES ......................................................................................... 51 2.2 DESSIE’S RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 53 2.2.1 Selecting Orthodoxy .................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.2 The Trope of Harmony and the Notion of Polity ......................................................................... 64 2.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COVENANT GENRE...................................................................... 81 2.4 CONVERSING WITH TRADITION............................................................................................................ 93 2.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 3: THREADING THEOLOGIES WITH TABOT 3.1. WHAT DO TABOTS HAVE TO DO WITH TIMQET?..................................................................................104 3.2 RECASTING COVENANT'S MATERIALITY............................................................................................109 3.2.1 Churches moving.......................................................................................................................117 3.3 PERFORMATIVITY AND CORPOREAL REALITIES ..................................................................................130 3.4 TABOT ≠ SALVATION .........................................................................................................................140 3.5 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................................146 CHAPTER 4: LITURGY AND STANCES OF GIVING RESPECT 4.1 COVENANT-AS-LITURGICAL ..............................................................................................................151 4.2 ENCOUNTERING LITURGICAL OMNIPRESENCE ...................................................................................155 4.2.1 Dynamics of Veneration ............................................................................................................159 4.2.2 The Liturgical Stance ................................................................................................................166 4.3 SUBJECTIVITIES IN CANONICAL RITUAL .............................................................................................173 4.3.1 Symbolism and Ritual Action during Lent.................................................................................176 4.4 LEQSO AS A MUTUALITY OF SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS .............................................................................182 4.5 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................................191 4 CHAPTER 5: CONSTRUCTING CHURCH FUTURES 5.1 LEGENDS OF TABOTS IN WAITING ...................................................................................................... 194 5.2 CHURCH PLANTING ............................................................................................................................ 197 5.3 REVALUATING COVENANTAL NARRATIVES....................................................................................... 202 5.4 TABOTS AS REFERENCING COVENANT METAPHORS ............................................................................. 212 5.4.1 The tabot anti-reveal ................................................................................................................. 215 5.5 BEHOLDEN TO A PROMISE .................................................................................................................. 222 5.6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 228 CHAPTER 6: MAHABERS AND THE BLESSING 6.1 OUTSIDE THE COLLECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 230 6.2 ESTABLISHING SPIRITUAL KINDRED ................................................................................................... 233 6.2.1 A family’s sacred history ........................................................................................................... 235 6.2.2 The traveling household ............................................................................................................ 245 6.3 THE PROBLEM OF MAHABER CATEGORIES ........................................................................................... 255 6.4 ANTI-CLERICALISM AND ORTHODOX AUTONOMY.............................................................................. 262 6.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 267 CHAPTER 7: MOVEMENTS OF SACRED PROMISE 7.1 SCENES OF PRISMATIC COVENANT ....................................................................................................271 7.2 APPLYING THE LENS OF COVENANT GENRE ON GISHEN......................................................................274 7.2.1 The holographic relic ................................................................................................................281 7.2.2 Miracles as testing faith ............................................................................................................299
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