Staphyleaceae B.L. van der Linden Leyden)

This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea.

Huertea Peru Among the genera is confined to and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti).

distributed in the and and Euscaphis are East Asian. is widely subtropical temperate

is and it is the zone on the northern hemisphere. subtropical tropical, only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera

in SE. Asia. seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping

be found from the into the Ecologically the members of the family may tropical lowland up

in to the border of the montane at 2400 but in the mountains, Malaysia up upper zone c. m,

ascend northern frontier is found Sinohimalayan area they may to c. 3000 nr. Latitudinally the

at in America the southern border is found in c. 50° N (Central Germany, South Canada); S.

Ecuador and Peru.

The taxonomic position of the family has a chequered history. In the 18th century its place

Was designated in the affinity of Rhamnaceae. A. P. DE CANDOLLE (1825) and MEISNER (1836)

referred had the family as a tribe to the Celastraceae; ENDLICHER (1840) Staphyleaceae as an

°rder next to the Celastraceae but placed Ochranthe as a separate family near the Hypericineae.

EEICHENBACH (1828) had arranged it near Sapindaceae and this position was accepted by

& referred to ASA EENTHAM EIOOKER, and up to the present day it is by GRAY|

ENGLER, HUTCHINSON, etc.

it in the with Cunoniaceae. LINDLEY (1835) kept as a separate family Hypericineae together

VALUER /. has repeatedly stressed their close affinity to the Cunoniaceae (Uber Juliania, etc.

1908, 74, 116, 182; Arch. Neerl. Sc. Ex. Nat. Ill B, 1912, 164). be without much doubt and is shown the fact The affinity with the Cunoniaceae seems to by 'hat Turpinias have twice been wrongly described as members of the Cunoniaceae, viz as

Ochranthe and Kaernbachia. The vegetative resemblance is large as both families have stipulate,

decussate, pinnate leaves and terminal inflorescences. Besides, the differential characters are

mainly 5 stamens in Staphyleaceaeand diplostemonous flowers in Cunoniaceae, the 3-celled

0v 2-celled and differences in filaments and fruit. Leaves ary against a mostly one, more vague °t Staphyleaceae are herbaceous and the articulations of petiole and rachis shrink in the her-

coriaceous and the do not shrink. In his barium; leaves of Cunoniaceae are generally junctions KE Y HUTCHINSON differentiates Cunoniaceae and Staphyleaceae by having pendulous and

lending ovules respectively, but the importance and constancy of this character seems doubtful.

is similar to that of several other (KRAUSE, p. 272). The pollen structure of Staphyleaceae ±

FAMILIES, for example Celastraceae (ERDTMAN, 1952).

The wide separation of Staphyleaceae (near Sapindales) and Cunoniaceae (near Rosales) is

n °t only unsatisfactory from a taxonomical standpoint, but also anatomically. Dr. METCALFE, far available material and his Kew, has made an anatomical investigation as as permitted

c °nclusion is that there are marked anatomicaldifferences between Turpinia and the Sapindaceae

and that both Staphyleaceae and Cunoniaceae show more mutual affinity than either of them w who |th the Sapindaceae. In his opinion "an anatomist could not disagree with a taxonomist Wl shed to 'remove' the from the of the Sapindaceae” (c/. Nova Guinea — w iviuuvv uiv Staphyleaceae 'vicinity' n s ' - 10, 1959, 212).

Plantgeographically Staphyleaceae represent a marked northern counterpart to the Cunonia- C( ae turn ' which is largely a southern hemisphere family. Such 'pairs' up repeatedly as our stu dies of geography advance: Fagus and Nothofagus, Dillenia and Hibbertia, Ericaceae

(') GAGNEPAIN described sixth from Indo-China (Not. Syst. 13, 1948, 190; vjAijisiiii'AiN nashas uescrioeu a sixui genus, inauujtriis,Triscaphis, '' G 6n. I-c. Suppl. 1, 1950,999, fig. 128 3-8). According to the description this is almost certainly not it aphyleaceous through its exstipulate, spiral leaves and 3-merous flowers; might be anacardiaceous.

Wording to LEMEE it would be sapindaceous (Diet. Suppl. 10, 1959, 213) 1 50 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6

& LINDEN. Fig. 1. Details of Malaysian species of Turpirtia— T. borneensis (MERR. PERRY) VAN DER

l and X X d. ditto,in section, x 5, e. fruit with a. Habit, X / b. nerves venation, 1/2, c. flower, 5, 2 , open

— T. KURZ. Leaf showing its closed nervation, cross-section, nat. size, f. stamen, X 10. montana (BL.) g.

— Fruit and its nat. size.— T. x 1/2, h-i. stamens, X 10. T. pomifera (ROXB.) DC. j-k. section, sphaerocarpa

— ELMER, HASSK. l-m. Fruit and its section, nat. size, n. embryo, X 4. T. ovalifolia o. Fruit and its section, of twig showing persistent stipules (a, c-d, nat. size.— T. stipulacea VAN DER LINDEN, p. Defoliated part RIDLEY SF 2855, o 15906, 27516). f CLEMENS 30070, b, e CLEMENS 28840, i KERR 2527, j-k LAM p

each and their and Epacridaceae, etc. The meeting point of the areas of pair overlapping margins

of the It would that the of are almost always found in the vicinity tropical zone. seem birthplace

been with these pairs must have been the tropics from where their ancestors have branched off a

northward and southward directed distribution, respectively giving way to a subsequent devel-

opment (diversity) in antipodial centres. Other explanations for the phenomenon of these 51 Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden)

random antipodial pairs of affinity seem less likely, viz if the pairs had to be explained as

taxonomical of each Parallel developmentwhich is extremely unlikely if we take the close affinity

Pair into consideration. And the mere suggestion that the phenomenon is due to 'coincidence' seems not worthy to consider.

Vegetatively Turpinia shows a marked, structural resemblance with Sambucus, both possessing decussate, simply-pinnate, frequently herbaceous, toothed leaves, with stipules and gland-like st well in the latter and ipels (though stipules are not always represented genus some Turpinias have simple leaves). Properly the sympetaly and inferior ovary of Sambucus separates them their •Painty in the reproductive section, but these two 'characters' are gradually losing unique value the between Sambucus and the as essentials for natural affinity. Some time relationship

Staphyleaceae should be scrutinized more carefully by modern methods.—VAN STEENIS.

1. TURPINIA

MERRILL & J. Arn. Vent. Choix (1803) 31, t.31, nom. gen. conserv. prop.; PERRY,

1 Arb. 22 (1941) 543; J. KRAUSE in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 20b (1942) 306; ,

— • Taxon Triceros Lour. v L/ LINDENtjUM-ZLii &iv VAN»nn STEENIS,ux uui'iiij, a uiwn 9y (1960)\ w/ 57-58.>/ / i »vwi i/u BAKH.,i, V.. D.. j SPRENG. fL Coch. 1 (1790) 184, nom. gen. rejic. prop, non GRIFF. 1854; Syst. 1 (1825) 947; MORITZI, Syst. Verz. (1846) 15; BAILL. Hist. PI. 5 (1874) 342, 343,

e *c/. Euscaphis; MAZA, Dice. Bot. Nom. Vulg. Cub. & Puerto-Riq. (1889) 15; cf. ako O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 148.—Dalrympelea Roxb. [Hort.Beng. 1814,17,

n °rnen. ‘Dalrympelia’] PI. Corom. 3 (1820) 76, t.279.—OchrantheLindl. Bot. Reg. 8 5?36>tl819.—.Hasskarlia MEISN. PI. Vase. Gen. 2 (1843) 348; cf. WALP. Ann. 1

(1849) 753.—Maurocenia § Triceros O.K. Rev. Gen. 1 (1891) 149.—Kaernbachia

SCHLTR, Bot. Jahrb. 52 (1914) 151, nom. illeg., non O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. 1 (1891) 6 2, ed. nom. illeg.; ENGLER, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 2, 18a (1930) 241, fig. 140; CF- Nova Guinea 10 211-212.— HOOGL., VAN DER LINDEN & STEEN. n.s. (1959) % 1.

if Evergreen trees or shrubs with terete, pithy twigs; pith terete. Indument,

Present, consisting of simple hairs. Stipules interpetiolar, 2 to each node, partly o ns caducous erted-» in the axil of the entire, rarely *-d2-tipped, vm>iearly*- ' vvu m LiiV/ UAll W1 lilV petioles,k/VUVlVkJ • imbricate,mik/JL 1VUIV, VUVJULV* AMXV1T bkK'K'VW) r

Leaves focept in T. stipulacea), leaving a distinct annular scar. decussate, simple ° r of odd-pinnate; petiole sulcate. Articulations (base of petiole, nodes rachis) drinking in the dry state. Two small glands (sometimes called stipels) on the

achis 2 of leaflet. near the insertion of the petiolules and also near the base the

~ea flets 3-11 in compound leaves, herbaceous to subcoriaceous, mostly 2-3 times as acute to base long as wide, penninerved, midrib prominent, apex acuminate, °t»tuse to rounded, sometimes cuneately decurrent, margin glandularly serrate, e Wate or crenate. Panicles axillary, terminal or subterminal, mostly glabrous.

ra cts articulated small. Pedicels with or without 1 or 2 minute bracteoles, not Wlth the flower, apically widened into the short obconical receptacle. Flowers jugular, bisexual, 5-merous. Sepals persistent, free, imbricate, the outer ones r rounded the °ader than the inner ones, ovate, broadly attached at the base, at a P g Petals x, fleshy, more or less ciliate at the margin. free, imbricate, spathulate ° r °blong-elliptic, or obovate, equal-sized, narrowly attached, membranous, more ° r less ciliate at the margin, longer than the sepals, caducous. Stamens 5, epi-

9 * KRAUSE, I.e., has cited all subsequent different spellings of Dalrympelea, Ochranthe, Turpinia, etc. A n c 'ted them have omitted their avoid erroneously as synonyms. I mention, to a complicated, un- wary formality. 1 52 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6

sepalous, equal; filaments linear, gradually widened to the base, (in Mai. spp.)

glabrous, inserted close to the disk, caducous; anthers rounded or ovate, with

spreading cell-bases, dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise, introrse, sometimes dis-

tinctly apiculate. Disk annular, glabrous and crenate, fleshy. Ovary superior,

(2-)3(-4)-celled, the three cells and styles closely appressed but not connate, the combined stigmas 3-lobed. Ovules l-oo in each cell, anatropous, attached on the

close the in 2 vertical rows. Fruit to 2 cm dissepiment very to axis, up x /i diam., with a more or less fleshy pericarp (in dry state rather hard), indehiscent, globular, slightly 3-lobed, sometimes crowned by the horn-like conical style remains. Seeds

1-cx) in each cell, of various shape, mostly roundish or reniform, or compressed,

yellow-brown to dark-brown when dry; hilum large; endosperm present; coty- ledons flat, roundish.

30-40 in the continental-Asiatic and the Distr. Probably c. spp., occurring throughout Malaysian tropics (from Ceylon to S. Japan southward to Java and New Guinea) and in the Central and South in the West Pacific northward S. China American tropics (West Indies, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru), to

and S. at 32° in the on the continent but to Formosa, Riukius, Japan (Kyushu: Yakushima, N) more mild oceanic climate (Kuro Sjio current). Absent in the Pacific and the Australian continent. Though

America the trans-Pacific Turpinia is not found in North disjunction belongs obviously to a disrupted, former North Pacific distribution, similarly to that of Staphylea. from Some species have a wide distribution, for example T. montana (BL.) KURZ, Java and Sumatra northward to Indo-China, Hongkong, and Yunnan, and T. pomifera (ROXB.) DC. in SE. Asia and

Malaysia (rare) where it has often been confused with T. sphaerocarpa Hassk., a species confined to restricted distribution. Malaysia. The other species in Malaysia are all of a more

in which 2 endemic Mt The greatest density of species is found Borneo (among species on Kinabalu); 2 New Guinea, though situated at the southeastern end of the generic distribution, possesses is which is due the fact endemic species. In the Lesser Sunda Islands Turpinia very rare probably to that Turpinias avoid countries subject to seasonal climatic conditions. Fig. 2.

Ecol. Obviously all species are constituents of tropical to subtropical rain-forest areas. They are

But evergreen and frequently of small stature, belongingto the undergrowth or substage. some species

to 26 noted with free bole of 22 diam. 50 shun may attain large size, up m, once 35 m a m, cm. They and in several the Lesser the areas subject to periodical drought none has been found of Sunda Islands or similar areas in South New Guinea.

As to altitude Turpiniaprefers the montane zone, the highest stations in Malaysia being at c. 2400 m

In in New Guinea and on Mt Kinabalu. the Himalaya and Yunnan representatives may ascend to

3000 m (and in Yunnan even to 3300 m, cf. KRAUSE).

RIDLEY does not cite any records for dispersal of Turpinia, but it is most likely that the fleshy, some- times edible fruits will be devoured by birds and other animals and that the very hard-shelled seeds will be able to stand the passing of the intestinal duct and be dispersed endozoically.

As to pollinationnothingis known definitely, but FYSON (Fl. Nilg. Puln. Hill-tops 1, 1915, 91) recorded for T. nepalensis that the disk is producing an appreciable amount of honey attracting insect visitors.

is attractive colours and but the inflorescences and The flowers lack, it true, singly, size, are large some- for in times very many-flowered and the honey scent may be a powerful agent attracting insects, a com- unattractive flowers of I have been informed parable way as is known from the equally Leea, as by sweet-scented. Dr M. A. LIEFTINCK. LORZING repeatedly noted the flowers of T. sphaerocarpa to be

Morph. Stipules. MERRILL & PERRY mention in their key (I.e. 545) that the stipules would be connate

rests observation. in some Papuan species, but this on erroneous

to Characters which are suitable for specific distinction are not particularly showy, but they prove be very constant; some are unexpected. They are: for has T. and T. (1) Number of ovules per cell, example T. montana always 2, pentandra 4(—5), brachy- petala 8(—7). In T. sphaerocarpa the number is less constant.

(2) Size and shape of flower parts (calyx, petals, anthers).

(3) Size and shape of the fruits and the thickness of the pericarp.

(4) Stipules in T. montana are very small and hairy and with a bifid apex, in others they are glabrous available for and entire. Unfortunately in many specimens and even of some species no stipules are

examination. T. stipulacea possesses by exception obviously persistent stipules. for (5) The leaves provide reliable characters in only rather few species, example in T. montana

T. T. and nitida, they are simple in simplicifolia.

the indument is short and sparse, it is in (6) Hairiness occurs in a few species but very only typical T. grandis.

The place of insertion ofthe inflorescences has generally been accepted as terminal and I can confirm Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden) 53

this in a there in which there general way. However, are specimens are 2, or twin pairs of peduncles in fnthesis which are only seemingly terminal, but really separated by a small terminal bud visible between the bases of these If such peduncles. a flowering branch starts growing after the anthesis the infructes-

cences become lateral and the central terminal bud the prolongs twig and produces a new flush with some leaf and the pairs same mode of pseudo-apical reproduction is repeated. Galls. A few zoocecidia have been described by DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN (Zoocec. Neth. Ind. 1926,

331, fig.), Viz a stem gall caused by a gall midge on T. montana; two leaf galls caused by gall midges and a broom witches' caused by a gall mite on T. sphaerocarpa.

Vern. The vernacular names have little use for the I have generally species identity; only taken up 'hose which I have found on sheets which I have identified, as in literature taxa have frequently been combined under one name (with all the vernaculars) pertaining to different species.

Uses. The timber is available in small and dimension only quantity and is of inferior quality with a low durability; it is used. its has been tried only exceptionally By quick growth Turpinia. out as a . . . , pioneer '°r reafforestation on devastated mountain in Central slopes Java (Pangentjongan on Mt Galunggung ar| d Kledung on Mt which Koorders’s Sindoro) were promising, according to report. Anat. Meded. den Berger, Proefstat. Boschw. 13 (1926) 95, Determinatietabel houtsoorten

2 yan Malesie, Veenman, Wageningen (1949) 30; Desch, Mai. For. Rec. 15 (1954) 524 (hand lens); Lilloa 8 eimsch, (1942) 163; Metcalfe & Chalk, Anat. Die. 1 (1950) 445; Moll & Janssonius 2 0 908) 416. —The of the features: presence primitive many-barred scalariform perforation plates, fiber

long-tailed rays, do... not favour the of the near to , , ~ position the Janssonius ... r- family.J Sapindales. c the differences between the - recognized large two families; Heimsch I.e. 182, 189 (erroneously cited , .p.

’ ‘ “ ' ~ ' Metcalfe & Chalk I.e. ‘ 446) suggested affinity to Celastrales but critical studies are p.. . - necessary; ,, - Uesch - I.e. p. 525 stated that too of the Celastrales not many genera do show affinity to Turpinia.J.— C -A.R.-G.

Notes. Practical research with Turpinia has proved difficult the of the , „ extremely by inadequacy

erbarium material which is often in either flowers scrappy, bud, or only bearing or fruit, bearing dness that collectors do realize not sufficiently the manifest need ofcollecting complete material for

It is lamentable that this has led purpose. to description ofnew species, and creation of types,

” an insufficient the types of T. T. T. basis: parviflora, simplicifolia, unifoliata, and of T. were -■ - laxiflora ae . . r—v—- V , —v “Cribed without fruit. Admittedly I am in this but the two committing myself revision, new species

Proposed here have such outstanding vegetative characters that I feel excused. The venation of mature leaves is rather characteristic in herbarium materials. Leaflets have mostly a

' wide venation''beneath with filter open prominence in various degree in proportion to the order of the eins The (primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.). upper surface of the leaflets shows mostly noprominence 'he small veinlets.

WeVer number of i 'he veinlets "n a sP ec es of different order are all about equally strongly prominent On A° ' surfaces giving the surface under the lens a reticulation that of tessellate Th approaching a structure. n ' s is characteristic for T. borneensis, T. nitida, T. grandis, T. stipulacea, and T. ovalifolia.

neasurements of the flowers in this revision f given are based on those of mature ones, boiled from he h material. ' is rather remarkable that several of the Bl. in specimens Euphorbiacea— Bischofia have the IJ r j.~jjavanica ,ler, , —...—. °ariurn been identified as Turpinias though having spiral leaves and no annular, stipular scars.

the offer distinctive characters vegetative parts only occasionally collectors should secure fertile

aterial, with both flowers and preferably fruit. Observations are desirable on the size and shape of the Pules and the mode of regeneration of the flush and inflorescences. he of . a on sterile material did not seem of much framing separate key practical use and has een omitted. 1 54 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6

KEY TO THE SPECIES

10-15 1. Leaves all and always simple, lanceolate-oblong, by 3 Va—5 V4 cm, onboth sides with prominent

venation. and -3 Filaments 2 mm. Ovules 2 cell. Sepals petals c. 2y 2 mm long. up to per 1. T. simplicifolia

1. Leaves l-cvj-jugate, the upper ones under the inflorescence exceptionally l-foliolate.

stout rather 2. Stipules large, ovate-triangular, c. l'/ 2 cm long,persistent,, (fig. Ip). Leaflets (7-)9, thin,

9 5 Venation both sides fine-reticulate to be and elliptic, c. by cm. on (tending tessellate) prominent

2 the Petals c. -3 mm Stamens c. l mm anthers mm. Ovules 4 cell. (in herb.). 2y 2 long. x/ 2 long; / 5 per 2. T. stipulacea 2. Stipules early caducous. Not this combination of characters.

3. Upper internodes,stipules, petioles and petiolules, and inflorescence with a very short (puberulous)

but continuous indument (also in fruit). Leaflets 3-1, large, 15-23 by 10-16 cm, ovate to ovate-

oblong, sharply dentate; venation on both sides dense and prominent (tending to be tessellate).

Leaf-articulations hardly shrinking in the herb.. Fruits globular, without horns, c. 1-1V2 cm diam.;

to 10-18 fruit. pericarp c. y2-l mm diam. Seeds pale pale brown, rather large, per (Flowers un- known) 3. T. grandis

3. Such indument absent. Not this combination of leaf-size and venation characters.

4. Flowers small 1 anthers l fruits crowned (petals c. l/i-2Vi mm long; c. / 2 mm). (Mature not by

3± distinct horns).

thinner l -2 5. Pericarp (mostly much) than 1 mm (fig. le). Stamens \ / 2 mm. bifid 2 6. Stipules 2-3 mm long, pubescent, shortly at the apex. Ovules per cell (exceptionally

1 3-4 in a few flowers of an Fruit c. 8 mm testa - mm diam.. Nerves inflorescence). diam.; /5 1/S patent and ± straight, connected by regular loops of equal strength and prominence (fig. lo). Leaflets mostly thin and herbaceous (mostly pale green) in the herb., rather narrow-elliptic

1 4. montana oblong, c. 5-10(-16) by Va—5(—7) cm. Inflorescences delicate . . . T.

6. 4 x -9 entire. Ovules 4-8 cell. Fruit 8-15 diam. Testa Stipules c. / 2 mm long, glabrous, per c. mm

Yi-1 mm diam.. Nerves curved-ascending, not connected by regular loops of equal strength

(fig. la, b). Leaflets chartaceous to thin-coriaceous. Inflorescences less delicate.

7. Venation dense and prominent with small areoles and tendingto be tessellate on both surfaces. 4 averagely; Anthers distinctly apiculate, c. '/2 mm long. Ovules in each cell. Seeds large, c. 9 mm

4 testa -l mm diam.. Leaflets widest below the often towards the / 5 mostly distinctly middle,

base 5. T. borneensis

7. Venation rather lax with wider areoles and veins ofvarious degree in prominence, the finest not

Stamens not prominent, not tendingto be tessellate. l%-2 mm. Anthers apiculate, c. V3-V2 mm

long. Ovules 6-7-8 in each cell. Seeds c. 5 mm, testa Yi mm diam.. Leaflets widest in the

middle, wide and large, brown in the herb., shallow-dentate. Inflorescences 30-45 cm long.

6. T. laxiflora

5. Pericarp thicker than 1 mm (fig. 11). Stamens (generally) 2-3 mm. Anthers c. 0.5 mm, little to

-\ distinctly apiculate. Ovules 6-8 per cell. Seeds c. 5 mm, testa c. x /2 mm diam.. Leaflets elliptic,

not very wide, rather coarse-dentate, upper surface often greyish or metallic, discolored.

7. T. sphaerocarpa

3-4 3 4. Flowers large (petals mm, anthers at least /4 mm).

8. Venation of dried leaves distinctly prominent on both sides.

9. Pericarp thinner than 1 mm. Fruit ± globose, crowned by 3 distinct horns, c. 7-12 mm diam..

Leaflets 3, shining, large (10-20 by 4—8 Vi cm), with 8-10 very patent, regular nerves prominent

on both sides, more or less straight in the lower half, upwards curving and distinctly arching,

1 coriaceous. Anthers mm, apiculate. Pericarp c. Vs-% mm diam..Ovules 4(-5) per cell. Testa nitida V 4 -1 mm diam 8. T.

9. Pericarp 1-2 mm diam.. Fruit small, oval, globular, crowned (at least when young) with ap-

proximate style horns, c. 4-10 mm diam.. Leaflets 3, 4, or 5, mostly not shining on both sides,

7-20 dis- by 4-10 cm; nerves 5-7, prominent below, spreading, ascending from the base, not

chartaceous. Anthers 1-1 l not Ovules 5 or tinctly looped, % or / 4 mm, (or slightly) apiculate.

6(-8) per cell. Testa 0.3-0.4 mm diam 9. T. ovalifolia

8. Venation in the herbarium not distinctly prominent at both sides.

at 5 10. Pericarp thick, least mm diam. (fig. Ij). Ovules (5-)6(-7) per cell. Full-grown fruit large. Plant glabrous 10. T. pomifera

10. Pericarp 1-2 mm diam. Ovules 4(-5) or 8(-7) per cell. Full-grown fruit 10-15 mm diam.

Plants often puberulous.

, 11. Ovules 4(-5) per cell. Fruit with 3 distinct horns, at least when young. Leaflets 2 1 /2-4 /i

T. (-6(4) cm wide 11. pentandra

11. Ovules 8(-7) per cell. Fruit without style horns. Leaflets (:3y2 -)5y2 -8 cm wide.

12. T. brachypetala Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden) 55

1. 18 Turpinia simplicifolia MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 27 Tree c. m high. Leaves 4-5 jugate; leaflets

(1925) 34.— T. unifoliata Merr. & Chun, Sunyat- ovate, glabrous, acuminate, rounded at the base,

senia 2 (1934) 37. margin denticulate, 6-10 1 by 2>/2-5 /2 cm; petiole Tree to 4 Leaves 8 up m. simple, lanceolate- up to cm; petiolules ofthe lateral leaflets 3-7 mm.

to 10 oblong oblong-elliptic, glabrous, acuminate, Stipules large, 17 by mm, persistent, woody, decurrent at the 10-15 base, slightly dentate, by glabrous. Panicles axillary up to 25 cm long; 3 to 4 V2-6 cm; petiole up cm long, glabrous. pedicels 1-2 mm long. Sepals ovate-oblong, green, Stipules small, glabrous, 2-3 Panicles suffused red down the mm long. to middle of the segments, to 18 axillary, up cm long. Sepals elliptic,rounded, 2-2>/2 by l'/i-2>4 mm. Petals obovate-oblong,

scarcely ciliate, c. 2% mm long. Petals oblong- creamy-yellow, 2*4-3 mm Stamens long. c. iy2 2 clliptic, ciliate, /2-3 mm long. c. mm ! Stamens mm long; filaments c. 2 mm; anthers round, filaments 2 each cell 2 '°ng; mm. Ovary 3-ceiled, mm slightly apiculate, /6 long. Ovary 3-celled, vvith 2 ovules. Fruit 8 4 globular, c. cm diam., with ovules per cell. Fruit unknown. without style-horns; pericarp very thin, 0.1-0.2 Distr. Malaysia: North Borneo (Mt Kinabalu, rom thick. near Tibabah R.), once collected, 2100 m;fl. June.

Distr. Hainan; in Malaysia: Philippines Notes. A remarkable from , v species deviating all

(Luzon), thrice collected. others its by obviously persistent, very large Ecol. In forests. stipules. The large number of leaflets and the 4 Notes. The type (Loher 12992) bears an in- ovules per cell remind of the Papuan T. pentandra, florescence and slightly immature foliage. In but this species has another venation and much

the characters it not T. comparing seems specifically larger anthers. It is possibly more allied to different from that of T. unifoliata MERR. & CHUN borneensis with which it shares the prominent (S. P. Ko from which has 52249, NY) Hainan, venation and 4 ovules, but this species has nar-

mature leaves but an inflorescence which is rower, more pointed leaf-shape, smaller flowers, 'n bud; the sizes of the floral parts (stamens) are and finer, shorter inflorescences, besides lacking

obviously for this reason somewhat smaller than the unique stipules. 'hose of T. simplicifolia.

Another from Hainan C. 3. (fruiting) specimen (F. Turpinia grandis v. D. LINDEN, noV. sp. Now 73403, SING) was preliminarily referred by Arbor 10-18 m alta. Internodia ultima, petioli et MERRILL the to same species, but from its venation infructescentiae indumento denso brevi muniti. and leaf-shape I conclude this to T. Folia represent 1-3 foliolata, foliolis magnis grosse-serratis,

indochinensis MERR. This seems to be extremely 15-23 X 10-16 cm, venulis utrinqueprominentibus. '°se to T. NAKAI which has formosana only 4 Infructescentiae 30 cm longae. Fructus globosus ° v ules per T. indochinensis 8. It * cell, * ~ having might 1-1 , ecorniculatus, Yl cm diam., pericarpio c. V2-I

to be better reduce the latter as a variety mm crasso. Semina flavescenti-brunnea, 10-18 in T. formosana. fructo singulo. T.: ENDERT 4669, L.

MASAMUNE Kainant. reduced (Fl. 1943, 178) Tree 10-18 m. Upper internodes, stipules,

T. unifoliata to T. , Nakai, J. Arn. Arb. and infructescences with short - formosana a „ petioles, very 3 In (1924) 80. my opinion this is a different (puberulous) but continuous indument. Leaves Pecies by possessing 4 ovules per cell, larger 1-3-foIiolate; leaflets ovate to ovate-oblong, owers (petals 4 mm), lesser nerves (7-9 pairs), acuminate, rounded at the base, sharply dentate,

hairy stamens. I have not the 15-23 seen type by 10-16 cm; venation on both sides dense but Tanaka & Shimada 10130), 13554 and prominent; petioleup to 7 cm long; petiolules nt* 11180, which with the of ofthe agree description lateral leaflets >/2-l Vi cm. Stipules small, c.

T. formosana. 5 mm long. Flowers unknown. Infructescences

The leaves those 30 are astonishingly resembling axillary, sub-terminal or terminal, up to cm certain specimens of T. but this — — borneensis, long. Fruit without 1-1 -r , globular, horns, c. Vi cm s , Peci es 5 has leaflets, petals less than 2 ram long, diam.; pericarp Vi-1 mm thick. Seeds pale to pale- 4 ovules per cell. brown, rather large, 10-18 in each fruit. lts alliance ■ closest is, as Merrill & Chun Distr. Malaysia: Central E. Borneo (W. Kutai: ready remarked, not with other 1-foliolate Kiau; Mt Kemul; Long Petah), thrice collected. PPcies T. but with (such as arguta), T. nepalensis Ecol. On forested river-banks and in deep 01 it differs g® by a more regular nervation, ravines, 450-1000 m. er , inflorescence, 2 ovules per cell, and simple Note. Superficially somewhat resembling T. icav es laxiflora but with 1-3 leaflets. Besides, T. laxiflora

has a loose, only slightly prominent venation, l rPinia v. — j,j^ J stipulacea D. Linden, nov. sp. smaller fruits, and sepia-coloured seeds. It is probably closest allied to T. borneensis, but it

spec ‘ebus omnibus differt stipulis maximis differs from that its Per ■ species by indument, leaf-size, l entibus Hgnescentibus. Folia 4-5-jugata, and number of ovules. fol- p ° ,s 6~10 2 X /i-5 cm. Inflorescentiae robustae, u5 l

cm * montana ongae- Sepala 2-2y X iy -2 /4 4. Turpinia (BL.) KURZ, J. As. Soc. Beng. 'nm 2 2 l Petala 2Vi~2 longa. hi!? mm Stamina c. 2'/2 mm 44, ii (1875) 182, a genuina; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Java ontheris suborbicularibus subapiculatis. 2 (1912) 528; Atlas Baumarten 1 (1913) t. 92; 0„ , lct 4 in utroqueloculo. T; SF 27516 Carr, Sing. Fl. Tjib. 2 (1923) 149; HOCHR. Candollea 2 (1925) 1 56 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6

412, inch f. arborescens et f. scandens; MERR. which, however, has never only 2 ovules per cell.

T. MERR. PERRY Contr. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) 93; BACKER, Brittonia 3 montana var. borneensis &

Arn. have found (1938)81; MERR. J. Arb. 19 (1938)42; MERR. I to represent a distinct species under & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 552; BACK. Bekn. that epithet.

Fl. Java (em. ed.) 7 (1948) fam. 152, p. 1.— Whether the Chinese T. glaberrima MERR.

Zanthoxylum (Xanthoxylum) montanum BL. Bijdr. (Lingn. Sc. J. 7, 1931, 312; ibid. 14, 1935, 27; J.

(1825) 248; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 670, cf. Arn. Arb. 22, 1941, 552) differs from T. montana

RADLK. Sitz. Ber. K. Bay. Ak. Wiss. 16 (1886) is not certain as several numbers MERRILL &

305-306 (1887).— Zanthoxylum serrulatum BL. PERRY mentioned to belong to it (TSIANG 2715,

Bijdr. (1825) 249; MIQ. I.e.— Triceros cochin- How 71654, 73218, CHUN & Tso 43918) represent

Verz. T. chinensis {non Lour.) Moritzi, Syst. (1846) in my opinion montana.

15.—Maurocenia zollingeri O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1

(1891) 147, 150, cf. BACKER, Brittonia 3 (1938) 81.

-T. parva K. & V. Bijdr. Booms. 9 (1903) 249;

BACK. Schoolfl. (1911) 272; CRAIB, Fl. Siam. En.

1 (1926) 338.—Evodia parviflora CRAIB, Kew Bull.

(1915) 425.—? T. gracilis NAKAI, J. Arn. Arb. 5 (1924) 79.-— T. parviflora CRAIB, Fl. Siam. En. 1

(1931) 339.—Fig. lg-i.

Shrub or tree up to 15 m. Leaves 3-7-foliolate,

below the inflorescence exceptionally with only 1

leaflet; leaflets elliptic to oblong, glabrous,

acuminate, decurrent at the base, dentate, 3-10

(-15) by IV2-IV2 cm; nerves straight, very

regularly connected by a looped intramarginal

vein; petiolules of the lateral leaflets !/-3 cm. 2

Stipules c. 3 mm, puberulous, with a short but

sharply bifid apex. Panicles axillary, open, up to

c. 18 cm long. Sepals ovate, glabrous, ciliate,

1-1*4 by 114-2 mm. Petals obovate, glabrous,

ciliate, 1-1*4 by 1*4-2 mm. Stamens c. 1*4 mm Fig. 2. Demarcation of the Indo-Malaysian part long;filaments 1-1*4 mm; anthers Vi-Vi mm, not of the distributional area of Turpinia showing , or only very slightly apiculate. Ovary (2-)3(-4)- also the number of in island species each island or celled, each cell with 2 ovules. Fruit globular, group; above the hyphen the number of endemic sometimes with 3 radial lines from the top, 8-10 species, below it other species. mm diam.; pericarp thin, to >/2 mm thick; more

than one seed developed; testa 0.2-0.3 mm thick.

Distr. Deccan Peninsula (Pulney Hills), Burma, 5. Turpinia borneensis (MERR. & PERRY) V. D.

China — Siam, Indo-China, (Yunnan, Kwantung, LINDEN, nov. comb. T.1 montana var. borneensis

Hainan), Hong Kong, in Malaysia: Sumatra to MERR. & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 553. T: Central and W. Java (most frequent in W. Java). CLEMENS 29391 bis. —Fig. la-f.

Ecol. In primary montane rain-forest, 750-2300 Tree up to 15 m. Leaves 3-5(-7)-foliolate;

m. Fl. Oct.-Jan., fr. March-Aug. leaflets ovate-oblong to almost lanceolate, glab-

Vern. Puhun putàg, ki bantjèt leutik, S. rous, distinctly acuminate, rounded at the base

Notes. By its thin, very regularly looped nerves (in the Philippine specimens sometimes cuneately

and delicate inflorescence easily recognized. On decurrent), 7-17 2 l -6 dentate, by /2 cm; primary the mainland few have been found and the veins a specimens nerves reticulating distinctly pro-

with somewhat thicker, shorter leaves and more minent on both sides; petiolules of the lateral

contracted inflorescences drier leaflets (in climate?); c. (4-2 cm long. Stipules c. 5 mm, glabrous.

venation and ovules are however exactly matching Panicles axillary, open, up to c. 20 cm. Sepals

those of T. montana. This form has been described ovate, dilate, 2 by 1V2 mm. Petals obovate, ciliate,

as a distinct species T. parviflora CRAIB from Siam 1% by U/4 mm. Stamens I% mm long;filaments c. (KERR 2527, K) and is also found in Indo-China 1 Vi mm; anthers Vi mm long, apiculate. Ovary (PIERRE 907, L). The size of the flower parts is (2-)3-celled, each cell with 4 ovules. Fruit globular,

slightly smaller than that in T. montana, but this is sometimes with 3 radial lines from the top, 8-15

due to the fact that both cited above specimens mm diam.; pericarp thin, 0.1-0.2(-0.5) mm diam.

are in bud. There is no question that this species Seeds large brown; testa %-l mm thick.

is ever scandent. The number of leaflets may Distr. Malaysia: Borneo and the Philippines.

be to 11 Ecol. In 1600 occasionally up (GARRETT 792, Thailand). rain-forests, up to m. A collection from the Pulney Hills (A. SAULIERE Note. MERRILL & PERRY already remarked that

115, Bo, K, L) certainly represents T. montana; their T. montana var. borneensis might deserve

it has the rank. both same venation, glabrous stamens, specific Its venation, prominent on 2 ovules bifid constantly per cell, and 3-4 mm long sides, ovate-oblong leaf, its curved nerves, and it stipules. 4 ovules per cell (in T. montana always 2) remove

There is distinct T. a affinity with nepalensis distinctly from T. montana. The latter is an ex- Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden) 57

clusively montane species distributed from SE. 1834): MERR. Contr. Arn. Arb. 8 (1934) 94.— Asia along the Sumatran track to Java. Fig. 11-n.

to 20 55 Large shrub or tree, up m high, cm 6. Turpinia laxiflora RIDL. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. diam. Leaves 3-5-7(-ll)-foliolate, brownish-red n. 82 Fl. Mai. Pen. 1 (1920) 179; (1922) 512; when young; leaflets ovate, oblong or elliptic,

MERR. — & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 553. glabrous, more or less acuminate, base obtuse or T. pomifera var. (non rounded or more or less . sphaerocarpa, Hassk.) obtusely decurrent, „ J. King; King, As. Soc. Beng. 65, ii (1896) 453, (sometimes not) dentate, 3-18 by 2-10 cm; petio-

Pro parte. lules of the lateral leaflets 3-15 mm, glabrous or

to 50 Leaves 3-7- Tree, up 24(-35) m by cm. puberulous. Stipules large, 8-9 mm long, glabrous.

30 foliolate; leaflets ovate-elliptic, glabrous, dentate, Panicles axillary, open, up to cm long. Sepals

rounded at the 8-24 1 acuminate, base, by ovate, ciliate, Vi-2 by 1 Vi-2 Vi mm. Petals oblong

ctn; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 4-20 mm, to elliptic,thin, moreor less ciliate, 2 >4 by 1 Vi mm. glabrous. 5-9 Panicles Stipules mm long, glabrous. Stamens 2*4-3 mm long; filaments 2-2*/i mm; 45 axillary, lax, long, up to cm, the ultimate anthers Vi by Vi mm, generally more or less tranches minutely puberulous. Sepals ovate, apiculate. Ovary (2-)3(-4)-celled, each cell with s I Parsely ciliate, Vi-2 by 1-2 mm. Petals oblong, 5-6(-8) ovules. Fruit globular, mostly with three

ciliate, (4-2Vi 1-114 mm. distinctly 2 by Stamens grooves from the top, c. 1-1'/i cm diam.; pericarp ,3 1 4-2 mm long; filaments /2-IV4 anthers 1-3 mm thick. Seeds several mm; brown, mostly per

Vi~Vt mm long, roundish, not apiculate. Ovary fruit; testa V2-I mm thick.

3-celled, each cell with (6-)7-8(-9) ovules. Fruit Distr. Malaysia: Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,

globular, in dry state mostly wrinkled, Vi~l cm Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands (Bali, Flores),

diam.; pericarp (very) thin, 0.2(-0.9) mm diam. Celebes, Philippines, Moluccas (Ceram, Ambon).

Seeds several in each testa thick. fruit; c. Y2 mm Ecol. Frequent in rain-forests, on various soil Distr. Malaysia: N. Sumatra (also Simalur I.) types, 50-2000 m. and Malay Peninsula (Perak: Larut). Vern. Ki bangkong, ki bantjèt, ki keujeup, ki

Ecol. In at low to rain-forests, altitudes, up pongpasang, ki tjěhai, tjawané soré, S; godong

~ * 900 , has m, once at m. T. laxiflora been noted bantjèt, J; langkiang ětěm, rěbung, tutuh sirawi, by Ridley . coll. a. to its (n 6214, 1894) change Simalur, ae, kua, Endeh.

*°Iiage with new flush appearing simultaneously Notes. This species has often been confused "'ith young inflorescences. Young leaflets, when with T. pomifera but the differences in size of the they first appear, are narrow elliptic-lanceolate! flowers and thickness of the pericarp make it later similar no data have been reported it desirable to distinguish these taxa as two species; s ®ems to conclude that it is deciduous. No premature their areas overlap. attempt has been made to Vern. Arilan-buluh, arilan pajó ětem, arilan unravel all confusions in the references.

sitobudlung, (awā )arilan uding, awā mātān nanas. In the Malay Peninsula and Sarawak T. l a matan-nanas hulung, pajo, Simalur, kaju long- sphaerocarpa is mostly represented by a slightly gakan, k. k. Pasemah songgak, Sumatra, rěbung, distinguishableform described as T. latifolia but

’-Palembang). I cannot find any fitting characters to delimit it Note. Closely allied to T. sphaerocarpa but against T. sphaerocarpa.

distinct different A ?bviously by a pericarp, larger specimen from Ceram (EYMA 2150) shows a 'nflorescences, and wider generally leaflets which remarkable resemblance to the Papuan species but ar® brown in dry state. it has small flowers (2Vi mm) and constantly 6

ovules per cell. In fruit these species can hardly be ?• Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk. Flora 25, ii distinguished. 8 42) } Beibl. 1, p. 42; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 In Sumatra some specimens have been found Br. U859) 593; Ridl. J. Mai. R. As. Soc. 1 (1923) which are shortly but rather stiffly hairy on both

J. Bot. 62 Merr. & Baker/. (1924) Suppl. 24; leaves and inflorescences; they represent a minor Er Ry, j. Am. Arb. 22 (1941) 548.—Dalrymplea variety, var. pubescens, nov. var. No great impor- j avanica HASSK. PI. Jav. Rar. T.(1848) 439.— tance can be attached to this variety, although it is pomifera -- DC. Sum. a ,. [non (Roxb.) 1825]: Miq. occupying geographically coherent area in U861) 201, 513; K. & V. Bijdr. Booms. 9 (1903) Central Sumatra. A specimen from Mt Kinabalu 4S ; Back. School!!. Java (1911) 272; Koord. (Clemens and from Celebes P 34462) one (Palu; ,*• FI. Java 2 (1912) 528; Atlas Baumart. 1 bb 28283) deviate in having only the inflorescence

*3) t FI. 2 Hochr. . 93; Tjib. (1923) 149; puberulous, besides having stamens 1 '/2-1 % mm, P '-andollea 2 (1925) 412; Back. Bekn. FI. Java anthers % mm. 1 - ed.) 7 (1948) fam. p 152, p. 1; Heine, Pfl. Of MERRILL'S record of T. nepalensis in N. Maurocenia (1953) 57.—. sphaerocarpa Sumatra I saw only one cited number (BANGHAM ° K. Rev. Gen. PL 1 149.—T. I to T. (1891) 147, pomifera 981) which refer sphaerocarpa. This is a var.

sphaerocarpa- ,King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 65, ii fruiting specimen; the leaf is typically discoloured U896) 453, pro nomen, T. latifolia Wall. in T. The fruits ,r partim.—! as sphaerocarpa. ripe are distinctly Mt. 4939] e* Ridl. J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. n. 82 too large for T. nepalensis and may well fit the (,92 0) 178; FI. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 512.— size and structure of T. sphaerocarpa but they , T. sambucifolia T. Elmer, Lead. 9 (1934) 3217.—: have a distinctly 3-horned tip which is unusual nepalensis {non [Wall. Cat. 4277] ex W. & A. for the latter species. The horns are not widely 1 58 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6

spaced as in T. cochinchinensis which species has similar to Malay Peninsula specimens of “T.

also no discoloured leaves. trifoliata” but its flowers are smaller and there are

only 4 ovules per cell; it is unfortunately only 8. Turpinia nitida MERR. & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 described after flowering material which in all its

(1941) 549. characters is extremely close to T. cochinchinensis

A recumbent all ovules treelet, 4(4-6 m high. Leaves (LOUR.) MERR., species having 4 per

1-5-foliolate;leaflets coriaceous, oblong to elliptic, cell. The latter species has much larger fruits

glabrous, denticulate, acuminate, rounded at the (1-2 cm diam.) with spaced horns; T. nepalensis

base, upper surface shining, 11-25 by 5 V2— 10 has small fruits c. cm diam., also provided with

cm; nerves prominent, arcuately ascending, then small remains of the style bases.

parallel with the margin; petiole up to 6 cm long, glabrous; petiolules of the lateral leaflets 12-20 10. Turpinia pomifera (ROXB.) DC. Prod. 2 (1825)

mm. Stipules small, glabrous, c. 5 mm long. 3; WALL. Cat. 4267; KURZ, J. As. Soc. Beng. 44,

Panicles 1 axillary, subterminal (or terminal), up to ii (1875) 182, excl. syn.; HAYATA, IC. PI. Form.

22 cm long. Pedicels 2-2V4 mm. Sepals oblong- (1911) 160; ?KING, J. As. Soc. Beng. 65, ii (1896)

2-4 1 elliptic, ciliate, by mm. Petals oblong, 453, pro nomen, excl. var. sphaerocarpa; KANJILAL

ciliate, 4 by 2 mm. Stamens 2 1/2-3 1 /2 mm long; & DAS, Flora of Assam 1, 2 (1937) 309; MERR. &

I filaments c. 3 mm; anthers c. 1 by mm, dis- PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 546; HOLTHUIS &

tinctly apiculate. Ovary (2-)3-celled, each cell with LAM, Blumea 5 (1942) 205; GAGN. Fl. G6n. I.-C.

3 4(-5) ovules. Fruit globular, with distinct, some- Suppl. 1 (1950) 993.—Dalrympelea pomifera times closely appressed horns; pericarp *4-% mm ROXB. [Hort. Beng. (1814) 17] PI. Corom. 3

thick. Seeds large, two or more in each fruit; (1819) 76, t. 279 (Dairympelia)..—IMaurocenia

testa 3 /4-l mm thick. pomifera O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 147, 149.—

Distr. North Borneo Merr. For. Bur. Bull. I Malaysia: (Mt Kinabalu). Turpinia sp. (Philip.)

Ecol. Fairly frequent on wet forest ridges, (1903) 34.—Fig. Ij-k.

900-1800 10-20 m. Tree, c. m. Leaves 3-5-7(-9)-foIiolate;

In Note. size of the leaflets resembling T. leaflets elliptic-oblong, glabrous, distinctly acu-

grandis (also occurring on Mt Kinabalu), but minate, decurrent (sometimes a little rounded) at

differing in the shape of the fruit, the venation of the base, dentate, 12-25 by 6-10 cm; petiolules of

the leaflets, and the absence of an indument. the lateral leaflets 3-10 mm. Stipules triangular,

4-5 mm. Panicles terminal, subterminal or axillary,

9. Turpinia ovalifolia ELMER, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2 10-30 cm long, sometimes slightly puberulous.

(1908) 490; MERR. & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 Sepals ovate, unequal, fleshy, scarcely ciliate,

544.—T. Br. 2-3 Petals (1941) trifoliata RIDLEY, J. Str. R. Vi by lVn-2 mm. oblong, thin, scarcely

As. I Soc. n. 82 (1920) 178; Fl. Mai. Pen. (1922) ciliate, 3-3 Vi by 1-1 Vi mm. Stamens 3 mm long; 511. 4 T. lucida J. Arn. Arb. 5 80.— filaments c. anthers -1 mm NAKAI, (1924) 2>/i mm; / 5 long, ? T. pachyphylla MERR. Philip. J. Sc. 27 (1925) 33, mostly subapiculate. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with

ex descr. lo. ovules. Fruit with 3 —Fig. (5-)6 globular, mostly grooves Tree 8 sometimes from the c. m or higher. Leaves 3-5 top, up to 25 cm (perhaps to 37 mm);

(-7)-foliolate; leaflets rounded to elliptic, glabrous, pericarp very thick, to c. 5 mm diam. Seeds small

acuminate, sometimes with an abrupt acute point, and brown, glossy.

rounded at the base, margin crenate with fine, Distr. Continental Asia from the East

callous whitish, points, (2!/2-)4-20 by (l-)4-10 Himalaya eastward; in Malaysia rare; Sumatra,

4-15 cm; petiolules of the lateral leaflets mm, Java, Central Celebes (Nuha Distr.: Kjellberg

glabrous. Stipules small, 2'/2-3 mm long, glabrous. 2303) and Minahassa, Talaud Is, and Philippines

Panicles mostly short, c. 10-15 cm long (in fruit (Mindanao:Ahern 354; Luzon; Camarines Sur: 30 to cm), rather dense. Sepals ovate, ciliate, BS 76375).

2-41/2 by 1(4-3 mm. Petals obovate-oblong, thin, Ecol. In forests, 0-2100 m;fl. March,//-. Sept.-

2 ciliate, 3(4 by mm. Stamens 2(4 mm long; Oct.

filaments Ki 2-2(4 mm; anthers % or 1-1 (4 mm long, Vern. bangkong, ki rěnggang, S, lampasia,

not (or slightly) apiculate. Ovary (2-)3-celled, Minahasa.

each Fruit cell with 5 or 6(-8) ovules. with 3 short Notes. T. pomifera which is a common species

horns on top, 4-12 mm diam.; pericarp thick on the Asiatic continent is rare in Malaysia. It is

1-4 mm; testa 0.3-0.4 mm thick. characterized by a very thick pericarp closely Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Nyalas, enveloping the seeds, and besides it differs from

Selangor), Philippines (Luzon, Palawan). T. sphaerocarpa, with which it has frequently been Notes. I cannot well separate T. ovalifolia and confused in Malaysia, by larger flowers and much T. the former is trifoliata; type of the extremely larger anthers. In sterile state it is impossible to the poor; flowers Elmer described are not present tell them apart. in ofthe for any isotypes I have had onloan study. The only specimen of the Malay Peninsula there is difference in the size ofthe which Though a slight might represent true T. pomifera is KING'S

anthers I discriminate the coll. but the cannot Malayan spec- 4243 (SING), material is too inade- imens from those of the Philippines. The species quate to be conclusive.

can be expected to occur in Borneo. In the W. Deccan (Ghats and Nilgiris) and T. robusta CRAIB from Siam is habitually very Ceylon the records of T. pomifera have been Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden) 59

straightenedout by GAMBLE (Kew Bull. 1916, 135; constantly differing in the number of the ovules, Pi. Madras pt 2, 1918, 241); it appears that two the shape of the fruit (horns), and width of the different species are concerned, viz T. nepalensis leaflets.

and a new species, T. malabarica GAMBLE, which

ts also the single one occurring in Ceylon, charac- 12. Turpinia brachypetala (SCHLTR) V. D. LINDEN,

terized i.a. by hairy filaments. Nova Guinea n.s. 10 (1959) 212. —Kaernbachia

brachypetala SCHLTR, Bot. Jahrb. 52 (1914) 153,

f. 5 in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 11. A-G; ENGLER, 2, Turpinia pentandra (SCHLTR) V. D. LINDEN, Nova 18a (1930) 241, f. 140 A-G.—T. versteeghii MERR. Guinea n.s. 10 (1959) 212. —Kaernbachia & PERRY, J. Arn. Arb. 22 (1941) 554. pentandra Schltr, Bot. Jahrb. 52 (1914) 151, f. 5 4-26 Tree, m; bark brownish grey, flaky. H-N ; Engler, in E. & P. Pfl. Earn. ed. 2, 18a Leaves (l-)2-3-jugate ab- T. (rarely paripinnate by (1930) 241.— papuana MERR. & PERRY, J. Arn. sence ofthe terminal leaflet); leaflets ovate-oblong, Arb. — T. Harms E. 22 (1941) 554.- ? papuana in & p serrate, glabrous, obtuse, more or less acuminate, - Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 20b (1942) 312, descr. germ., obtuse to rounded at the base, by s (6t/£-)8-17 'ne typ., homon. illeg. 4V2-814 cm; petiole cm long, very short- Tree, 15-20(-25) m. Leaves (l-)2-3-jugate . , hairy or glabrous; petiolules of the lateral leaflets (.rarely paripinnate by absence of the terminal 4-9 mm long; young foliage glossy brownish leaflet); leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, glabrous, s green. Stipules triangular, glabrous or sparsely hallowly serrate, distinctly obtusely acuminate, 4-7 3-6 Panicles obtuse hairy outside, by mm. axillary, to rounded at the base, 6-12(-15) by open, up to 30 cm long. Pedicels Y -3 mm long. 2i/ -41 6 2 2 /2 (- i/ 2 ) cm; petiole 2-4Vi(-7) cm, very -4 Sepals ovate, ciliate, white, 3y2 by 2-2% mm. short-hairy to glabrous; petiolules of the lateral Pallets Petals obovate-oblong, spathulate, thin, sparsely 3-5(-8) mm. Stipules triangular, glabrous Stamens 0r ciliate, white, 3Y 2 -4Yi by 1V2-1% mm. sparsely hairy outside, 5-7 by 3-4 mm. Panicles 3 1/2-4*/2 mm long; filaments 3-4 mm; anthers %- open, up to 25 cm long. Pedicels i/£-3 mm 0.9 mm long, distinctly apiculate. Ovary 3-celled, ° n 8. Sepals broad-obovate, ciliate, 3-3 V2 by each cell with (7-)8 ovules. Fruit globular, some- rounded •Vi-2 mm. Petals obovate, or obtuse at times with 3 radial lines from the top, 1-1 cm apex, thin, ciliate, by l%-2 mm. Stamens diam.; pericarp c. 2 mm thick. Seeds mostly 3 3>/^-4% mm long; filaments 2 !/£-3 mm; or more. Others -\ mm y4 long, apiculate. Ovary 3-celled, Distr. Malaysia: New Guinea. ®acfi ce]j with 4(-5) ovules. Fruit globular, mostly In ' Ecol. primary rain-forests, locally frequent, Vlth 3 distinct horns (remains of the styles), c. *72 300-2000 m. cm diam.; pericarp c. 2 mm thick. Seeds Note. We have at rather m present numerous °stly l(-2). collections from various places all over New E>istr. Malaysia: New Guinea. Guineafrom both T.pentandra and T. brachypetala. Ecol. In primary rain-forests, locally frequent, They are doubtless closely allied, but there appear 200-2500 m. to be no intermediates. Ifonly fruiting material is

Vern. Waria T. Naun,, (Mt Hagen). available brachypetala can hardly be dis- Note. Very close to T. brachypetala, but tinguished from T. sphaerocarpa HASSK.