Pasquale Palmieri La Terra Dell'obbedienza

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Pasquale Palmieri La Terra Dell'obbedienza Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II” Dottorato di ricerca in Storia della Società Europea (XIX ciclo) Pasquale Palmieri La terra dell’obbedienza Aspiranti santi e potere politico nel Regno di Napoli (secoli XVIII-XIX) INDICE Introduzione……………….…………………………...…………………………………………3 - Prologo………………………………………………………………………………...........19 Capitolo I: Religione, corte, paese: Il Regno di Napoli nel secolo XVIII. I rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa…………………………………………………………………..32 - La difficile applicazione del concordato del 1741…………………………………………..39 - Un’annosa questione: le procedure «alla maniera del Santo Officio»……………………...46 - La repressione delle logge massoniche……………………………………………………..52 - Il periodo della Reggenza…………………………………………………………………...58 - Dagli anni settanta all’ultima fase del riformismo borbonico………………………………71 Dall’universo normativo alla religione vissuta: missioni, culti e devozioni………………..82 - La regina e la sua “devota” corte……………………………………………………………91 - La religiosità femminile…………………………………………………………………….98 Capitolo II : Salvatore Pagnani e la fondazione del monastero di San Gabriele di Capua………………………………………………………………………………………….103 - Angela Marrapese e Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori…………………………………………...123 - Il Ritiro di San Gabriele diventa monastero di clausura…………………………………...127 - Dalla vicenda politica al racconto agiografico: ricostruzione di una strategia…………….140 - La celebrazione del potere monarchico tra storia sacra e storia civile…………………….147 Capitolo III : Tra giustizia regia, giustizia ecclesiastica e celebrazione della famiglia reale: aspiranti santi nel secolo dei Lumi . - Isabella Milone falsa santa, strega e ingannatrice………………………………………….151 - Dall’esilio alla gloria degli altari: Pompilio Maria Pirrotti………………………………...160 - La monaca santa e la regina: Maria Maddalena Sterlicco e Maria Amalia di Sassonia…...169 - Repressione e riconoscimento degli aspiranti santi per una nuova immagine del potere monarchico?...............................................................................................................................174 Capitolo IV: Dai santi di corte ai paladini della controrivoluzione………………………..179 - Vita politica, vita sociale e nuovi profili di santità. Tra gli anni trenta e gli anni sessanta: Giuseppe Maria Cesa, Maria Rosa Giannini e Ludovico Sabbatini………………………181 - Brevi vite di Redentoristi scritte da Alfonso de’ Liguori…………………………………190 - Mariano Arciero…………………………………………………………………………...198 - Stefano Pelosi……………………………………………………………………………...204 - «Della vita ed istituto del venerabile servo dio Dio Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori»…………207 - Devoti e promotori del culto di Maria Francesca delle Cinque Piaghe……………………227 - I «servi di Dio che operaron a vantaggio spirituale e temporale del popol napoletano»: nuove strategie agiografiche nell’opera di Pietro Degli Onofri…………………………………..235 - La vita del servo di Dio Padre Francesco D’Anna………………………………………...245 - Francesco De Geronimo…………………………………………………………………...248 - Giambattista Cacciottoli…………………………………………………………………...251 1 - Francesco Pepe…………………………………………………………………………….253 - Gregorio Rocco……………………………………………………………………………262 - Dai taumaturghi dell’individuo ai taumaturghi della società……………………………...269 - Eroi del popolo durante la Rivoluzione del 1799 e il decennio francese………………….272 - Aspiranti santi e famiglie reali: Michelangelo di San Francesco e Luigi del Santissimo Crocifisso…………………………………………………………………………………..277 - Morire da santi in età napoleonica: Francesco Mercorio e il vescovo Vincenzo Rogadei…………………………………………………………………………………….280 - Un ultima curiosità………………………………………………………………………...288 Capitolo V : Oltre i confini del Regno: i nuovi profili di santità e la lotta ai mali del secolo - Il filo ininterrotto del gesuitismo: Giuseppe Pignatelli……………………………………289 - Il martirio regale di Maria Clotilde Adelaide Saveria di Borbone………………………...294 - Pio VI e Pio VII, re e papi martiri…………………………………………………………304 - Considerazioni di metodo: i nuovi santi tra identità religiose e identità politiche………...309 - Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………315 Fonti manoscritte………………………………………………………………………..319 Fonti a stampa…………………………………………………………………………..321 Fonti edite – strumenti………………………………………………………………….325 Indice dei saggi citati……………………………………………………………………326 2 Introduzione Gli studi sulla santità nell’Italia moderna hanno conosciuto, negli ultimi anni, delle importanti svolte di carattere metodologico, anche attraverso lo sviluppo di orientamenti di ricerca che hanno cercato di far luce sui rapporti tra il versante religioso e quello socio- politico. Le indagini di Gabriella Zarri, iniziate già negli anni ’70, dedicate alle «sante vive» che popolarono le corti italiane tra XV e XVI secolo, hanno rappresentato un importante stimolo verso lo sviluppo di una storiografia attenta alle fasi nascenti e ai processi di costruzione di nuovi culti, al loro valore politico-sociale, ai legami con le gerarchie e gli assetti istituzionali del potere laico e religioso 1. L’obiettivo della studiosa non era quello di tracciare le linee di una santità riconosciuta e canonizzata, ma di comprendere i meccanismi, meno appariscenti ma altrettanto importanti, di una santità vissuta, percepita, mentalmente rappresentata, dinamicamente inserita nella vita delle comunità. Il panorama degli stati italiani della prima età moderna era caratterizzato da un’evidente instabilità politica dovuta agli orientamenti egemonici delle grandi monarchie europee e al delicato momento attraversato dalla Santa Sede impegnata a difendere e riaffermare il suo ruolo di autorità spirituale e temporale 2. L’autrice ha scelto di rivolgere la sua attenzione a diverse donne che furono pubblicamente venerate come beate mentre erano ancora in vita e riuscirono, grazie ai doni profetici che venivano loro attribuiti, ad esercitare una notevole influenza sul panorama politico, orientando le decisioni dei sovrani, coagulando il consenso dei sudditi intorno ad essi, contribuendo al tentativo di stabilizzazione di formazioni politiche fragili in una congiuntura storica particolarmente delicata. Emblematico e rappresentativo di una tendenza diffusa in quel periodo fu l’operato del duca ferrarese Ercole II d’Este che diffuse nelle corti italiane ed europee il culto di Lucia da Narni, consegnò alla regina di Francia il sangue fuoriuscito dalle stimmate della donna e, ergendosi ad “arbitro delle forme di culto” praticate dai suoi sudditi, tentò di rafforzare e legittimare il suo potere sfruttando il carisma della sua protetta 3. Anche la corte mantovana dei Gonzaga riuscì a trarre enormi benefici dal sostegno di Osanna Andreasi e Stefana Quinzani, mentre le profezie di Arcangela Panigarola furono ascoltate da un numeroso 1 G. Zarri, Le sante vive. Profezie di corte e devozione femminile tra ‘400 e ‘500, Torino, Rosemberg & Sellier, 1990. 2 Sull’argomento si veda P. Prodi , Il sovrano pontefice. Un corpo e due anime: la monarchia papale nella prima età moderna , Bologna, Il Mulino, 1982. 3 M. Gotor , Chiesa e santità nell’Italia moderna , Roma-Bari, Laterza 2004, p.13; G. Zarri, Le sante vive , cit., pp. 51-62. 3 cenacolo di devoti, del quale fece parte anche il governatore francese di Milano 4. Le visioni profetiche di Colomba da Rieti procurarono alla donna la devozione del popolo perugino e la fiducia della famiglia dei Baglioni, prima di essere rivelate al pontefice Alessandro VI che, secondo alcune dicerie del tempo, ne fu profondamente atterrito 5. É bene precisare, comunque, che le diverse vicende delle “sante vive” rispondono alle dinamiche di un periodo, quello precedente al Concilio di Trento, nel quale i sovrani territoriali avevano un notevole spazio di intervento in materia di fede e potevano, conseguentemente, offrire protezione a personaggi carismatici o promuoversi attraverso l’uso politico della religione. Il processo di centralizzazione operato dalla Chiesa cattolica nella seconda metà del Cinquecento, accompagnato al «tramonto della religione cittadina» e al «progressivo processo di secolarizzazione degli stati» riporterà le profetesse di corte nell’oblio 6. Ciò nonostante le loro vicende, narrate in diverse opere agiografiche, lasciarono tracce durevoli e necessitano, per questa ragione, di essere considerate come momento importante di una storia che si sviluppa su un periodo più lungo e, oltre ad aggiornarci sull’evoluzione dei modelli promossi dalla Santa Sede, ci apre le porte all’osservazione di una santità che vive ed agisce all’interno della società di Antico Regime caratterizzandosi in un costante processo di interrelazione con le gerarchie e i gruppi dominanti, influenzando i rapporti di questi ultimi con i sudditi. I cambiamenti intervenuti tra la fine del Cinquecento e l’inizio del secolo successivo a modificare l’universo della santità nel mondo cattolico, ben focalizzati dalla storiografia degli ultimi quindici anni, hanno posto agli studiosi nuovi interrogativi e problemi mettendo in evidenza l’esigenza di cercare diverse chiavi interpretative per l’analisi delle fonti 7. Il processo di centralizzazione delle competenze sull’universo della santità e la conseguente rivendicazione delle prerogative pontificie in materia portò ad un evoluzione 4 G. Zarri, op. cit., pp. 62-71 e 94-95. Si veda anche M. Gotor, op. cit., p. 13. 5 G. Zarri, op. cit., pp. 91-93. 6 Ivi, cit., p. 15; l’ argomento del «tramonto della religione cittadina» è trattato nel saggio di L. Donvito, La «religione cittadina» e le nuove prospettive sul Cinquecento religioso italiano , in «Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa»,
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