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BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES of Limonia Crenulata (Roxb.)

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BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES of Limonia Crenulata (Roxb.) BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Limonia crenulata (Roxb.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY By Mrs.S.MERINAL, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY KUNTHAVAI NAACCHIYAAR GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS) (AFFILIATED TO BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY) THANJAVUR-613 007 TAMILNADU, INDIA. JUNE 2011 KUNTHAVAI NAACCHIYAAR GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS) THANJAVUR-613 007 TAMILNADU, INDIA. [Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli] Date: Dr. G. VIJI STELLA BAI, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Head of the Department & Controller of the Examinations CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Limonia crenulata (Roxb.)” submitted to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BOTANY embodies the result of the bonafide research work carried out by Mrs.S.MERINAL, under my guidance and supervision in the Department of Botany, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India. I further certify that no part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles to any candidate. (G. VIJI STELLA BAI) RESEARCH ADVISER Mrs.S.MERINAL, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., Research Scholar, Department of Botany, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli). Thanjavur-613 007, Tamilnadu, India. DECLARATION I do hereby declare that this work has been originally carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. G. VIJI STELLA BAI, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Head Department of Botany & Controller of the Examinations, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli – 620 024 and this work has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree. June 2011 Thanjavur (S.Merinal) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all my innumerable thanks to Almighty God for His blessings and guidance at every stages of my life. All respects for God for enlighting our souls with the essence of faith in lord and showering all His abundant blessings upon us and enriched me with knowledge and wisdom to complete this thesis in a successful manner. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to people who rendered contribution in assorted ways to this research. In the first place I would like to express my deepest thanks to my Guide, Dr.G. Viji Stella Bai, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D, Head and Controller of the examinations, Department of Botany, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur for initially accepted me as a Ph.D candidate and later on for her guidance, helpful encouragement and continuous support during all stages of research and during the preparation of thesis. Her ability to probe beneath the text is a true gift and her insights have strengthened this study significantly. I will always be thankful for her knowledge and deep concern on me. It has been an honour to work with her. She built confidence in me .she showed me different ways to approach a research problem and the need to be persistent to accomplish any goal. I am very thankful for her timely help and valuable suggestions enthusiasm, unfailing interest throughout the period of my research work. Her constructive ideas and encouragement made my thesis as a profound and full-fledged one. I am very fortunate to have her guidance throughout my work. I am thankful to Mrs.R.Thaiyanayaki, M.Sc., Former Principal, and also to the current principal in charge Dr.Anbu, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Head, Department of Zoology, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur, for admitting me and also providing necessary facilities to carry out this research successfully. I sincerely thankful to the Botany Department staff members, Kunthavai Naacchiyaar Government Arts College Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur for their kind support during my research period. It is my privilege expresses my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.B.Muthukumar, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Botany, National College, Trichirappalli, as a doctoral committee member for his constant encouragement, valuable guidance at every stage of my work. I am extremely thankful to Dr.A.Panneerselvam, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Botany & Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur, his stupendous persuasiveness, supervision and crucial contribution, which made him a backbone of this research and so to this thesis. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr.Jagadeesan, M.Sc., Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Environmental and Herbal Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur for providing me constant guidance, help and encouragement when I approached him during the course of research. I am immensely thankful to Dr. M. Prabakaran, M.Sc., Ph.D., Chairman and Mr.V.Thennarasu, M.Sc., (Ph.D.,) Manager of Sri Gowri Biotech Research Academy for admitting me and also providing necessary facilities during the period of my research work. I express sincere heartfelt gratitude to Ms.K.Uma Maheswsari, M.C.A., Sri Gowri Biotech Research Academy, Thanjavur for constructive criticisms, valuable suggestions, crucial contribution and encouragement in successfully carrying out this research work. I extend my sincere thanks to Mr.R.Manikandan, M.B.A., Mr. R.Bharathidasan, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., (Ph.D)., Ms.K.Subha, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ms.S.Deepa, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ms.R.Kanireka, M.Sc., Ms. S.Tamil Selvi, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. , and Mr.R.Karthikeyan, Sri Gowri Biotech Research Academy, Thanjavur, for the timely and valuable help during the research period. I deem it a great privilege to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr.R.Senthamarai, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Principal, Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Girls, Trichy for her valuable ideas and remarks during the research work on pharmacology, pharmacognocy and pharmaceutics. I would like to thank Prof.Dr.A.M.Ismali, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Principal Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Girls, Trichy for his immense support and guidance for the completion of this work. I record my sincere thanks to Dr.S.Karpagam, M.Pharm., Ph.D., Dr.T.Sri Vijayakiruba, M.Pharm.,Ph.D., Mrs.Umadevi (Ph.D.,), Mr.K.A.S. Mohammed Shafeeq, M.Pharm., (Ph.D.,) and Mr.T.N.K.Suriyaprakash, Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences for Girls, Trichy for their motivation, enthusiasm, diligent upshot, valuable ideas and remarks during the research work on pharmacology, pharmacognosy and pharmaceutics. I owe my special thanks with bounteous pleasure to Dr.J.Ebenaser, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Head, Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, Ooty, or his encouragement throughout the period of my study. I am highly thankful to Mr.S.Kumaravel, M.Sc., Scientist, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur for his contribution on GC-MS and HPLC analysis and interpretation. I am grateful to Dr.Rajamanikam, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., and Dr.Subhashini, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., SASTRA University for given me an opportunity to carry out Physico – chemical and phyto chemical analysis. With deepest love and appreciation, I would like to thank my family that their constant inspiration and guidance kept me focused and motivated. I am grateful to my father Mr. S. Sargunam, Rt.H.M for giving me the education I ever dreamed. I have to express my gratitude for my mother Mrs. C. Athisayamany, Rt.H.M in words, whose unconditional love has been my greatest strength. They taught me the value of hard work and importance of moral. I have express my gratitude my beloved sister Mrs. Christinal, my brother Mr.S.Jason and their family. I thank my mother in law Mrs.R.Helen Rajaiah Rt.H.M for her support and blessings and I would like to thank my brother in laws Mr.R.Ebenezer and Mr.R.Samson Jeyasingh and their family members for constant encouragement. I express my sincere thanks to my husband Er.Prince Johnson, who is behind in all my success. I record my thanks for the constant love, support and education of I ever dreamed. I am very pleased with our sons Auqustine Prince & Alwyn Prince. They are genuinely acknowledged for their understanding, endless patience and encouragement which have made me to complete this work as a successful one. I would like express my gratitude to Ms.Grace for her timely help and care. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr.M.Boominathan, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Ms.S.Kalaiselvi, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,), Mr.R.Mahalingam, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., (Ph.D.,), Mr.L.Prince, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,), Mrs.Manimekalai, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,), Ms.Gomathi, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,), Mrs.P.Abirami, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,), Mrs.S.Devasundari, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,) and Ms.R.Prakashveni Valeshwari, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph.D.,) for their constant support and encouragement. I extend my heartfelt thanks to all my friends for their encouragement leading to my success. Finally my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me in various ways to make this project as a full- fledged one. By S.Merinal CONTENTS Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 24 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 26 3.1. Medicinal plants 26 3.2. Qualitative phytochemical analysis 29 3.3. Quantitative phytochemical analysis 35 3.4. Physico – chemical characters 35 3.5. Elemental analysis 37 3.6.
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