Sierra Leone

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021

SIERRA LEONE

Overall risk level

High Reconsider travel

Can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks

Travel is possible, but there is a potential for disruptions Overview

Upcoming Events

There are no upcoming events scheduled

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 2 Travel Advisories

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 3 Summary

Sierra Leone is a High Risk destination: reconsider travel. High Risk locations can be dangerous and may present unexpected security risks. Travel is possible, but there is a potential for severe or widespread disruptions.

Covid-19 Medium Risk The country is currently battling a dramatic rise in infections and deaths related to the virus, particularly in western areas and Freetown. Authorities re-imposed some measures from amid a third wave of infections, remaining in place through August.

Political Instability Medium Risk Sierra Leone is increasingly stable following a devastating civil war from 1991-2002. Democratic elections were held in 2018 with an 84.6 percent turn out. However, state institutions remain weak, and social integration is still strongly influenced by the rehabilitation of fighters from the civil war.

Conflict Medium Risk The army has been rebuilt with considerable military aid from the United Kingdom and now sends peacekeepers to serve in United Nations missions around the world. Insecurity persists along the country's porous borders with Liberia and Guinea, where government control is weak and remnants of Liberian and Sierra Leonean militias remain active.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 4 Terrorism Moderate Risk Following the March 2016 al-Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM) attack in Côte d'Ivoire, the militant group vowed to retaliate against France and its allies operating in northern Mali. While militant groups in the Sahel region have not explicitly threatened to attack the country, Sierra Leone's contribution of troops to the French-led military operation means that the country is a potential target. Likely targets include hotels, restaurants, cafés, shopping centres and other locations – where security measures are lax or non-existent – that are frequented by foreigners or Sierra Leonean elites.

Unrest Medium Risk Strikes and demonstrations are known to occur around diamond mines in Eastern Province, including in Kono district, and have previously triggered heavy handed responses from security services. Protests occur semi-frequently in Freetown and are most often triggered by social and political issues. On occasion, protests may result in violent clashes with security forces.

Crime Medium Risk The high rate of unemployment and poor prospects for employment have forced many young people into informal criminal gangs that operate in Freetown and the surrounding areas. Violent crime does occur, but foreign travellers are more likely to be affected by non-violent, opportunistic crimes such as petty theft and pickpocketing, especially in Freetown.

Natural and Environmental Medium Risk Flooding during the rainy season (May to November) poses the most serious natural risk facing foreign visitors to Sierra Leone. Mudslides often accompany severe floods.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 5 Health and Medical High Risk Medical care is limited and virtually non-existent outside of Freetown. An outbreak of Ebola between March 2014 and November 2015 had a severe impact on health facilities and medical personnel. There is a lack of trained doctors and nurses, and hospitals lack modern equipment. Healthcare facilities in rural areas lack even the most basic medicines, and staff are poorly trained. There are regular shortages of essential medicines in hospitals, clinics and pharmacies. Malaria, cholera and lassa fever pose a risk to travellers in Sierra Leone.

Local Travel Medium Risk Road travel is hazardous due to high accident rates, poor road conditions and unroadworthy vehicles throughout the country. Police and military roadblocks are common, located at district boundaries as well as at country borders with Guinea and Liberia, and are often used to extract bribes from drivers. Public buses are relatively safe and offer daily services to and from the main cities, namely Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Kabala, Kono and Conakry. Motorcycle taxis, minibuses and private taxis for intercity travel are often poorly maintained and erratically driven.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 6 Political Overview : Medium Risk

Presidential, parliament and local council elections held on 7 March 2018 witnessed a historic turnout of 84 percent. In the Parliament elections, the ruling All People's Congress (APC) party won 63 out of 132 seats ahead of its rival, the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), which won 46 seats. In the presidential election, no candidate received the 55 percent of votes required to win in the first round, and a second round of voting was held on 31 March.

On 4 April, the National Electoral Commission announced that Julius Maada Bio of the opposition SLPP won the presidential run-off election by securing 51.81 percent of the vote, with around 2.5 million ballots cast, ahead of his rival Samura Kamara of the ruling APC with 48.19 percent. The APC party candidate, former President Ernest Bai Koroma, had won presidential and legislative elections in 2007 and was re-elected in 2012, making Bio’s victory an important milestone on Sierra Leone’s democratic path.

There is a vibrant and active civil society in the country and a distinct political openness among Sierra Leoneans who freely discuss and criticise politics and the government. The war did much to foster a strong sense of nationalism among ordinary Sierra Leoneans, and the majority actively participate in the political process. State institutions and the rule of law are weak, and the government has only limited control over outlying areas and border regions with Guinea and Liberia, which function as safe-havens for would-be rebels, militias and traffickers.

Religious tensions are negligible between the Muslim, Christian and animist communities of Sierra Leone. The Mende and the Temne are the largest of the country's 18 ethnic groups and are broadly aligned with opposing political factions. The SLPP is typically supported by the Mende and other southern tribes. The APC is favoured by the Temne tribe and others in the north and west. This rivalry rarely escalates to violence.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 7 Conflict : Medium Risk

The army – once an undisciplined force containing a large number of rebels – has been rebuilt with considerable military aid from the United Kingdom and now sends peacekeeping soldiers to serve in United Nations missions around the world.

Insecurity persists along the country's porous borders with Liberia and Guinea, where government control is weak and remnants of Liberian and Sierra Leonean militias remain active. All non-essential travel to these regions should be avoided.

Border Conflicts: There is a risk of conflict in the Yenga region, along the Guinean border. Sierra Leone has a long standing territorial dispute with neighbouring Guinea over the diamond rich Yenga region, Kailahun district, western Sierra Leone. The dispute over the 640km (398 miles) border dates back to colonial times when Britain and France demarcated the border in 1912 between British-controlled Sierra Leone and French-controlled Guinea.

During Sierra Leone’s 1991-2002 civil war, Guinea sent troops into the Yenga region to help Sierra Leone’s national army suppress the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) armed rebels uprising. Following the rebels’ defeat in 2002, Sierra Leone and Guinean officials signed an agreement stating that Guinean troops would remain in the area and that the Yenga region would return to Sierra Leone when the border was secured. In July 2012, following the signing of a joint declaration between the two nations, Guinean troops left the region and the border was fully demilitarized. Since 2013, continued talks between Sierra Leone's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and Guinean President Alpha Condé have reduced tensions in the area, with both sides agreeing to focus on economic and social developments in the region.

Militias/Warlords: There exists a risk of Sierra Leone relapsing into conflict in the medium- to long-term. Although demobilised, many former rebel and militia fighters have not been fully reintegrated into society and remain unemployed. Rising disillusionment with the peace among former fighters poses a serious security threat, and discontent among diamond miners at ongoing corruption and poor working conditions is of particular concern in this regard. Many miners were of the first and most ardent recruits to the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in the early years of the war due to perceived corruption and unfair distribution of resources by the pre-war

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 8 regime. These former fighters could readily be mobilised for war again if current corruption and unemployment levels are left unaddressed.

Remnants of Sierra Leonean and Liberian militias also remain active along the Liberian border. The border is largely porous and effectively lawless, remaining beyond the reach of both the Sierra Leonean and Liberian governments. Significantly, it was within this lawless region from which the RUF organised, launched and waged its campaign against the state, and while beyond the reach of the Freetown government, it remains an ideal haven for would-be challengers to the state. With a limited to non-existent security presence, the area has become a thoroughfare for all manner of illegal trafficking and smuggling, including diamonds, wildlife and guns. Travel to Sierra Leone's border region with Liberia is high risk, especially for female visitors, and travel should be avoided. If travel is necessary, foreign visitors should do so only if accompanied by permanent, armed security personnel. Remnants of militia fighters still active in the border areas are to be considered dangerous.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 9 Terrorism

International Terrorism: Following the March 2016 al-Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM) attack in Côte d'Ivoire, the militant group vowed to retaliate against France and its allies operating in northern Mali. While militant groups in the Sahel region have not explicitly threatened to attack the country, Sierra Leone's contribution of troops to the French-led military operation means that the country is a potential target. Likely targets include hotel, restaurants, cafés, shopping centres and other locations – where security measures are lax or non-existent – that are frequented by foreigners or Sierra Leonean elites.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 10 Unrest : Medium Risk

Strikes: Strikes and demonstrations occur in and around the diamond mining areas in Eastern Province, notably Kono district, and commonly involve miners striking against low wages and poor working conditions. Strikes usually take place outside and around mines and offices of mining companies in nearby towns. Strikes can turn violent and often see mine property and equipment being looted, damaged and burned. In cases of unrest, security personnel are often required to use force to disperse crowds and re-establish control over the mines. When travelling through mining areas in Eastern Province, and especially in Kono district, travellers should adhere to established roads and tracks, and should avoid entering onto any mining property as far as possible.

Violent Unrest: Violent protests involving unemployed youths occasionally break out in Freetown, often leading to looting, vandalism and the burning of vehicles and shops.

In May 2019, violent clashes erupted between police forces and All People's Congress (APC) main opposition party supporters outside the APC’s headquarters in Freetown, amid a protest against a court decision to unseat 10 APC MPs, accused of breaking electoral law after they refused to vacate their seats within the constitutionally stipulated period of twelve months.

Although foreign nationals have not been targeted in such violence, personal security cannot be guaranteed. Visitors are advised to avoid all large crowds, public gatherings and demonstrations, and especially political campaign rallies during which rival tensions have boiled over into violence in the past. In the case of unrest, visitors should remain indoors in a secure location.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 11 Crime : Medium Risk

Petty Crime: Pickpocketing and bag-snatching are common in markets, busy streets, beaches, crowded areas, and on all public transport where people are more likely to knock into each other. Visitors should be aware of their personal belongings at all times, as petty criminals are quick to mark individuals paying little or no attention to their valuables and surroundings. Visitors are strongly advised to keep all valuables like mobile phones, wallets, jewellery and cameras well out of sight. Visitors should avoid walking alone, especially at night.

Violent Crime: Muggings, armed robbery and murder are increasingly common in Freetown. Beaches and areas around petrol stations, restaurants and small businesses are typically targeted, and most often in East Area and Central Area, the central commercial district around Siaka Stevens Street and Lightfoot Boston Street. Visitors should remain aware of their surroundings at all times, and are strongly advised against walking in the city after dark. Visitors should likewise avoid walking alone on beaches and never after dark, especially Lumley beach. If attacked, visitors are advised not to resist as such efforts are often met with violence.

Crimes Against Women: Rape, gang rape and egregious sexual assault against women were endemic during the country's internal war, and continues to be a problem across the country. Rape is especially common in areas where high numbers of former militia fighters are gathered. With more than 1,100 cases reported in 2007 alone, female visitors must exercise extreme caution when travelling throughout Sierra Leone. Female visitors are advised to dress conservatively, avoid walking alone and never travel alone, especially after dark.

Organised Crime: International narcotics syndicates have become increasingly active in Sierra Leone in recent years. The country is fast becoming a key transit point for cocaine being smuggled from South America into Europe. Although Sierra Leone has been used to traffic drugs since during the war, recent evidence suggests that the country is increasingly being used by syndicates to move narcotics through the region.

Piracy: Without an effective naval force or coast guard, shipping vessels off the coast of Sierra Leone are susceptible to pirate attacks. While attacks occur on vessels which are berthed, anchored as well as steaming, the majority are on those in port and anchorages. Pirates are usually heavily armed, with attacks involving limited violence

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 12 towards the crew members. All vessels are advised to ensure they have access to updated HF emergency frequencies from the US Coast Guard to broadcast mayday calls in the event of pirate sightings and attacks.

Credit Card Fraud: Credit cards are not widely accepted in Sierra Leone. Although credit cards are accepted at a number of banks and some larger hotels in Freetown, most establishments do not process credit cards electronically but instead use carbon paper imprints. These are not safe. Visitors are strongly advised to use cash as far as possible, only ever using their credit card if an electronic transaction is possible and only when the transaction can be completed directly in front of them.

Scams: As in many countries in the region, Sierra Leone is experiencing an upsurge in financial crime. Locals but primarily foreign nationals are targeted in financial scams, most notably advance fee or 419 scams. These scams involve false offers of money transfers or sales, or contracts with promises of large commissions or immediate payments as part of 'business opportunities' sent via unsolicited letters, faxes or emails. The mark is offered a large return for proportionately little work, but is required to pay a sum of money up front or advance fee. Once paid, 'complications' arise and the mark is requested to make further payments. The requests continue until the mark either becomes suspicious and ceases to participate, runs out of money or both. Victims have been known to part with large amounts of cash before becoming suspicious. Some scams likewise make use of government stationery and seals.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 13 Law

Overview

The legal system is based on English law and incorporates traditional customary law. The constitution provides for an independent judiciary and this has been respected in recent years. However, the judiciary is under staffed, underfunded and vulnerable to corruption, mostly bribery. In turn, the legal process suffers from delays, with many offenders having to endure lengthy pre-trial detention in deplorable, sub-standard prison conditions.

Justice is administered in different ways depending on where you are in Sierra Leone. Common Law is applied in Freetown and the Western Area (the district in which Freetown is located). All other parts of Freetown are governed by unwritten customary law. This form of justice is based on customary and traditional practices. It is overseen by the chiefs and local court personnel. It typically favours men and is abused and exploited by many of those who preside over it for their own personal benefit and agendas.

In the wake of the civil war, it was agreed to set up a Special Court to seek retributive justice for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by participants during the conflict. While assisted by the UN and the International Criminal Court in terms of funds, other resources and staff, the court remains a Sierra Leonean body. Although former Liberian warlord-president Charles Taylor, charged with aiding and abetting the RUF during Sierra Leone's conflict, is being tried in The Hague, the court in session is staffed and run by Special Court members. Taylor was moved to the Nethelands for trial after fears that the court procedure would lead to unrest in both the country and the region.

Death Penalty: Despite efforts by various civil society groups, and a recommendation by the country's Truth and Reconciliation Commission to abolish capital punishment, Sierra Leone continues to retain the death penalty for both ordinary crimes and exceptional crimes, namely, murder and war crimes, respectively. Twenty-two people have been sentenced to death since the end of the war and are currently awaiting execution.

Drugs and Alcohol: The possession, use and trafficking of narcotics carry heavy

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 14 penalties in terms of prison sentences. Prison conditions are severe.

Homosexuality: Homosexuality is illegal in Sierra Leone and is punishable by life in prison. Foreign visitors are strongly advised against showing any affection towards a partner in public areas.

Identification: Foreign visitors are advised to ensure that all identification and travel documents are in order and carried at all times, especially when driving or taking a taxi.

Import and Export of Goods: There are strict regulations concerning the mining and export of diamonds and other precious stones and minerals. A licence is required to mine and export all mineral resources, and are only issued by the Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources. Punishment for illegal diamond and gold trading or smuggling are severe and carry heavy prison sentences.

Photography: Taking photographs of government buildings, airports, military facilities, bridges or official facilities, including the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is illegal. As a general precaution, photographers are advised to request permission before taking any photographs, and especially where guards are on duty. To do so without permission may lead to cameras and other photographic equipment being confiscated, and visitors possibly being detained.

Weapons Possession: The possession of any firearm, machetes or cutlasses is illegal.

Wildlife: It is illegal to capture, kill or keep chimpanzees in Sierra Leone. Punishment for doing so includes fines beginning at USD1,000 or a two year prison term. Sierra Leone's chimpanzee population has been decimated by hunting and poaching for the illegal bushmeat and pet trades.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 15 Corruption

Overview

Sierra Leone has experienced great difficulty in countering widespread corruption and the squandering of foreign aid. Despite the establishment of the British-funded Anti- Corruption Commission, only a few high-profile offenders have been prosecuted. The commission's institutional capacity to fight corruption is weak, and its work has been seriously hampered by political influences. In turn, the commission has had virtually no impact on reducing corruption affecting development and basic service delivery in the country. There is a widening gap between rich and poor, and most individuals remain destitute. It is widely feared that left unaddressed, high-level, pervasive corruption could lead to renewed conflict in the future.

The diamond industry is especially open to corruption. It is Sierra Leone's biggest foreign currency earner but is controlled by numerous micro-enterprises and informal networks. In 2006 alone, diamonds produced 70% of the country's exports and employed about 10% of the total work force. Despite the international community's attempts to establish a more transparent industry and a more fair distribution of revenues, corruption by local officials continues to impede the development of a transparent industry, leaving most miners earning only around USD1 a day. Far greater consolidation and regulation is needed to allow for the country to thoroughly benefit from the full potential of diamond revenues.

Travellers: Foreign visitors are commonly solicited for bribes by public officials, especially those in the police, customs and immigration services. Even small bureaucratic procedures are often accompanied by a request in exchange for services, usually visa concessions of one form or another. Foreign nationals are strongly advised to ensure that all travel and identification documents are in order and carried at all times so as to minimise possible opportunities for bribery.

Residents: Administrative and bureaucratic barriers, and general delay are problematic for both locals and foreign nationals living in the country. Various laws and regulations are applied arbitrarily by corrupt officials in order to solicit bribes, and particularly at the various police and military roadblocks and security checkpoints across the country. Foreign nationals are likewise frequently offered efficient service in exchange for a bribe when applying for work permits.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 16 Business: Both domestic and foreign businesses are subjected to extortive practices by corrupt government officials. When applying for government tenders, businesses should avoid offering so-called commissions to officials involved in tendering processes. Business ethics are extremely poor among both local and foreign companies, with many known to secure licences and government contracts via irregular means. While corruption extends across various industries, Sierra Leone's diamond and other extraction industries are especially open to corrupt and unethical practices.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 17 Security Services

Overview

Since the end of the civil war, the government has struggled to firmly establish the state's monopoly over the use of force, and although not pervasive, the government currently has a reasonable control over armed force throughout the country. The last UN peacekeepers withdrew in December 2005, leaving responsibility for security with domestic forces, supported minimally by the UK. The government continues to endeavour to rebuild the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) and the Sierra Leone Police (SLP).

Police

In general, there are two kinds of SLP personnel patrolling the streets. The more visible of these are the unarmed uniformed officers directing traffic and patrolling assigned areas on foot or motorcycle. The other are the members of the Operational Security Division. These individuals are usually armed with shoulder weapons and handguns, and are typically deployed to man roadside checkpoints and to serve on emergency response teams.

Efficiency: Despite new uniforms, vehicles and relatively better salaries, the SLP continues to lack the training and equipment to combat crime effectively. Many local police stations lack the communication infrastructure and transport capacity to provide assistance when required. Remuneration is likewise largely inadequate.

Professionalism: While the SLP are far more disciplined and better equipped than before, police are known to make use of checkpoints as a means to solicit bribes from both locals and foreign nationals, usually for alleged traffic offences and irregularities relating to identification documents.

Force Strength: Total force strength stands at some 9,800.

Military

The military amounts to little more than a land force at present.

Efficiency: The army is being reorganised with UK training and support (some 100 troops under the International Military Advisory and Training Team) and will eventually

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 18 be structured along three brigades. Despite this support, the army still lacks basic communication, accommodation, logistical, transport capabilities and overall mobility. Pay and service conditions are likewise generally poor.

Professionalism: The RSLAF has a history of unprofessionalism, coup and counter- coup making. While efforts have been taken to instil a culture of professionalism, to create a military that is accountable and loyal to the civilian leadership, the army continues to be seen as a potential source of instability, and is generally feared by most civilians due to abuses committed in the past.

Force Strength: Total force strength currently stands at around 10,300.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 19 Natural Risks : Medium Risk

Flooding during the rainy season (May to November) poses the most serious natural risk facing foreign visitors to Sierra Leone. Mudslides often accompany severe floods.

Flooding

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. It is normally triggered by an extended period of heavy rainfall and can be exarcebated by poor drainage systems in the affected area.

Freetown is one of Africa's two wettest capitals (Monrovia, Liberia, being the other), and the rainy season runs from May to November. Heavy rains during this period can lead to flooding, making already poor roads impassable, and can also cause cause landslides. Flooding in densely-populated towns and cities often has severe humanitarian consequences due to poor drainage, widespread pollution and poor infrastructure, as was demonstrated in August 2017 when flooding and landslides killed more than 500 in Freetown's Regent, Sugar Loaf, Mortomeh, Kamayamah, Dworzak, Culvert and Kaningo areas. Flooding is usually accompanied by disease outbreaks – malaria, diarrhoea, cholera and various respiratory infections – and mass displacement of residents. The worst affected areas include low-lying areas in Freetown, however even hilltop settlements are at risk during periods of heavy rain.

If instructed of the possibility that flash-flooding may affect the area you are in, monitor local updates and move immediately to higher ground away from rivers, streams, creeks and storm drains. Though flash-flooding is commonly attributable to excess upstream precipitation, be aware that flooding can occur without typical warning signs of rain clouds or heavy rain. This is especially true near streams, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to flood suddenly. If you happen across a flooded road in your car, turn around and drive in the opposite direction. When trapped on a flooded road, vacate your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground.

Landslides/Mudslides

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 20 Sometimes referred to as debris flows, mudflows, lahars or debris avalanches, landslides/mudslides are a form of mass soil movement that tends to flow in channels in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth and debris, typically following heavy rainfall.

Torrential rainfall and subsequent flooding often triggers mudslides in and around Freetown. Mudslides that buried several residences across Freetown in August 2017 led to at least 500 deaths.

Follow local news updates in landslide prone areas for warnings about intense storms and rainfall. If landslide or debris flow danger is imminent, quickly move away from the path of the slide. Seek shelter on the nearest high ground in a direction away from the path. If rocks and debris are approaching, run for the nearest shelter and take cover (if possible, under a desk, table or other piece of sturdy furniture that can provide you with air space if the building collapses). Anticipate disruptions to overland travel in areas affected by landslides. Confirm the viability of intented overland travel routes before departure and remain alert for landslide warning signs including cracks in the soil or the faint rumbling sound of an approaching landslide or debris flow.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 21 Health and Medical: High Risk

Overview

Medical care is limited and virtually non-existent outside of Freetown. An outbreak of Ebola between March 2014 and November 2015 had a severe impact on health facilities and medical personnel. There is a lack of trained doctors and nurses, and hospitals lack modern equipment. Healthcare facilities in rural areas lack even the most basic medicines, and staff are poorly trained. There are regular shortages of essential medicines in hospitals, clinics and pharmacies. Malaria, cholera and lassa fever pose a risk to travellers in Sierra Leone.

Before you travel

Consult your doctor or a healthcare provider who specialises in travel medicine at least six weeks before your departure. If you have a medical condition, you should also share your travel plans with your doctor.

Note: Requirements and recommendations for vaccines and other medicines are based on guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Documentation requirements are based on World Health Organisation guidelines.

Outbreaks

Malaria

Areas with Malaria: All.

Recommended chemoprophylaxis: Atovaquone-proguanil, doxycycline, mefloquine, or tafenoquine.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 22 Yellow Fever

There is a risk of Yellow Fever infection in all areas.

Vaccine requirement: Required for arriving travelers from all countries.

Vaccine recommendation: Recommended for all travelers ≥9 months of age.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Recommended for all travellers

Measles

Infants (6 through 11 months old): 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as the first dose in the routine childhood vaccination series. People 12 months old or older, with no evidence of immunity or no written documentation of any doses: 2 doses of MMR vaccine before travel. The 2 doses must be given 28 days apart. People 12 months old or older who have written documentation of 1 dose and no other evidence of immunity: 1 additional dose before travel, at least 28 days after the previous dose.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 23 Recommended for most travellers

Hepatitis A

CDC recommends this vaccine because you can get hepatitis A through contaminated food or water in Sierra Leone, regardless of where you are eating or staying.

Recommended for some travellers

Hepatitis B

You can get hepatitis B through sexual contact, contaminated needles, and blood products, so CDC recommends this vaccine if you might have sex with a new partner, get a tattoo or piercing, or have any medical procedures.

Vaccinations, Medicines and Documentation

Required documentation

Yellow Fever entry requirement: A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travellers.

Other entry requirements: None

Note: Documentation requirements are subject to change. Consult your destination embassy or consulate prior to departure for confirmation.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 24 While you are there

Emergency services

There are no effective emergency services in Sierra Leone.

Evacuation

In the event of minor injury or illness, medical evacuation may be required. Medical evacuation is likely to be required in the event of serious injury or illness.

Routine care

Healthcare facilities are critically under-staffed and under-equipped, with regular shortages of basic and essential medicines. Corruption is endemic, with many local residents paying bribes to receive treatment. Staff are poorly trained. Healthcare facilities are essentially non-existent outside of Freetown.

Medicine

Major prescription drugs and essential medicines are often unobtainable, even in urban areas. Hospitals and clinics regularly lack the most basic medicines. Travellers are advised to bring enough prescription and essential medicines to last the duration of their trip.

Payment

Travellers are likely to be required to provide upfront payment for treatment and medication.

Ailments

Traveller's diarrhoea (TD)

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 25 Traveller's diarrhoea (TD) is a catch-all term for a number of minor or moderate bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, generally transmitted through infected food or water. In the majority of cases antibiotics or anti-diarrhoeal medication is unnecessary; travellers experiencing TD should ensure that they remain hydrated and well rested until their symptoms dissipate. Most cases of TD last less than three days; if diarrhoea continues for longer periods, travellers should consider consulting a medical professional.

Zika Virus

Zika virus is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas, as well as through sexual contact with an infected person. Most cases of zika virus are asymptomatic; where symptoms occur they are usually mild and include fever, headaches, conjunctivitis, rash and joint and muscle pain. Zika has been linked to microcephaly in unborn children. There is no treatment for Zika virus, beyond rehydration and bed rest.

Malaria

Malaria is prevalent across Sierra Leone at all times of year.

Malaria is a serious parasitic infection, transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms can be flu-like and include a high fever, joint pain, anaemia, chills and headaches; if left untreated, symptoms can quickly complicate and become life-threatening. While pre-departure courses of anti-malarial prophylactics are available, these do not guarantee immunity to malaria. Caught early, malaria can be treated easily with a range of anti-malarial medications.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 26 Lassa fever

The World Health Organisation (WHO) rates Lassa fever as endemic in the country, and it most recently occurred in Kenema, eastern Sierra Leone.

Lassa fever is a viral infection carried by the Mastomys rat, which can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, inhalation of airborne droplets or ingestion of food contaminated by rat urine or faeces. In most cases symptoms are mild and include fever, headaches and fatigue; in severe cases symptoms may include vomiting, hearing loss, haemorrhaging, difficult breathing and organ failure. If caught early, Lassa fever can be treated with a course of antivirals.

Cholera

There are frequent cholera outbreaks across the country, with these mostly being associated with poor sanitation and water supply. Outbreaks likewise coincide with the rainy season between May and November. The most major recent outbreak was reported in the northern Kambia district, near the Guinean border, and in villages on the outskirts of Freetown in September 2007, killing at least 20 people. Previously, between October 2006 and January 2007, a total of 1,746 suspected cases and 170 deaths were recorded.

Cholera is a bacterial infection transmitted through contact with infected food or water – usually by infected faeces – and is most prevalent in areas with poor sanitary standards. Symptoms include heavy, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and muscle cramps. If left untreated, cholera can rapidly become fatal. Cholera can be treated with a course of rehydration and antibiotics.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 27 Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is prevalent in Sierra Leone.

Yellow fever is a serious viral infection, transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, which is most active during early morning and late afternoon hours and commonly found in urban areas. Initial symptoms include a high fever, chills, vomiting nausea and backaches/muscle pain; in some cases those infected may develop potentially fatal complications, including jaundice, severe haemorrhaging and kidney failure. There is no post-infection treatment for yellow fever.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is prevalent throughout the country.

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or katayama fever) is a parasitic infection, transmitted through contact with infected water sources, usually freshwater lakes or rivers. Saltwater and chlorinated pools are not affected by schistosomiasis. Symptoms include a rash, fever, muscle pain, abdominal pain and the enlargement of the spleen and/or liver. The disease can be treated via the administration of praziquantel. If left untreated, schistosomiasis can cause serious chronic gastrointestinal or central nervous system diseases.

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS infection and prevalency rates are uncertain but believed to be high.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that induces Acquired

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 28 Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and is transmitted through contact with the blood, sexual and rectal fluids of an infected person, usually via sexual intercourse. AIDS weakens the body's immune system, making the body susceptible to numerous other diseases and ailments. There is no cure for AIDS or HIV.

Ebola

An outbreak of Ebola between March 2014 and November 2015 left thousands dead across the country, including in the capital Freetown. Transmission of the virus was halted, however a fresh outbreak remains possible.

Ebola is a contagious viral infection transmitted through close physical contact with an infected person or through exposure to their blood and bodily fluids. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, diarrhoea, stomach and muscle pain, vomiting, headaches and haemorrhaging. Ebola has a high fatality rate. Recent vaccines and effective treatments have significantly improved patients' chances of survival.

Hepatitis (A, B, C, D and E)

Hepatitis poses a risk to travellers in Sierra Leone.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. The three main variations (A, B and C) are caused by infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses, but are transmitted by different means.

Rabies

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 29 Rabies is present in animals in Sierra Leone.

Rabies is a serious viral infection, transmitted through close contact with saliva from infected animals (i.e. bites, scratches or licks on broken skin and mucous membranes). Travellers who suspect they may have come into contact with a rabies- infected animal should seek immediate emergency attention: post-exposure treatment has a high success rate if administered early. Late-stage rabies (when symptoms begin to occur) is untreatable and fatal.

Recent incidents

31 July 2021 - 01 September 2021 Medium risk: Authorities extend COVID-19 curfew through 31 August - Update Authorities announced that the curfew from 23:00-05:00 local time/GMT was extended for at least one month from 31 July due to COVID-19. Congregational prayers remain banned for at least two weeks, while funerals, weddings and gatherings are capped at 50 people, and restaurants and bars must close by 21:00.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 30 Covid-19: Medium Risk

Summary

The country is currently battling a dramatic rise in infections and deaths related to the virus, particularly in western areas and Freetown. Authorities re- imposed some measures from amid a third wave of infections, remaining in place through August.

What is the current nationwide Policy?: Curfew

Policy starts: 05 July 2021 Policy ends: 31 August 2021

Policy explanation:

A nationwide curfew was imposed until 31 August. Social distancing measures remain in place.

Policy source: https://dhse.gov.sl/category/press-releases/

Last update: 24 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 31 Infection

Infection Moderate Level: Infection 0.5 cases per 100k in the last 14 days rate: As of 22 August 2021 date: Hotspots:

Domestic http://covid-19-africa.sen.ovh/covid-19_SIERRA%20LEONE.php? Infection confirmed=ok&pays=694&local=ok&tp=1&xy=8.418/- Map: 12.173&z=7&isnc=1&np=SIERRA%20LEONE

International Travel

International Flights

Is there a ban on international commercial flights? No Through what date?

Flight Ban Explanation:

Lungi International Airport (FNA/GFLL), Sierra Leone's only international airport has reopened to commercial flights.

Last Update: 24 August 2021

Entry and Borders

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 32 Is there a ban on entry for any travellers? No Through what date?

Travellers from where are banned?

Land border: Partially Open Maritime border: Closed

Entry Rules Explanation:

There is no entry ban on travellers but all individuals seeking to enter Sierra Leone must obtain prior authorisation. Overland borders are closed until further notice, with the exception of crossings with Guinea. Sea borders are closed until further notice.

Entry Rules: https://sl.usembassy.gov/covid-19-information/ Last Update:

Testing

Do travellers need to take a COVID-19 test Yes When? Before travel, Upon arrival Is it mandatory or optional? Mandatory Test Type: PCR, Antigen Minimum age requirement: 5 Pre-travel test validity, in hours: 72 before Departure After arrival test days:

Testing Explanation:

Travellers must have a negative PCR test result not older than 72 hours prior to departure and will be required to pay USD80 for COVID-19 PCR and RDT tests on arrival. All travellers are required to surrender their passports to the

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 33 Immigration Department until a negative PCR test result is obtained from the National Covid-19 Emergency Response Centre.

Testing Rules: https://travel.gov.sl/faq Last Update: 24 August 2021

Health and Travel Documentations

Do arriving travellers need any health and/or travel documentation? Yes

Documentation Explanation:

All travellers arriving by air must have a travel authorisation and fill in a pre- departure public health passenger locator form.

Health Document: Travel Document: https://www.travel.gov.sl/ Last Update: 24 August 2021

Tracing App

Do travellers need to use a contact tracing app after arriving? No

Tracing App Explanation:

There is no national contact tracing app.

Last Update: 24 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 34 Quarantine on Arrival

Who needs to quarantine on arrival Some travellers

Travellers from where need to quarantine? Argentina, Brazil, India, Turkey

How many days is quarantine? 8 Is it self-quarantine or operated by the government? Gov

Quarantine Explanation:

Travellers arriving from countries with high COVID-19 transmission, a sudden increase in the number of cases or circulation of COVID-19 variants, must quarantine at a government-approved facility or hotel for at least 8 days at their own expense. Travellers must take a test on day 7 and test negative to be released. Current countries include Brazil, India, Argentina and Turkey. approved hotels include: Hotel Mariam, Radisson Blu Hotel, Bintumani Hotel, Seaside Hotel, Kings Empire Hotel and Hill Valley Hotel. Vaccinated travellers arriving at least 14 days after the final dose of a COVID-19 vaccine are exempt from quarantine.

If the RDT test on arrival is positive, travellers will be isolated at a hotel in Lungi at their own expense until the results from the PCR test are obtained. If the PCR test is positive, travellers will then be taken to a government treatment centre. Passengers sitting close to a positive case on a flight will also be required to self-isolate until a negative PCR test result is obtained.

Quarantine Rules: https://www.travel.gov.sl/travel-advisory Last Update: 2021-08-24

Exit

Is there a ban on exit for any travellers? No

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 35 Are there special requirements to exit the country? Yes

Exit Requirements Explanation:

All outbound travellers must provide a negative COVID-19 PCR test result, not older than 72 hours, on a government travel authorisation portal (https://www.travel.gov.sl/) prior to departure. Those under five years old or who stayed less than five days in the country are exempt from the testing requirements but will be required to obtain a certificate for the PCR test taken on arrival.

Exit Requirements (URL): Last Update: 24 August 2021

Vaccination

Percent vaccinated with at least one dose: 1.905 as of 23 Aug 2021 Percent fully vaccinated: - as of 05 Jul 2021 Is vaccination mandatory for entry? No Are vaccinated travellers exempt from any policies or requirements? Yes Exemptions: Quarantine Qualified vaccines and timeline: None Specified Certificates accepted:

Explanation:

Vaccinated travellers arriving at least 14 days after the final dose of a COVID-19 vaccine are exempt from quarantine.

Source: https://www.travel.gov.sl/travel-advisory Last Update: 24 August 2021

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 36 Other International Travel Restrictions

Exit Requirements Explanation:

Last Update:

Domestic Situation

Areas on Lockdown

Last Update:

Areas under Curfew

A nationwide curfew from 23:00-05:00 is in effect until 31 August.

Last Update: 24 August 2021

Domestic Travel

Domistic Travel Explanation:

Last Update:

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 37 Other Domestic Restrictions

Bars and restaurants must close by 21:00. All social gatherings are capped at 50 people, cinemas and nightclubs are closed and large-scale entertainment activities are banned.

Last Update: 24 August 2021

Recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 38 Local Travel : Medium Risk

Travel in Sierra Leone can be hazardous due to high accident rates, poor road conditions and unroadworthy vehicles throughout the country. Riskline advises foreign visitors to hire a car and driver rather than trying to drive themselves, and especially if travel outside of Freetown is required.

All foreign visitors require a visa, except those from ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) countries. Visas are best arranged prior to arrival in the country.

Air Travel and Airports: An increasing number of airlines connect to Lungi International Airport (FNA/GFLL). SN Brussels flies twice a week from Brussels; Astraeus flies twice a week from London Gatwick; and Bellview three times a week from London Heathrow. Astraeus likewise flies to a number of regional destinations from Freetown; Slok Air connects to Accra, Banjul and Monrovia; and Kenya Airways flies twice a week between Nairobi. Internally, Eagle Air operates a flight three times a week, on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The flight leaves Freetown for Yengema, stopping at Bo and Kenema both ways.

In March 2014, several airlines, including British Airways and Kenya Airways, suspended all international flights to and from Lungi International Airport for several days after the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) temporarily downgraded the facility's safety rating. Representatives of the ICAO discovered that the airport's only fire engine was not in working condition during a spot inspection. Flights resumed after repairs to the fire engine were completed by airport maintenance.

Lungi is located on the opposite side of an estuary from the capital, Freetown. There are several options for transferring from the airport to the city centre.

A helicopter service is used by most foreign nationals. The service is offered by two separate companies, UT Air and Paramount Airlines. Tickets can be bought at booths in the arrivals lounge of the airport. Locals dressed in orange jumpsuits are available to provide assistance in purchasing and checking in at the helicopter terminal. Foreign nationals should provide a tip for any assistance received. The helicopter will take you to Aberdeen, in the Western Area in Freetown. Visitors are advised to arrange for a driver to collect them prior to their arrival in the country. Alternatively, it is advisable to

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 39 request assistance from staff at the helipad to secure a taxi into the city.

A hovercraft service is provided by Diamond Airlines Hovercraft, and likewise takes passengers directly to Aberdeen. However, neither the helicopter service nor the hovercraft services are always timed to coincide with arriving and departing flights. Visitors are advised to confirm whether their flight coincides with a trip a day or two in advance.

Private boat services are available but should only be used weather permitting and should be arranged prior to arrival in Freetown. Boat services should not be used during the rainy season between May and November due to rough conditions in the estuary. Visitors are advised against using informal services run by local fishermen.

There is likewise a ferry service, however, visitors are required to leave the airport and take a taxi to the ferry terminal. The ferry arrives at the Kissy terminal on the very east end of Freetown, from where visitors have to take public transport through the congested East and Central Areas to Western Area, Freetown, where most hotels are located. Importantly, it can be difficult to secure transport and travel outside of the Western Area, especially at night.

Road and sea transfers are strongly discouraged after dark. Poor road conditions and a lack of navigational lights on ferries and other boats make these means of transport hazardous. If opting to transfer by road, foreign visitors must arrange for a driver to collect them at Lungi prior to their arrival in the country. Most hotels likewise provide transport services to and from the airport.

Roads Travel: Road conditions are generally poor throughout Sierra Leone. The main roads within Freetown, are paved. The highway from Freetown to Makeni is paved as is the road from Makeni to Kabala. The road from Freetown to Bo is in a bad state of repair, however, the road from Bo to Kenema is paved. The remaining roads in Sierra Leone are in a very poor condition and outside of Freetown few roads are lit. The further east and north in the country, the worse and more inaccessible the roads become. During the rainy season from May to November, many of these roads become impassable.

Due to the poor conditions of the roads and the general lack of adherence to road rules, it is inadvisable to travel outside of Freetown, and especially after dark. Riskline further advises foreign visitors to hire a car and driver, and especially if driving outside of Freetown is required.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 40 A number of police and military roadblocks are common, mainly at district boundaries as well as at country borders with Guinea and Liberia. Roadblocks are likewise at times randomly erected across the country. While bribes are extracted regularly from local drivers, NGO vehicles and foreign nationals are usually but not always waved through. Police have been known to accuse foreign drivers of some sort of vehicle infraction or traffic violation as a means of extracting a bribe from them.

Public Transport

Buses: Buses provide relatively safe, daily services to and from the main cities, namely Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Kabala, Kono and Conakry. These depart from the central bus station in downtown Freetown, however, only once full. Importantly, buses do not leave for every city every day, and more infrequently during the rainy season.

Motorcycle-taxis: In both Makeni and Kenema the best form of public transport is motorcycle-taxi. These are widely available and take people directly to their destination within the city. While cheap and efficient, motorcycle-taxis can be hazardous due to a lack of helmets and high speeds by drivers.

Poda-podas: Poda-podas or mini-buses theoretically operate on a fixed route system, but this is rarely adhered to, and destinations can be negotiated with passing drivers. While cheap, they are often overcrowded and poorly maintained. Visitors are advised to use an alternative means of transport.

Taxis: Taxis are a relatively safe means of transport in Sierra Leone. However, they do not operate with meters and fares must be negotiated prior to departing. Shared taxis are also available, and connect all major and minor towns. However, they are generally not recommended due to high rates of petty crime and poor maintenance.

There are no recent incidents

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 41 Country Hotspots

Cities, Towns, Villages: Petty crime is a problem in Freetown, and foreign nationals are commonly targeted in the downtown markets. While travel in the Western Area is relatively safe, the East Area is higher risk. Visitors should be wary when walking in the city during the day and are advised against walking after dark.

Regions: Visitors are strongly advised against travel to Sierra Leone's border regions with Guinea and especially with Liberia. Remnants of militia groups remain active in these porous, lawless regions. The borders remain awash with small arms and light weapons and are a primary thoroughfare for illegal trafficking in the region. If travel cannot be avoid, foreign nationals must employ armed security personnel who are very familiar with the area.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 42 Safety

Beaches and Public Areas: Although incidents of crime in Sierra Leone are considered to be relatively low, foreign visitors are advised to exercise caution when frequenting public places such as beaches, restaurants and bars. Visitors are advised to avoid walking alone on beaches and never after dark, especially Lumley beach where a number of muggings have taken place.

Begging: Begging occurs throughout the country. Although the Sierra Leone government forbids begging and soliciting, street children are notorious for harassing foreign nationals for spare change. Visitors are advised to refrain from parting with small change as this is likely to attract crowds, while also disclosing ones personal belongings and increasing one's chances of becoming a victim of petty theft.

Discrimination: Some degree of discrimination exists towards those of foreign descent and immigrants from neighbouring states, especially those of Lebanese descent and Nigerian nationals. Many Nigerians are considered to be illegal migrants and involved in organised crime by local Sierra Leoneans, and both Lebanese and Nigerians are seen as dominating trade and business in the country. There have been some reports of hostility towards Nigerian nationals and other regional migrants. Although nationals from ECOWAS states do not need a visa to travel to Sierra Leone, those intending to reside for longer than 90 days are strongly advised to register with local authorities noting there intention to stay in Sierra Leone beyond the 90 day period so as to ensure they qualify for legal protections granted by the state.

Food and Drink: While Sierra Leonean cuisine poses little risk to foreign nationals, poor water supply and sanitation is problematic. Visitors should avoid buying food and drinks from street vendors, and instead adhere to more formal eating establishments. Recommended options include the resident 'cookery' or eating house present in every town. Visitors are advised against sampling the local ginger beer as the water used is rarely boiled, as well as to avoid consuming unpasteurized milk or other products made from unpasteurized milk.

Hazardous and Closed Territories: Strikes relating to the mining industry are common and have turned violent in the past. Unrest usually involves striking workers burning and damaging mine property and equipment. Foreign visitors are advised to exercise caution when travelling in and around mining areas, especially in Kono

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 43 district, Eastern Province, where many of Sierra Leone's diamond mines are located. Visitors should travel only along established roads and tracks, and avoid all travel around mines.

Photography near government buildings, airports, military facilities, bridges or official facilities, including the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is strictly prohibited. Such sites may not always be clearly marked. As a general precaution, photographers should ask permission prior to taking photographs, and especially where guards are on duty. Where no guards are visible, caution should be exercised.

Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance: Although landmines were used by both government and rebel forces, all areas that were suspected of contamination have been removed. In spite of this visitors are advised to only travel along demarcated roadways and pathways and to avoid venturing across open fields.

Local Officials: It is not uncommon for local public officials to seek monetary bribes in exchange for services. Immigration officials might request bribes in order to fix mistakes in visa documents, extend visasand expedite work permits. Foreign visitors should take care to ensure that all travel and identification documents are in order and carried at all times so as to minimise possible opportunities for bribery.

Power Outages: Power outages are frequent, particularly in Freetown and during the dry season between December and April. While most hotels have generators, some only run them from 19:00 to 01:00.

Water Safety: Sierra Leone faces severe problems of safe and adequate water supplies, especially in the dry season. Waterborne diseases are prevalent throughout the country, and cholera outbreaks are common. Visitors are advised to drink only bottled and boiled water and beverages without ice.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 44 Culture

Cultural Sensitivities: Sierra Leone is a fairly conservative and traditional society. There exists a system of secret societies in the country which seek to preserve traditional culture. The societies are largely preserved by the Mende and the Temne, the two largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone. Foreign visitors should take care when discussing or enquiring after secret societies and traditional practices, and are advised to avoid doing so in public spaces.

Religious Sensitivities: Sierra Leone is comprised of some 78 percent Muslims, 20 percent Christians and a small population that practices traditional animist beliefs. Sierra Leoneans are deeply religious and strongly believe that god plays a significant role in the trials and tribulations of their daily lives. Visitors should take care not to offend with blasphemy and are advised to dress and behave respectfully at all times.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 45 Specific Traveller Advice

Female Travellers Local Customs and Laws: There are some local customs that a female traveller should take into consideration in Sierra Leone. The country is home to large conservative Muslim and Christian communities. Refrain from wearing clothing that could be considered too tight or revealing, including in major cities like Freetown. Dress according to the country’s culture, especially when visiting places of cultural and religious importance, including churches and mosques. Familiarise yourself with your destination prior to travel, and be respectful and mindful of any cultural sensitivities, which may include dress, behaviour and topics of discussions.

Safety: There are many safety concerns that a female traveller should take into consideration in Sierra Leone. Foreign female travellers may receive unwanted attention from local men, ranging from open displays of catcalling, whistling, stalking and staring to physical groping. It is best to ignore these advances and walk away. In the event public harassment escalates, draw attention to what is happening and someone will likely come to your aid. There are numerous instances of sexual assault of women in isolated areas, including in major cities like Freetown, notably in East Area and Central Area and the central commercial district around Siaka Stevens Street and Lightfoot Boston Street; sexual assaults are also known to happen onboard public transportation, with most cases occurring during the night time. Avoid all forms of public transport and do not hail taxis off the street at any time of the day. Opt for official taxis/chauffeur-driven taxis arranged by a reputed hotel. Avoid sitting in the front seat of the taxi and always take the seat behind the driver to minimise risks of harassment and assaults. Do not travel alone at night. Consider having a hotel shuttle or registered corporate chauffeur meet you at the airport upon arrival, particularly if arriving after dark. When possible stay only in lodgings that have 24-hour onsite security and ensure that they are not situated in an isolated location, as there have been instances of rape reported at remote hotels. Be wary of members of armed forces/security personnel as in some instances they have been instigators of sexual crimes. Police are very corrupt and do not respond efficiently to reports of sexual crime. Female travellers should exercise caution when reporting crimes to local police. Consider consulting your home consulate/embassy for legal advice and ensure you receive a copy of the police report.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 46 Health and Wellness: Women have access to very limited specialised gynaecological and reproductive health services, medicines and products in Sierra Leone, with few healthcare clinics for women concentrated only in Freetown. Female-specific OTC drugs, emergency contraceptives and prescription contraceptives are almost non- existent in the country, while rape kits are not available in most hospitals. Abortion is permitted if it is being done to save a woman’s life or preserve her mental health. Consult a health professional prior to travel. Consider bringing an adequate supply of female-specific OTC drugs, feminine hygiene products and oral contraceptive pills, which may not be available locally.

LGBT+ Women’s same-sex relationships are legal in Sierra Leone, while men’s same-sex relationships remain illegal and a criminal and punishable offense; persons found guilty may be sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labour. This law, however, is not enforced. Although the LGBT+ community has become more visible and accepted among the population, there are no legal protections for LGBT+ persons in the country and same-sex relationships remain a taboo subject, with LGBT+ persons frequently victims of insults, harassment and even physical aggression. Same-sex marriage is illegal. LGBT+ travellers are advised to keep their sexual orientation and gender identities private. Prior to travel, review your privacy settings on social media platforms and reconsider the use of dating applications due to the risk of harassment and possible entrapment by local authorities. Refrain from engaging in any conversations about sexuality or LGBT+ issues. Avoid all public displays of affection, including hand-holding. Book separate hotel rooms. Transgender travellers are advised to have a passport and identification changed to reflect their new gender before travelling.

Technology & Communication Risk Travellers are unlikely to face risks related to information and communication technology (ICT) in Sierra Leone.

Internet access and social media have no restrictions. While there are laws against sedition and libel, such restrictions are unlikely to affect travellers. It should be noted however that the ICT infrastructure in the territory is very underdeveloped. There are no concerns related to device searches or sensitive technology. Device searches and inspections at the border are unlikely. There are no restrictions in relation to bringing or operating sensitive equipment, which may include photo cameras, satellite phones,

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 47 drones, and other GPS systems, in the country. State or criminal penetration of private data is unlikely. Authorities implement minimal state surveillance of ICT networks in the country. The government announced that social media were temporarily monitored during the 2018 elections.

Travellers should exercise basic ICT safety precautions. However, travellers should note that ICT laws and practices are subject to change on short notice, and travellers are recommended to confirm the legality/appropriateness of their specific ICT needs prior to departure.

Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 48 Legal notice

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Riskline / Country Report / 29 August 2021 / Sierra Leone 49