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Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought Carsten Holbraad Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page i Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page ii By the same author THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815–1914 SUPER POWERS AND WORLD ORDER (editor) SUPERPOWERS AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MIDDLE POWERS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS DANISH NEUTRALITY: A Study in the Foreign Policy of a Small State ELLINIKA EIKONOSTASIA Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page iii Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought Carsten Holbraad Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page iv INTERNATIONALISM AND NATIONALISM IN EUROPEAN POLITICAL THOUGHT © Carsten Holbraad, 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–40396–123–9 hardback Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Holbraad, Carsten Internationalism and nationalism in European political thought/ Carsten Holbraad. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1–40396–123–9 1. Internationalism. 2. Nationalism. 3. International cooperations. 4. Political science—Europe. I. Title. JC362.H488 2003 320.54Ј094—dc21 2002030835 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: March, 2003 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page v To Anna, Samuel and Alexander This page intentionally left blank Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:28 PM Page vii Contents List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations ix Preface xi Introduction 1 Part I Internationalism Chapter 1 Conservative Internationalism 11 Chapter 2 Liberal Internationalism 39 Chapter 3 Socialist Internationalism 67 Part II Nationalism Chapter 4 Conservative Nationalism 97 Chapter 5 Liberal Nationalism 121 Chapter 6 Socialist Nationalism 139 Conclusion 169 Notes 175 Biographical Glossary 183 Index 189 Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page viii List of Tables Table 1 Conservative Internationalism 7 Table 2 Liberal Internationalism 8 Table 3 Socialist Internationalism 10 Table 4 Conservative Nationalism 93 Table 5 Liberal Nationalism 94 Table 6 Socialist Nationalism 95 Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page ix List of Abbreviations BENELUX Union of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg CDU Christian Democratic Union CIA Central Intelligence Agency COMECON/CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMINFORM Communist Information Agency COMINTERN Communist International CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union DDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) EC European Community ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDC European Defense Community EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Area EPC European Political Cooperation EPU European Payments Union ERE National Radical Union EU European Union FF Fundamental Freedoms FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade HR Human Rights IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IMF International Monetary Fund NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NPD National Democratic Party NSF National Socialist Front OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OEEC Organization for European Economic Cooperation Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page x x ● List of Abbreviations PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement SCANDILUX Forum for Social Democrats from the Scandinavian and BENELUX countries SDP Social Democratic Party (Danish) SPD Social Democratic Party (German) UK United Kingdom US United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Economic and Social Council WEU Western European Union WTO Warsaw Treaty Organization WWI First World War WWII Second World War Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page xi Preface his book was conceived in the late 1980s, when Europe was still divided by the cold war. In both Eastern and Western Europe, T international relations could then be seen in terms of an interaction between internationalism and nationalism. In the East, the interaction was essentially between the Soviet version of socialist internationalism and the various nationalist reactions of other members of the projected Socialist Commonwealth. In the West, it was largely between liberal and social dem- ocratic forms of internationalism, expressed primarily in the integrationist pursuits of the European Community, and nationalist inclinations, reflected in much of the opposition to such endeavors. The petering out of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union put an end to the division of Europe and the bifurcation of ideological debate. While the communist form of socialist internationalism hastily retreated, an invigorated liberal internationalism swept across most of Europe. At the same time, various types of nationalism, for long curbed by the polarizing forces of the cold war, came to the forefront again, in particular among the former communist countries and within the multinational states, especially the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The conflict between the prevailing internationalism and resurgent nationalism came to a point in the war over Kosovo, in which NATO forces, acting in the name of liberal international- ist principles of human rights for ethnic minorities, fought a nationalist Serbia engaged in the suppression of a local ethnic group. As in the past, the international order of Europe in the future is likely to be conditioned by the interaction between competing trends of internation- alism and diverse kinds of nationalism. The aim of this book is to distinguish various forms and types of each; to indicate their origins, trace their devel- opment and analyze their interplay; and to present their manifestations and note their influence in European politics, in particular during the second half of the twentieth century. Holbraad-FM.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page xii xii ● Preface The book was written while I was at the London School of Economics and Political Science, as a Visiting Fellow first at the Center for International Studies and then at the European Institute, and later as an Academic Visitor in the Department of International Relations. I am grateful to the School for the hospitality it offered me when I returned to London after many years in other parts of the world. Of the numerous relevant activities in which I have participated at the LSE, the most stimulating has been a seminar series on International Society after the Cold War, which James Mayall conducted in the Department of International Relations in 1993–5 as part of a Ford Foundation project about post–cold war international relations. Of the many members of the Department of International Relations who have taken an interest in my work, I would like to mention especially Margot Light and Christopher Coker, who read particular draft chapters and made critical comments. The book has also benefited greatly from constructive criticism and helpful suggestions by Jack Spence and Brian Porter as well as by Peter Wilson, editor of the Palgrave Series on the History of International Thought, and David Long, member of the advisory board of the series, all of whom read the final draft. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge my debt to the Nuffield Foundation, which under its small-grants scheme financed several useful visits to various European countries at the early stages of my research. An earlier version of the first chapter of the book appeared under the title “Peace and War in Conservative Internationalist Thought” in C. Bell (ed.), Nation, Region and Context: Studies in Peace and War in Honour of Professor T. B. Millar, Strategic and Defence Studies Center, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1995. London C. H. November 2001 Holbraad-Intro.qxd 12/26/02 4:29 PM Page 1 Introduction nternationalism may be described as the ideology of international bonding. However, the bonds that link states, nations and groups of I individuals and make up the multidimensional international society of the modern world are of several kinds and join together a broad variety of parties. They are intergovernmental as well as transnational and sometimes, especially at regional and local levels, also supranational bonds, and may link sovereigns, governments, nongovernmental organizations, commercial firms, political parties, popular movements and other groups of people. Moreover, the general purposes of such bonding differ greatly. The aim may be to main- tain or develop the existing order of international society, or to change that order and transform international society in some way or other. Thus, there are several kinds of internationalism, each of which may com- prise two or more types. A basic distinction is between the conservative and
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