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(KRAUSE, P. FAMILIES, for Kew Staphyleaceae B.L. van der Linden Leyden) This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea. Huertea Peru Among the genera is confined to and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti). Tapiscia distributed in the and and Euscaphis are East Asian. Staphylea is widely subtropical temperate is and it is the zone on the northern hemisphere. Turpinia subtropical tropical, only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera in SE. Asia. seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping be found from the into the Ecologically the members of the family may tropical lowland up in to the border of the montane at 2400 but in the mountains, Malaysia up upper zone c. m, ascend northern frontier is found Sinohimalayan area they may to c. 3000 nr. Latitudinally the at in America the southern border is found in c. 50° N (Central Germany, South Canada); S. Ecuador and Peru. The taxonomic position of the family has a chequered history. In the 18th century its place Was designated in the affinity of Rhamnaceae. A. P. DE CANDOLLE (1825) and MEISNER (1836) referred had the family as a tribe to the Celastraceae; ENDLICHER (1840) Staphyleaceae as an °rder next to the Celastraceae but placed Ochranthe as a separate family near the Hypericineae. EEICHENBACH (1828) had arranged it near Sapindaceae and this position was accepted by & referred to ASA EENTHAM EIOOKER, and up to the present day it is Sapindales by GRAY| ENGLER, HUTCHINSON, etc. it in the with Cunoniaceae. LINDLEY (1835) kept as a separate family Hypericineae together VALUER /. has repeatedly stressed their close affinity to the Cunoniaceae (Uber Juliania, etc. 1908, 74, 116, 182; Arch. Neerl. Sc. Ex. Nat. Ill B, 1912, 164). be without much doubt and is shown the fact The affinity with the Cunoniaceae seems to by 'hat Turpinias have twice been wrongly described as members of the Cunoniaceae, viz as Ochranthe and Kaernbachia. The vegetative resemblance is large as both families have stipulate, decussate, pinnate leaves and terminal inflorescences. Besides, the differential characters are mainly 5 stamens in Staphyleaceaeand diplostemonous flowers in Cunoniaceae, the 3-celled 0v 2-celled and differences in filaments and fruit. Leaves ary against a mostly one, more vague °t Staphyleaceae are herbaceous and the articulations of petiole and rachis shrink in the her- coriaceous and the do not shrink. In his barium; leaves of Cunoniaceae are generally junctions KE Y HUTCHINSON differentiates Cunoniaceae and Staphyleaceae by having pendulous and lending ovules respectively, but the importance and constancy of this character seems doubtful. is similar to that of several other (KRAUSE, p. 272). The pollen structure of Staphyleaceae ± FAMILIES, for example Celastraceae (ERDTMAN, 1952). The wide separation of Staphyleaceae (near Sapindales) and Cunoniaceae (near Rosales) is n °t only unsatisfactory from a taxonomical standpoint, but also anatomically. Dr. METCALFE, far available material and his Kew, has made an anatomical investigation as as permitted c °nclusion is that there are marked anatomicaldifferences between Turpinia and the Sapindaceae and that both Staphyleaceae and Cunoniaceae show more mutual affinity than either of them w who |th the Sapindaceae. In his opinion "an anatomist could not disagree with a taxonomist Wl shed to 'remove' the from the of the Sapindaceae” (c/. Nova Guinea — w iviuuvv uiv Staphyleaceae 'vicinity' n s ' - 10, 1959, 212). Plantgeographically Staphyleaceae represent a marked northern counterpart to the Cunonia- C( ae turn ' which is largely a southern hemisphere family. Such 'pairs' up repeatedly as our stu dies of plant geography advance: Fagus and Nothofagus, Dillenia and Hibbertia, Ericaceae (') GAGNEPAIN described sixth from Indo-China (Not. Syst. 13, 1948, 190; vjAijisiiii'AiN nashas uescrioeu a sixui genus, inauujtriis,Triscaphis, '' G 6n. I-c. Suppl. 1, 1950,999, fig. 128 3-8). According to the description this is almost certainly not it aphyleaceous through its exstipulate, spiral leaves and 3-merous flowers; might be anacardiaceous. Wording to LEMEE it would be sapindaceous (Diet. Suppl. 10, 1959, 213) 1 50 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 & LINDEN. Fig. 1. Details of Malaysian species of Turpirtia— T. borneensis (MERR. PERRY) VAN DER l and X X d. ditto,in section, x 5, e. fruit with a. Habit, X / b. nerves venation, 1/2, c. flower, 5, 2 , open — T. KURZ. Leaf showing its closed nervation, cross-section, nat. size, f. stamen, X 10. montana (BL.) g. — Fruit and its nat. size.— T. x 1/2, h-i. stamens, X 10. T. pomifera (ROXB.) DC. j-k. section, sphaerocarpa — ELMER, HASSK. l-m. Fruit and its section, nat. size, n. embryo, X 4. T. ovalifolia o. Fruit and its section, of twig showing persistent stipules (a, c-d, nat. size.— T. stipulacea VAN DER LINDEN, p. Defoliated part RIDLEY SF 2855, o 15906, 27516). f CLEMENS 30070, b, e CLEMENS 28840, i KERR 2527, j-k LAM p each and their and Epacridaceae, etc. The meeting point of the areas of pair overlapping margins of the It would that the of are almost always found in the vicinity tropical zone. seem birthplace been with these pairs must have been the tropics from where their ancestors have branched off a northward and southward directed distribution, respectively giving way to a subsequent devel- opment (diversity) in antipodial centres. Other explanations for the phenomenon of these 51 Dec. 1960] STAPHYLEACEAE (van der Linden) random antipodial pairs of affinity seem less likely, viz if the pairs had to be explained as taxonomical of each Parallel developmentwhich is extremely unlikely if we take the close affinity Pair into consideration. And the mere suggestion that the phenomenon is due to 'coincidence' seems not worthy to consider. Vegetatively Turpinia shows a marked, structural resemblance with Sambucus, both possessing decussate, simply-pinnate, frequently herbaceous, toothed leaves, with stipules and gland-like st well in the latter and ipels (though stipules are not always represented genus some Turpinias have simple leaves). Properly the sympetaly and inferior ovary of Sambucus separates them their •Painty in the reproductive section, but these two 'characters' are gradually losing unique value the between Sambucus and the as essentials for natural affinity. Some time relationship Staphyleaceae should be scrutinized more carefully by modern methods.—VAN STEENIS. 1. TURPINIA MERRILL & J. Arn. Vent. Choix (1803) 31, t.31, nom. gen. conserv. prop.; PERRY, 1 Arb. 22 (1941) 543; J. KRAUSE in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 20b (1942) 306; , — • Taxon Triceros Lour. v L/ LINDENtjUM-ZLii &iv VAN»nn STEENIS,ux uui'iiij, a uiwn 9y (1960)\ w/ 57-58.>/ / i »vwi i/u BAKH.,i, V.. D.. j SPRENG. fL Coch. 1 (1790) 184, nom. gen. rejic. prop, non GRIFF. 1854; Syst. 1 (1825) 947; MORITZI, Syst. Verz. (1846) 15; BAILL. Hist. PI. 5 (1874) 342, 343, e *c/. Euscaphis; MAZA, Dice. Bot. Nom. Vulg. Cub. & Puerto-Riq. (1889) 15; cf. ako O.K. Rev. Gen. PI. 1 (1891) 148.—Dalrympelea Roxb. [Hort.Beng. 1814,17, n °rnen. ‘Dalrympelia’] PI. Corom. 3 (1820) 76, t.279.—OchrantheLindl. Bot. Reg. 8 5?36>tl819.—.Hasskarlia MEISN. PI. Vase. Gen. 2 (1843) 348; cf. WALP. Ann. 1 (1849) 753.—Maurocenia § Triceros O.K. Rev. Gen. 1 (1891) 149.—Kaernbachia SCHLTR, Bot. Jahrb. 52 (1914) 151, nom. illeg., non O. KUNTZE, Rev. Gen. 1 (1891) 6 2, ed. nom. illeg.; ENGLER, in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. Fam. 2, 18a (1930) 241, fig. 140; CF- Nova Guinea 10 211-212.— HOOGL., VAN DER LINDEN & STEEN. n.s. (1959) % 1. if Evergreen trees or shrubs with terete, pithy twigs; pith terete. Indument, Present, consisting of simple hairs. Stipules interpetiolar, 2 to each node, partly o ns caducous erted-» in the axil of the entire, rarely *-d2-tipped, vm>iearly*- ' vvu m LiiV/ UAll W1 lilV petioles,k/VUVlVkJ • imbricate,mik/JL 1VUIV, VUVJULV* AMXV1T bkK'K'VW) r Leaves focept in T. stipulacea), leaving a distinct annular scar. decussate, simple ° r of odd-pinnate; petiole sulcate. Articulations (base of petiole, nodes rachis) drinking in the dry state. Two small glands (sometimes called stipels) on the achis 2 of leaflet. near the insertion of the petiolules and also near the base the ~ea flets 3-11 in compound leaves, herbaceous to subcoriaceous, mostly 2-3 times as acute to base long as wide, penninerved, midrib prominent, apex acuminate, °t»tuse to rounded, sometimes cuneately decurrent, margin glandularly serrate, e Wate or crenate. Panicles axillary, terminal or subterminal, mostly glabrous. ra cts articulated small. Pedicels with or without 1 or 2 minute bracteoles, not Wlth the flower, apically widened into the short obconical receptacle. Flowers jugular, bisexual, 5-merous. Sepals persistent, free, imbricate, the outer ones r rounded the °ader than the inner ones, ovate, broadly attached at the base, at a P g Petals x, fleshy, more or less ciliate at the margin. free, imbricate, spathulate ° r °blong-elliptic, or obovate, equal-sized, narrowly attached, membranous, more ° r less ciliate at the margin, longer than the sepals, caducous. Stamens 5, epi- 9 * KRAUSE, I.e., has cited all subsequent different spellings of Dalrympelea, Ochranthe, Turpinia, etc. A n c 'ted them have omitted their avoid erroneously as synonyms. I mention, to a complicated, un- wary formality. 1 52 FLORA MALESIANA [ser. I, vol. 6 sepalous, equal; filaments linear, gradually widened to the base, (in Mai. spp.) glabrous, inserted close to the disk, caducous; anthers rounded or ovate, with spreading cell-bases, dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise, introrse, sometimes dis- tinctly apiculate.
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