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Table of Contents Welcome Letter from the Conference Committee ............................................................................ 2 Sponsors .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Venue and Registration ................................................................................................................. 10 Programme .................................................................................................................................... 11 Posters ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Social Events ................................................................................................................................. 15 Keynote and Guest Speakers ........................................................................................................ 16 Abstracts ........................................................................................................................................ 26 The Postgraduate Institute The Postgraduate Institute was developed through a strategic partnership between NPL, the UK's National Measurement Institute and a BEIS partner organisation, and the University of Strathclyde and the University of Surrey, two leading academic institutions. The vision for the PGI is to become the Number One institute for postgraduate research and training in measurement science and its application to physical, engineering, biological and chemical sciences in the UK. The PGI aims to lead on the development of measurement experts who can benefit industry and wider society. The PGI is currently partnered with over 35 higher education institutions and many industry partners. We have around 200 postgraduate researchers producing top quality research spanning many scientific disciplines – from manufacturing and life sciences to data and the environment. The discoveries they are making contribute significantly to the UK's position at the forefront of innovation in measurement science. Telephone: 020 8977 3222 Email: [email protected] Website: www.npl.co.uk/pgi Twitter: PGImetrology Instagram: pgimetrology Urgent Contacts during Conference If you have questions or queries for the Committee, please do not hesitate to contact us. Email: [email protected] Phone: 077750 30265 or 079765 18807 1 Welcome Letter from the Conference Committee We are delighted to hold the 4th annual PGI Conference at NPL this autumn. After the success of previous years, we are looking forward to opening the conference to PGI students and supervisors, together with other delegates from academia and industry, and showcasing this year’s programme which is full of science, engineering and measurement talks, plus an all-new session on career development opportunities. With the growth of the PGI over recent years, this is a fantastic opportunity for all our students to get involved and flourish in the experience of attending, presenting, organising and networking at a conference. The opportunity for the PGI to create and develop links with academia and industry has proven valuable each year, and we are sure that this year will be the same. We would like to welcome you to this year’s conference and wish everyone an enjoyable and worthwhile few days at NPL. 2 Sponsors The committee would like to thank our sponsors for their generous support. Gold Sponsors National Physical Laboratory 3 Institute of Physics 4 SEPnet 5 Anatune 6 Elekta 7 Silver Sponsors Henry Royce Institute The Henry Royce Institute is the UK’s national institute for advanced materials research and innovation. With its Hub at The University of Manchester, the Royce is a partnership of nine leading institutions – the universities of Cambridge, Imperial College London, Liverpool, Leeds, Oxford, Sheffield, the National Nuclear Laboratory, and UKAEA. The Institute’s aims are to undertake world-class research in materials science; to work with industry to accelerate the commercialisation of materials research for economic and societal benefit; and to train the next generation of materials scientists and engineers to tackle some of our most pressing global challenges Institution of Engineering Technology As the IET, we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering community to engineer a better world. Innovative research is essential to develop technologies that make better sense of our world and solve the challenges that matter. We support researchers to help share and develop new thinking through publishing research in our books and journals and curating essential engineering intelligence through Inspec, our globally renowned database for engineering and physics. This year, we are pleased to announce the full release of Inspec Analytics. This dynamic new research intelligence tool exposes key relationships between institutions, authors, articles and concepts to provide precision analytics through new views and functionality. Inspec Analytics allows researchers to stay up-to-date with emerging topics in their field, find collaborators, source relevant resources for literature reviews and select the best place to publish their research. Our journal IET Science, Measurement and Technology publishes papers in science, engineering and technology underpinning electronic and electrical engineering, nanotechnology and medical instrumentation. The emphasis of the journal is on theory, simulation methodologies and measurement techniques. Find out more about submitting your research at: Ietdl.org/iet-smt. www.theiet.org/publishing M-Solv M-Solv Ltd is an Oxford, UK based company, which was established in 2007 to be the UK technology development centre for CN Innovations (CNI); an over 10,000 people strong company in China. Originally M-Solv developed and supplied laser tooling to CNI to enable them to become a major leading supplier of capacitive touch screens for use in smart devices such as smartphones, tablets, wearables and computers. Over the last decade, M-Solv has become a world leader in the development of advanced manufacturing methods and tools, for next generation printable electronics. Through its R&D, M- Solv has generated over 100 patents in additive and subtractive manufacturing which are currently utilized in a plethora of applications. Energy harvesting/storage, biosensing, OLEDs, smart windows and flexible smartphones are only few of the markets it serves. M-Solv offers a full suite of capabilities, from initial research and development (contract R&D), design and build of mass-production tools through to manufacture of printed electronics devices. It is also an active participant in a series of publicly funded R&D projects under Horizon 2020, EU flagship initiatives and Innovate UK. 8 National Instruments NI (ni.com) develops high-performance automated test and automated measurement systems to help you solve your engineering challenges now and into the future. Our open, software-defined platform uses modular hardware and an expansive ecosystem to help you turn powerful possibilities into real solutions. Researchers are driving time-critical, ambitious innovation while addressing grand engineering challenges in the broad areas of transportation, wireless communications, energy and climate change. Across each of these application areas, researchers need to easily acquire measurements, scale to complex multidisciplinary systems, and rapidly prototype a scalable solution. NIs tools for high accuracy and high precision data acquisition is central to accelerating researcher innovation by providing the technology and support to prototype systems, publish findings and secure funding. National Nuclear Laboratory Grounded in robust science and decades of experience, National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL) is the authoritative voice in the UK and beyond for technological development within the nuclear power sector. Our unparalleled understanding of the science, challenges and opportunities makes us an unrivalled authority and partner in the field, providing experts, technologies, and access to cutting-edge facilities to organisations around the world. Harnessing potential technologies and translating them into to industry-ready solutions means our pioneering approach spearheads international improvement and technological progress. The Technology Partnership TTP is an independent technology company where scientists and engineers collaborate to invent, design and develop new products and technologies. Working across a wide range of industries – from healthcare, to sensors, industrial technology, and aerospace & defence – we tackle some of the most challenging scientific problems, delivering breakthrough solutions that have a world-wide impact. As a company, we value freedom and ideas; everyone within TTP has the space to grow and challenge themselves on a daily basis and we consider a PhD to provide someone with invaluable experience. As such, we have a long background of welcoming people into TTP from academia; we offer permanent consultant positions, along with internships for anyone interested in gaining an insight into industry during their studies. If you are curious about the opportunities joining a technology consultancy presents, then please visit our website, www.ttp.com, or else feel free to get in touch with any questions ([email protected]). 9 Venue and Registration The Venue – National Physical Laboratory Address: National