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LandasJOURNAL OF LOYOLA SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY Vol. 27, No. 1 (2013) ISSN 0116-4856 The Church’s Vision in the Fight Against Human Trafcking and Modern Day Slavery BRODERICK S. PABILLO, D.D. A Reection on the Experience of Missioning in Areas of Prostitution JAMES MCTAVISH, F.M.V.D. The Lingha Boys of Siem Reap: A Baseline Study of Sexually-Exploited Young Men in Siem Reap, Cambodia JARRETT DAVIS GLENN MILES Developmental Ministry among Women in Prostitution JONATHAN NAMBU Finding Hope in a Broken World: The Response of the Church to Human Trafcking ABRAHAM GEORGE Repairers of Broken Walls BLAIR BURNS ANDREY SAWCHENKO From the Margin to the Mainstream: Reintegration into Community Life of Prostituted Women through Non-formal Education MA. JUSTINIANA J. DEDACE i Landas E ii Landas EDITOR Felipe Fruto L. Ramirez, S.J., S.T.D. EDITORIAL BOARD Arnel dC. Aquino, S.J., S.T.D. Landas Enrico C. Eusebio, Jr., S.J., J.C.D. Vol. 27, No. 1 (2013) Manuel V. Francisco, S.J., S.T.D. Peter O. Pojol, S.J., S.T.D. Joseph J. Smith, S.J., S.T.D. Joaquin C. Yap, Jr., S.W., D.Phil. MANAGING EDITOR Susan Isorena-Arcega EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Josemaria Roberto V. Reyes E Landas (The Way), Journal of the Loyola School of Theology, is published twice a year by the Loyola School of Theology, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City. The Landas postal address is: Loyola School of Theology, P.O. Box 240, U.P., 1144 Quezon City, Philippines. Editorial matters are the responsibility of Felipe Fruto L. Ramirez, S.J. (fllramirez@ gmail.com). Circulation and business matters should be addressed to Susan Isorena-Arcega ([email protected]). Domestic subscription rates: one year, 400.00 PhP; single copy, 250.00 PhP. Elsewhere: one year US$ 40.00; single copy US$ 25.00. The Journal is not responsible for statements and opinions expressed in signed articles and reviews. Such statements and opinions are the author’s own, and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editors. © 2013 by the Loyola School of Theology. All rights reserved. ISSN 0116-4856 iii Contents Landas Vol. 27, No. 1 (2013) 1 The Church’s Vision in the Fight Against Human Trafcking and Modern Day Slavery Broderick S. Pabillo, D.D. 11 A Reection on the Experience of Missioning in Areas of Prostitution James McTavish, F.M.V.D. 27 The Lingha Boys of Siem Reap: A Baseline Study of Sexually-Exploited Young Men in Siem Reap, Cambodia Jarrett Davis Glenn Miles 73 Developmental Ministry among Women in Prostitution Jonathan Nambu 103 Finding Hope in a Broken World: The Response of the Church to Human Trafcking Abraham George 111 Repairers of Broken Walls Blair Burns Andrey Sawchenko 121 From the Margin to the Mainstream: Reintegration into Community Life of Prostituted Women through Non-formal Education Ma. Justiniana J. Dedace iv v EDITOR’S PREFACE uman trafficking is an open wound on the body of contemporary society, a scourge upon the body of “HChrist. It is a crime against humanity.”—These are the strong words that Pope Francis addressed to the participants at the 2nd Conference on Combating Human Trafficking held at the Vatican last April 10, 2014.1 In his apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium, the Pope laments the fact that “human beings are themselves considered consumer goods to be used and then discarded.”2 Trade in humans is a contemporary form of slavery. The manner by which persons are traded and exploited has metamorphosed in recent times with greater sophistication and cruelty. The United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms 1Pope Francis’ address to the participants at the Conference on Combating Human Trafficking, as found at http://www.news.va/en/news/pope- francis-human-trafficking-an-open-wound-on-so (accessed April 10, 2014). This is the second anti-human trafficking conference, held at the Vatican last April 9–10, 2014, for church workers helping victims and law enforcement authorities. It was organized by Cardinal Vincent Nichols, sponsored by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales, and hosted by the Pontifical Academy for Social Sciences. To underline its importance, Pope Francis attended the meeting and delivered his speech. 2Francis, Evangelii gaudium 53. vi of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.3 The term “trafficking” is a misnomer because the crime (e.g., cyber- porn) may not necessarily involve the movement of the victims from one place to another. According to the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, “trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation accounts for 58% of all trafficking cases detected globally, while trafficking for forced labour accounts for 36%.”4 Trafficking for the purpose of organ harvesting, while constituting only 0.2%, has been detected in 16 countries. Cases of trafficking for the purpose of illegal adoption have been uncovered in 15 countries.5 Most of the victims are women (59%) and girls (17%). Some of the victims are men (14%) and boys (10%).6 Of every three young victims, two are girls and one is a boy. In the Philippines alone, there are thousands of victims of human trafficking every year. “From 2005 to 2012, there were 1,693 human trafficking cases officially recorded in the country, 364 of which took place in 2011 alone.”7 3United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto (UNODC, New York: United Nations, 2004), 42. 4Global Report on Trafficking of Persons (UNODC, New York: United Nations, 2012), 7. 5Global Report on Trafficking of Persons, 37. 6Global Report on Trafficking of Persons, 10. 7Lila Ramos Shahani, “Situating Human Trafficking in the Philippines: Global, National and Personal Context,” keynote address at the conference vii Between 2007 and 2010, about 12,000 persons were prosecuted for trafficking in persons worldwide. Most of the culprits were male (8,100), but a good number were female (3,800).8 In some cases, former victims became perpetrators. Women offenders are sometimes involved in trafficking girls. Although 134 countries and states have criminalized various trafficking offenses in line with the UN Protocols on Trafficking in Persons, the number of convictions for human trafficking is very low. Of the 132 countries surveyed, 16% did not record a single conviction between 2007 and 2010.9 The Philippine legislature has enacted the “Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003”10 which was further expanded in 2012.11 Despite these laws, “the prosecution of buyers is done with much reluctance. Up till now, we have yet to witness a conviction of a customer in the Philippines, despite several charges filed.”12 In the face of such human tragedy, Pope Francis expresses his personal anguish and invites all to help alleviate the situation: I have always been distressed at the lot of those who are victims of various kinds of human trafficking. How I wish that all of us would hear God’s cry: “Where is your brother?” (Gen. 4:9). Where is your brother or sister who is enslaved? Where is the brother and sister whom you are killing each day in clandestine warehouses, in rings of prostitution, in children used for begging, in exploiting Human Trafficking in an Era of Globalization (University of Washington: January 11–12, 2013), 2. 8Global Report on Trafficking of Persons, 28, footnote no. 4. 9Global Report on Trafficking of Persons, 7. 10Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9208). 11Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2013 (Republic Act No. 10365). 12Jean Enriquez, “The Demand Side of Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation in the Philippines,” http://catwap.wordpress.com/resources/speeches- papers/the-demand-side-of-trafficking-and-sexual-exploitation-in-the- philippines-focus-on-the-role-of-korean-men/ (accessed April 7, 2014). viii undocumented labour? Let us not look the other way. There is greater complicity than we think. The issue involves everyone! This infamous network of crime is now well established in our cities, and many people have blood on their hands as a result of their comfortable and silent complicity.13 In a message to the faithful in Brazil on the occasion of their annual Lenten Fraternity Campaign, which has for its theme Fraternidade e Tráfico Humano, the Pope made a similar appeal: It is not possible to remain indifferent before the knowledge that human beings are bought and sold like goods! I think of the adoption of children for the extraction of their organs, of woman deceived and obliged to prostitute themselves, of workers exploited and denied rights or a voice, and so on. And this is human trafficking. It is precisely on this level that we need to make a good examination of conscience: how many times have we permitted a human being to be seen as an object, to be put on show in order to sell a product or to satisfy an immoral desire? The human person ought never to be sold or bought as if he or she were a commodity. Whoever uses human persons in this way and exploits them, even if indirectly, becomes an accomplice of this injustice.14 Responding to Pope Francis’ appeal, Landas has devoted this issue to the topic of human trafficking.