CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND of PUNE DISTRICT and HIRDA CULTIVATION PART I ABOUT "PUNE DISTRICT" 3.1:1 Location: Extent and Bo

CHAPTER 3 BACKGROUND OF PUNE DISTRICT AND HIRDA CULTIVATION

PART I ABOUT "PUNE DISTRICT" 3.1:1 Location: Extent and Boundaries 3.1:1:1 Location 3.1:2:1 Extent and Boundaries 3.2:1 Administrative set up 3.3:1 Tehsils in Pune District 3.4:1 Climate and Rainfall 3.5:1 Minerals 3.6:1 Rivers 3.7:1 Social Aspects of Pune district 3.7:1:1 Population 3.7:2:1 Demographies 3.7:3:1 Density 3.7:4:1 Sex Ratio 3.7:5:1 Literacy 3.7:6:1 Educations 3.8:1 Agriculture 3.9:1 IT companies in pune 3.10:1 Co-operation 3.11:1 Urban co-operative Banks in Pune district 3.12:1 Industries 3.13:1 Other Banks 3.14:1 Education 3.15:1 Transport 3.16:1 Local Transport 3.17:1 Places of Interest PARI II ABOUT "HIRDA CULTIVATION" 3.1:11 Introduction 3.2:11 Habitat of Hirda'

78 3.3: II Similer names of 'Hirda' - synonyms 3.4: II Selected vernacular names of 'Hirda' 3.5: II Sanskrit names of 'Hirda' 3.6: II What Hindu text says about origin of the plant (Hirda) 3.7: II How to identify the Haritaki fruit with you is good or not 3.8: II Bio Energetic features of 'Hirda' 3.9: II Therapeutic Uses of 'Hirda' in Ayurveda 3.10:11 Common names of' Hirda' in Various Countries 3.11 :II Family information of 'Hirda' 3.12:11 Microscopic Characteristics of'Hirda' 3.13:11 Powder of'Hirda' 3.14:11 Phytochemistry of 'Hirda' 3.15: II Basic Uses of' Hirda' (Terminalia Chebula) 3.16:11 Medicinal Uses of'Hirda' 3.17:11 Pharmacological Investigations of 'Hirda' 3.18:11 Botanical Description of Terminalia Chebula (Hirda) 3.19:11 Natural Habit of 'Hirda' 3.20:11 History of 'Hirda' Cultivation 3.21 :II Propagation and Management of 'Hirda' 3.22:11 Functional Uses of 'Hirda' 3.23:11 Properties of'Hirda' 3.24:11 Trade of'Hirda' 3.25 :II Plant Material of Interest: Dried Fruits of 'Hirda' 3.26:11 Organoleptic Properties Odour 3.27:11 Powaered Plant Material of 'Hirda' 3.28:II General Identity Tests of 'Hirda' 3.29:11 Pesticide Residues in 'Hirda' 3.30:11 Heavy Metals in 'Hirda' 3.31 :II Radioactive Residues in 'Hirda' 3.32:11 Major Chemical Constituents in 'Hirda' 3.3 3: II Pharmacology of' Hirda' 3.34:11 Taxicology of 'Hirda'

79 3.35:11 Contraindications in 'Hirda' 3.36:11 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility of Hirda 3.37:11 Dosage Forms of' Hirda' 3.38:11 Posology of'Hirda' 3.39:11 Active Ingredients in 'Hirda' 3.40:11 Break - up of Medicinal Plant by their parts Utillised 3.41:11 Seeds of'Hirda' 3.42:11 Technical Information on Important 'Hirda' Tree Species 3.43:11 Classification of Medicinal Plants 3.44:11 Some Images of 'Hirda' Tree 3.45 :II Industrial Uses of Medicinal plants 3.46:11 Morphology of 'Hirda' medicinal plant 3.47:11 Technical Information on Import at Tree Species 3.48:11 Terminalia Chebula Suppliers at Commercial Basic

80 Introduction- "Background of Pune District and Hirda Cultiration",involved the brief information of Pune district.lt includes Location Extent and Boundaries, Tehsils in Pune District,Climate and Rainfall, Minerals in district. Rivers, Demographic features,Agriculture, It companies in Pune,Co-operation,Urban co-operative Banks in Pune district, Industries under district. Other Banks,Education facilities. Transport facilities,Local Transport and interest Places of Pune district.The second part of this chapter is on "Hirda cultivation."

3.1:1 Location: Extent and Boundaries- 3.1:1:1 Location - Pune district is located between 17°-54 and 19''-24 North latitude and 73°-20 and 75^- 10 East longitude.

3.1:2:1 Extent and Boundaries - Pune district is surrounded by Ahmednagar district in the north and the East, Satara district in the south, Raigad district in the West, Solapur district in the south-East and Thane district in the North-west.The geographical area of Pune district is 15,642 sq. km. and it covers 5 percent of the total area of the state of Maharashtra.

3.2:1 Administrative set up - The administrative set up of Maharashtra consists of 6 divisions.The Kokan Division consists 4 districts, Pune Division 5 districts, which division of 5 district, Aurangabad Division 7 districts, Amaravati division 4 districts, and Nagpur Division 5 district. Pune is the headquarter of Pune division which consists of Pune, Satara, Sangali, Kholapur and Solapur Districts. Pime district is divided into three sub - divisions. Haveli sub division which consisits of five tehsils: viz Haveli, Maval, Mulshi, Bhor, and Velha Tehsils. Baramati sub - division consists of Daund, Baramati, Purandar and Indapur Tehsils. Khed sub - division consists of Khed, Ambegaon, Junnar and ShiruT Tehsils. Pune city is in Haveli sub - division.

3.3:1 Tehsils in Pune District - There are fourteeai tehsils in Pune district namely Ambegaon, Baramati, Bhor, Dcund^ Haveli, Indapur, Juimar, Khed, Mawal, Mulshi, Punecity, Purandhar, Shirur, Velhe.According to the census of 2011, there are 25 cities and 1,866 villages in Pune district.

3.4:1 Climate and Rainfall - Pune district is characterized by diverse and extreme climatic conditions, while the over all climates in the district is not so. The eastern part of the Pune district has a very hot climate and the western part of the district has a pleasantly cold climate.Pune district receives its rains mainly from the south-west monsoon winds; however, some tehsils in the district receive rains from the north-east monsoon winds. As we move from west towards the east, the amount of rainfall decreases gradually, the western part of the district receives approximately 1171 mm of rainfall, while the drought prone areas of the east receive approximately 600 to 700 mm of rainfall.

3.5:1 Minerals - The minerals found in Pune district are Black stone andlimestone is abimdantly.

3.6:1 River - A number of rivers such as Bhima, Mula, Mutha, Karha, Kukadi, Pavana, Meena, Gunjvani, Pushparati, Nira and Shivganga flow through the Pune district. The Bhima River a tributary of Krishna is the most prominent amongst them.

82 3.7:1 Social Aspects of Pune district - Social aspects of Pune district cover Demography, cities, and towns, population, Density, sex, Literacy,education, Medical facilities, culture, caste, and some other aspects.

3.7:1:1 Population - As per census of 2001, total population of the district was 72 lakh 32 thousand and 555. Urban population compreses 58.08 % of the total population. The current population is 94 lakh 26 thousand 959 as per 2011 census. The current population of Pune urban uglomerate is over 4 million. The growth rate of population of Pune district was 30.73 % per decade.

3.7:2:1 Demographies - As per census of 2001, the total population was 7,232,555 people and 9,426,959 as per census of 2011, and 1,517,041 households in 2001 and 1,950,051 households in 2011. The total Child population (0-6Age) is 9, 68,851 as per of census 2001 and 1,067,261 as per of 2011.

3.7:3:1 Density - The density of population was 462 per sq.km.According to census 2001 and 603 according to census 2011.

3.7:4:1 Sex Ratio - The sex ratio of Pune district was 919 in Pune district as per census 2001 and 910 as per census 2011. Male population is 3,769,128 and female population is 3,463,427 as per census 2001 and Mail population is 4,936,362 and female population is 4,490,597 as per census 2011.

3.7:5:1 Literacy - As per census 2001, the total literates are 5,039,290 and as per census 2011 total 7,288,517 is literate's population in total population. The total male

83 is 2,879,761 and Female is 2,159,529 is literates in census 2001 and total male is 4,048,650 and Female is 3,239,867 is literates in census 2011.

3.7:6:1 Education - a) Primary school - The total number of "primary schools" in Pime district was 4614, and total nimiber of students was 8, 65,368 in Pune district.

b) Secondary school - The total number of high schools was 1303 in Pune district, and total number of students was taking higher educationwere 8,39,389 in Pune district.

c) College education - rj^-^ The total number of private grant in aid colleges was^^ in Pune district and 47 in Pune city. The total number of student was 1, 27,630 in Pime district.

d) Professional Education - There are four professional institutes with admission capacity of 660 students in Pime districtand one institute with 180 student's capacity in Pune city. There are 33 engineering colleges with adimission capacity of 13072 students in Pime district. Pune is known as the "Oxford of the East."Pune city draws a large number of students both from India as well as abroad.Pune is the ideal destination. The institutes located here from offer a variety of courses ranging from medicine, engineering, biochemistry and biotechnology to mass communication, astronomy and so on.

84 3.8:1 Agriculture -

3.8:1:1 Land Utilization pattern - The total geographical area of Piine district is 15, 62,058 hectares. The details of land Utiization in Fund district for the vpar i oo«-QQ pj-p at fallows- ^-^^[jL. a) The extent of arable land (land available for cultivation) was 13, 30,820 hectares or 85% of the total geographical area. b) Land under forests was 1.71 lakh hectare or 11% of the total geographical area. c) Pastures and grazing land occupied 4% of the total geographical area. d) Land used for non-agricultural purposes was 4 % of the total geographical area. e) The net area sown was 9, 82,464 hectares or 73.82% of the area available for Cultivation. f) Area sown more than once was 1, 73,736 hectares.

3.8:2:1 Cropping pattern - Cropping pattern enables the identification of the major crops that are grown in the district. O The following three categories of crops are grown in Pun^^district. a) Kharif crop - Kharif crop includes Rice, Bajra, Green Gram, Whole (Moong) Groundnut, Soyabean. b) Rabi-crop - Rabi crop includes Jowar, Wheat, Pulses, and Sunflower. c) Annual crop - Annual crop includes sugarcane, and commercial crops./Mamely onions. Potato etc. i^ The agriculture in Pune district has much variation as compared to other distri Maharashtra. In includes four among the seven agricultural climatic zones in Maharashtra.

85 The growth of various crops in the Pune district is shown in the following table 3.1: Table 3.1 Crops Grown in Pune District

Sr. Zone Rainfall Tehsils Crops No. ^^T09 ( 1 Ghat ^5U00 West Portion of Mawal and Rice,Ragi Mulshi (Nachani) 2 Sub 1700 to Wset Portion of Ambegaon, Rice, Ragi Mountain 2500 Mawal, Mulshi,Bhor and East portion of Velhe 3 Plain 950 to Bhor, Mulshi, Junnar, Khed Jowar, 1250 , West Portion Bajra, Groundnat, Sugarcane 4 Scarcity Belongs Haveli, Shirur, Baramati, East Jowar, Portion of Purandhar, Dound Ghana, Sunflower

(Source-"Agriculture", www. pune nic.in,)

3.9:1 IT companies in Pune - Pune InfoTech Park has emerged as the leading IT centre in not just Maharashtra, but the entire country. Presence of leading IT companies like Infosys, Wipro and Wipro spectra mind bears testimony to the success of this park. This unique park is fast becoming a yard stick for IT infrastructure in Pune.There are numerous other IT companies in Pune such as Cognizant Technology Solutions, persistent systems, Patni computers and BMC software, which provide employment to a large number of people.

86 3.9:1:1 The IT and IT- Enabled services (ITes) sectors have witnessed "absolutely fantastic" growth in Pune."In 2004-05, software exports from Pune crossed the psychologically-elevating 1 billionmark. It achieved another worthy distinction by logging higher exports than Mumbai in 2005-2006. While IT exports from Pune grew from Rs.6150 crore. (2004-05) to Rs.9100 crore in 2005-06, It exports from Mumbai amounted to Rs7, 300 crore in 2005-06".With numerous top IT companies in the country choosing Pune over other centres as their base of operation, it is set to take a prominent place on the Global IT map.

3.10:1 Industries - Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC)is the primary industrial infrastructure development agency of the Maharashtra Government. Constituted under the MIDC Act, 1962, with the basic objective of setting up industrial areas vvdth the provision of industrial infrastructure for the entire state for planned systematic industrial development.MIDC has played a vital role in the Maharashtra's development of industrial infrastructure. MIDC lives up to its motto "Udyamat sakal Samruddhi."

3.11:1 Co-operation - The growth of co-operation in Pune district has been remarkable. Some of the significant contributors to the co-operative movement in Pund district were Vaikimthlal Mehta, Dhananjay Rao Gadgil, Vasantdada Patil, Yashwantrao Chavan, Bhausaheb Deshmukh, Tatyasaheb Kore, Vithalrao Vikhe Patil and Shankarao Mohits Patil, Thanks to the special efforts made by Shankarao Bajirao Patil, Sahebrao Saatkar, Anantrao Thopte, Madharrao Taapre, Mamasaheb Mohol and Dada Jadhavrao, co-operatives made notable progress in Pime district. The recent position of co-operative movement in Pune district is show in the following table-

87 Table 3.2 Co-Operative Societies in Pune District (2010)

Sr. Types of Societies No. of No. societies 1 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (Ordinary) 1243 2 Farmer service societies 02 3 Adivasi Societies 26 4 Primary Co. op. Banks 36 5 Salary Earners Credit Socities 682 6 Other Non-Agri. Credit societies 2,063 7 Marketing (Central and Primary) 75 8 Sugar Factories 13 9 Rice Mills N.A. 10 Spinning Mills 03 11 Primary Handloom and power loom weavers societies 02 12 Consumer stores (Central and Primary) 272 13 Co-operative Housing Societies 9,216 14 Dairy (Central and Primary) 2,315 15 Other Primary Industrial Societies 339 16 Fisheries (central and Primary) 75 17 Lift irrigation 1449 18 Forest Contract societies N.A. 19 Labour Contract societies 534 20 Industrial Estates 18 21 Other societies 942 Total Number of societies 19332

(Source- Co-operative Movement at a Glance in Maharashtra-2010, Commissioner for Co-operation and Registrar of Co-operative Societie Maharashtra State, pp. 60,61.)

88 The above Table 3.2 shows the Co-Operative Societies in Pune District in 2010.

3.12:1 Urban Co-Operative Banks in Pune District- The recent position of urban co-operatvie Banks in Pune district is shown in the table below-

Table 3.3 Urban co-operative Banks in Pune District (31*' March, 2010) (Rs. In lakhs) Sr. Item Figures for the No. district 1. Banks 63 2. Branches and Extension Counters 492 3. Members 8,54,081 4. Shareholders from Members 6,01,492 5. Nominal Members from Members 2,52,289 6. Borrowing Members 3,31,424 7. Shareholders from Borrowing Members 2,01,425 8. Nominal Members from Borrowing Members 1,29,999 9. Paid-up share Capital 21,741.98Rs. 10. Reserves and Other fimds 1,55,350.68 Rs. 11. Deposits 11,24,689.62 Rs. 12. Working Capital 13,ll,310.67Rs. 13. Loans outstanding 6,96,161.67 Rs. 14. C. D. Ratio (%) 61.90% 15. Loans overdue 87,277.03 Rs. 16. NetNPA(%) 0.78% 17 Investment 4,76,305.40 Rs. 18. Investment Deposit Ratio 42.35% 19. Net-Profit/ Loss 10,251.62 Rs. 89 20. Profit as a Percentage of working funds 0.78% 21. Profit as a Percentage of paid-up capital 47.15% 22. Employee Productivity - 23. No. of Employees 8.843 24. Loans Advanced Per Employees 78.72 25. Deposits Per Employee 127.18 26. Business Per Employee 205.91 27. Profit Per Employee 1.16

28. Branch Productivity - 29. Deposits Per Branch 2,285.95 30. Loans Advanced Per branch 1,414.96 31. Business Per Branch 3,700.92 32. Loan Amount Per Account 2.10

(Source: Banking Ashy - Abhipraay, Pune district Urban Co-operative Banks Association Ltd. Pune, November. 2010 p. 11) The above table 3.3 urban co-operative banks in Pune District in brief

3.13:1 Other Banks - On 31'* March 2010, 246 places (including cities and villages) in Pune District had banks; there w^ere 564 branches of nationalized and scheduled banks in the district. In the district, 'Pune city' and 'Haveli' tehsil have 396 i.e. 70% of the branches of nationalized and scheduled banks; Remaining 168 branches i.e. 30% of the branches are found in the rest of the 12 tehsils.

3.14:1 Signifance of Education- Pune, extolled as the 'Oxford of the East' is a seat for many renowned educational institutions.Pune's own and one of the oldest educational institute is the University of Pune (Formerly known as University of Poona), established in 1948. In the same year,Mr. B.G.Kher, Chief Minister and Education Minister, Government of Bombay took keen interest in setting apart a beautiful campus for the University. As a result of his efforts, a campus extending over 411 acres

90 was allocated to the university in early 1950.The campus is located in the North Western part of Pune. The placid environs and sate of-the- art facilities provide its numerous students an ideal atmosphere to pursue research in various areas of science, commerce, arts and languages Though a young centre, the University has made a significant impact in various areas of research and teaching, continues to strive for excellence.Pune houses premier research institutes of international repute viz, Agharkar Research Institute, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), National Institute of Virology (NIV), National Centre for Cell Sciences, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Deccan College, MACS, cur PRS and Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (c-DAC),IUCAA, one of the pioneering institutes for research in Astronomy has chosen Pune for its rich culture and high standard of education. lUCAA, located in lush green environment of Pune University, is headed by world's renovmed mathematician. Dr. Jayant Narlikar.

3.15:1 Transport - Pune city is well connected with trains, roads and air ways. It is linked by air wdth all metros of India, 'Indian Airlines' and 'Jet Airways' provide regular flights to Pune from Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Mumbai. Pune city is 12 kms from the Pime Airport.The easiest way to travel from Mumbai to Pime is by train. Regular trains-'Deccan Queen,' 'Deccan Express,' 'Indrayani' 'Pragati' and 'Shatabdi' all ply to Pune from Mumbai everyday. On the way, the trains climb the Western Ghats and offer a splendid view of this green mountainous region. During the monsoon, one can enjoy the sight of huge waterfalls. Most of the trains have a small halt at monkey hill where both children and adults can feed friendly monkeys. The frains also halt at Lonavala, Khandala, and Karjat (known for its delicious fried potatowadas).Pune is easily accessible by bus from any of the major cities of Maharashfra. From Mumbai, regular MSRTC buses and private buses ply to Pune. Long distance share ply from Mumbai (Dadar) regularly.

91 3.16:1 Local Transport - Auto rickshaws, local buses, rental cars, bicycles are available. The PMPML buses connect all parts of the city from Swargate, Deean Gymkhand, Pune station, Shivaji Nagar Station, M G Bus stand, Pune corporation; Saras Baug.

3.17:1 Places of Interest - Some of the places of interest in Pune are 'Dagdushet Ganapati Temple', 'Kasba Ganapati Temple', 'Guruji Talim Ganapati Temple', 'Tulsibaug Ram Temple', 'Tambadi Togeshwuri Temple', 'Charushring Temple', 'Pataleshwar care Temple', 'The Aga Khan Palace', 'Shaniwarwada', 'National Defence Academy' (NDA), 'Shinde's Chhatri, Sarasbaug', 'Empress Garden', 'Peshwa Udyan', 'Osho Garden', 'Shake Park', 'Sambhaji Park', 'Ghorpade Udyan', 'Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum', 'Mahatma Phule Museum', 'Tilak Museimi', 'National war Museum', 'Kelkar Museum', 'Johi's Museum of Miniatyre Railways' and 'Film and Television Institute of India'. Near Pune is Alandi which has the sacred Samadhi of the saint Danyaneshwar, the writer of the Marathi commentary on the Bhagawad Gita, Baneshwar is known for the Shiva temple built by Bajirao Peshwa-I.Bhatghar Dam on the river Velvandi.There are 12 sacred jyotirlinga's in the country of which Bhimashankar near Pune is a jyotrlinga site. The beautiful temple here was built by 'Nana Phadnis'Dehu is the birthplace of the great poet saint Tukaram, who wrote 'Abhangas'or devotional songs. The temple at is dedicated to lord Khandoba, who is a family deity of many Maharashtrian families. Karla has the famous Buddhist rock cut cave shrines; Lonavala is the beautiful hill resort is located on Pune- Mumbai road. Mahaba leshwar is the 'Queen of the Ghats' and Matheran is the beautiftil hill resort. Panchgani is the picturesque year- round hill station. Pratapgad is famous for an impressive fort built by Shiviji, Purandar- set atop of hill, Raigad is another important hilltop fortress of the Marathas. Shivneri is the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji .Sinhagad (Lion fort)- was of the most impregnable forts of western India, Wai - the small town

92 known as 'Dakshin Kashi',is the place here the famous Sanskrit pradnya pathshala and the headquarters for vishvakosh publication are located.

93 PART 11 ABOUT 'HIRDA' CULTIVATION:

3.1: II Introduction - 'Hirda' is a deciduous tree, used in traditional medicines. 'Hirda' is reported to contain various bio chemical compounds such as tannins, chebulinic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, punicalagin, flavonoids and other. 'Hirda' has been reported as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal, anticancerous, antiulcer, antimutagenic which wound healing activities. 'Hirda' is a moderate tree used in traditional medicines. It belongs to the family combretaceae. 'Hirda' is extensively used in unani, ayurveda and homeopathic medicines. 'Hirda' is a popular traditional medicine not only used in India but also in other countries of Asia and Africa. This is used in traditional medicine due to the wide spectrum of pharmacological activities associated with the biologically active chemicals present in this plant. It is used for the treatment of number ofdiseases like cancer, paralysis, cardio vascular diseases, ulcers, leprosy, arthritis, gout, and epilepsy. It has been reported as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancerous, Antiulcer, antimutagenic, wound healing activities etc. 'Hirda' is used extensively in the preparation of many Ayurvedic formulations for infectious diseases such as chronic ulcers, leucorrhoea, pyorrhoea and fungal infections of the skin. It increases the frequency of stools and has got the property of evacuating the bowel completely. 'Hirda' is used to prevent ageing and impart longevity, immunity and body resistance against disease. It has the beneficial effect on all the tissues.

3.2: II Habitat of Hirda'- 'Hirda' grows in India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Iran, Egypt, Turkey and China. India Haritaki tree grows in deciduous forests and is found in North India and South wastes and at the Deccan table lands at the hight of 1000 to 3000 ft. In Myanmar country grow up to 5000 ft. 'Hirda' consists of pericarp of mature fruit of 'Terminalia chebula', a moderate sized (or) large tree found throughout India chiefly in deciduous forests and areas of light rain fall but

94 occasionally in slightly moist forests up to about 1500 meter elevation throughout India, flowers appear from April - August and fruits ripen from October- January.

3.3: II Similar names of 'Hirda' - Synonym(s) - 3.3.II.a. Haritaki, 3.3.II.b. Harad, 3.3.II.C. Hirada, 3.3.II.d. Alalekaayi, 3.3.II.e. Kadukkai, 3.3.II.f. Horitoky, 3.3.II.g. Hilikha, 3.3.II.h. Terminalia parviflora Thwaites, 3.3.II.i. Terminalia tomentella Kurz,and 3.3.II.J. Terminalia zeylanica van Heurck Sc Muell. Arg.

3.4: II Selected Vernacular Names of 'Hirda' - Selected 'Vernacular Names' of'Hirda'is as follows - Abhaya, ahlilaj kabuli, alalekai, alayla, amagola, arabi, aralu, areyra, aridadi, badamier chebule, bal har, black myrobalan, bush kaduka, chebulic myrobalan, chebulische myrobalane, divya, gaja, habra, hacha, halela, halela kabuli, halela zard, halileh, halileh kaboli, halilehsiyah, halileh zard, hallilaj, harad, harar, harda, hardo, harir, haritaki, harra, harro, harroh,haser, helikha, hezi, himaja, hirda, hirdo, hireda, hlilej khel, hlijej sfer, hokikha, ihlilaj kabuli, inknut tree, jivathi, kabuli-harda, hora, kadukka, kadukkai, kale har, karaka, karakkaya, kashi, katukka, kayastha, kotpung- pla, kurka, medicine terminalia, mirobalan de caboul, mirobalano, myrobalan, myrobalano nero, myrobalans, myrobaran, pathya, pile har, pilo-harde, post-e-haleela kabli, post-e-haleela siyah, post-e-haleela zard, pulo-harda, rispiger myrobalanenbaum, rong mao he zi, silikha, sa-mothai, samo-thai, shajar shiir hindi, sirri hindi, silikha, siva, sringitiga, suddha, terminaalia, vayastha, vijaya, yellow myrobalan, yellow myrobalan plum, zama, zangli har.

95 3.5: II Sanskrit Name of 'Hirda' -

1. Haritaki - Means one which is originated from Hari's (God's) Home or

2. Green in Nature - here green stands for faith and fertility. Or that carries

away all the illnesses from the body.

3. Abhaya - That makes a person fear free from all the diseases and

discomforts.

4. Pathya - Means it is an all-time good herb for everyone.

5. Amrita - Means it is like nectar for the body.

3.6: II What Hindu Text says about Origin of Plant of'Hirda' -

It is said that when Indra (King of deities in Hindu Text) was drinking nectar in Heaven, a drop of the fluid feel on the earth and produced Haritaki and is called 'Hirda'.

3.7: II How to identify it the Haritaki fruit good or not -

The "goof fruit will go to the bottom of the glass" having water in it.

3.8: II Bio Energetic features of 'Hirda' -

(3.8.a) Rasa (Taste) - Hirda contains all the six tastes except the Lavana

(3.8.b) Guna (Characteristics) - Laghu (Light); Ruksha (Rough).

(3.8.C) Veerya (Potency) - Ushna (Warm).

(3,8.d) Vipaka (Post digestion effect) - Madhura (Sweet).

(3..8.e) Prabhava - Special action and herb work.

96 (3.8.f) Tridoshahara (Pacifies all the three bio humors).

3.9: II Therapeutic Uses of 'Hirda' in Ayurveda -

The therapeutic uses of 'Hirda' in Ayurveda are as follows -

(9.a) Deepana -

'Hirda' ignites the digestive fire making even micro nutirents available to the body.

(9.b) M adhya -

'Hirda' is a very good nervine tonic.

(9.c) Rasayani -

'Hirda' rejuvenates the body.

(9.d) Chakshushya -

'Hirda' is a tonic for eyes.

(9.e) Bruhamni -

Increases the bulk of the body.

(9.1) Anulomani -

Means it is having the property to digest the undigested Malas (Removable wast system) and expel them out of the body through anus.

(9.g) Aayushya / Vayasa sthapani -

Means 'Hirda' enhances the longevity of the person.

97 (9.h) Paushtiki -

'Hirda' nourishes the body of to the tissue level.

(9.i) Lekhani -

'Hirda' scrapes out the unnecessary deposits and toxins out of the

body.

(9.j) Hrudya -

'Hirda' is used in Cardiac tonic.

3.10: II Common names of 'Hirda' in various countries-as follows-^

(3.10.a) Cambodia-samaotchet.

(3.10.b) Filipinochebulicmyrabolan.

(3.10.c) Frenchmyrobolannoir.

(3.10.d) Lao-Sino-Tibetan-somzmooxkh'ook.

(3.10.e) Malay-manjaputeri(unripefruits).

(3.10.f) Thai-samothai(central).

(3.10.g) Vietnamese-chieulieuxanh.

(3.10.h) China-Zhang-Qin-Ge.

(3.10.i) India-Karakkaya.

(3.10.J) Srilanka-Aralu. 98 (3.10.k) Tibet -Hezi Harra, Harro.

(3.10.1) Germany - Myrobalane.

(3.10.m) Dienand France-Myrobalan.

V.Reference-Vol. 3 (2) Apr - Jun2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 680 International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701. 99 3.11: II Family Information of'Hirda' - (3.11.a) Tree - The tree of 'Hirda' is a deciduous tree, younger stems glabrescent, woody. (3.1 l.b) Leaves - The leaves are "10 - 20 cm" long, sub - opposite, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae broadly elliptic toelliptic - oblong, rarely ovate, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acute, glabrescent.

(3.1 l.c) Inflorescence of 'Hirda' - 'Hirda' paniculate spikes, terminala and axillary; peduncles tomentose; bracts subulate, small, caducous.

(3.1 l.d) Flowers of'Hirda' - These are 2 mm long , 3-4 mm in diameter; bracts nearly glabrous, 1.5- 2.0 mm long; calyx outside glabrous, inside densely villous, calyx-segments triangular; stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary glabrous, ovoid, 1 mm long; style glabrous, 2.5- 3.0 mm long.

(3.1 l.e) Dry Fruits ,Leaves, Flowers- It is a drupe, glabrous, sub globose to ellipsoid, 2.5- 5.0 cm by 1.5-2.5 cm, usually smooth or frequently 5-angulate, ridged, wrinkled, turning blackish when dry. Fruits contain astringent substances - tannic acid, Chebulinic acid, gallic acid. Resin and a purgative principle of the nature of anthraquinone and sennoside are present.

(3.11.f) Seed of'Hirda'- One seed in there, rough, ellipsoid, 1.0-2.0 cm by 0.2 -0.7 cm and without ridges. ^^ \%06]

100 3.12: II Microscopic characteristics of 'Hirda' - The transverse section of the fruit shows epicarp composed of a layer of epidermal cells, the outer tangential wall and upper portion of the thick radial walls. Mesocarp, 2 or 3 layers of collenchymas followed by a broad zone of parenchyma with fibres and sclereids in groups and vascular bundles, scattered; fibres, simple pitted walls; porous parenchyma; sclereids, various shapes and sizes, mostly elongated; tannins and aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate in parenchyma; starch grains simple roimded or oval in shape, measuring 2-7 lam in diameter. Endocarp consists of thick walled sclereids of various shapes and sizes, mostly elongated. Fibres, sclereids and vessels lignified. Testa, one layer of large cubical cells, followed bya zone of reticulates parenchyma and vessel; tegmen consists of collapsed parenchyma. Cotyledon folded and containing aleurone grains, oil globules and some rosette aggregate crystals.

3.13: II Powder of 'Hirda' - Brownish in color, under microscope shows a few fibers, vessels with simple pits and groups of sclereids.

3.14: II Phytochemistry of 'Hirda' - 'Hirda' contains the triterpenes arjun glucoside 1, arjvmgenin and the chebulosides 1 and 2. Other constituents contain tannins up to 30%, chebulic acid 3-5%, chebulinic acid 30%, taimicacid 20-40%, ellagic acid, 2,4-chebulyi- P-D-gluco pyranose, gallic acid, ethyl gallate, ptmicalagin terflavin A , terchebin, some purgative of the nature of anthraquinone , flavonoids like luteolin, rutins, and quercetin.

3.15: II Basic Uses of'Hirda' (Terminalia chebula) - ^' The foUovkdng are the main basic uses of 'Hirda' - A) Basic uses - (3.15.a) 'Hirda' is given as adjuvant herb in chronic fever.

101 (3.15.b) On long term use 'Hirda' is helpful in gaining weight in the emaciated persons and in losing weight in obese persons.

(3.15.C) Terminalia chebula if taken with meals sharpens the intellect, increase strength, stimulates the senses, and expels the urine, stool and waste materials from the body.

(3.15.d) 'Hirda' reduces the ill effects of fat, rich, creamy and oil food.

(3.15.e) 'Hirda' is used for curing swellings, skin and eye diseases.

(3.15.f) 'Hirda' can be used as home remedy against fever, cough, asthma andurinary disease.

(3.15.g) This herb has the ability to stop bleeding and prevent a medical condition called Hemorrhage.

(3.15.h) 'Hirda' powder is used as tooth paste, it will make teeth stronger and healthy.

(3.15.i) The paste of dried fruit of 'Hirda' is used for chronic ulcers, wounds and scalds.

VI.Vol. 3 (2) Apr - Jun2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 681; International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 102 B) Some important uses - Uses of Hirda' fruits are as follows:

(3.15.B.i) Fruits Uses - A mild laxative treated for dysentery costiveness, platulence asthma, uriginary, disorders, vomiting, hioaip, intestinal, worms, ascites, larged. spleen and liver, vaginal discharqes, ulceration of gums, a dressing for bums and scalds and piles,cardiac tonic.

(3.15.B.ii) 'Hirda' is - The fruit that is used to "get relief from sore throat". Its scientitic validation shows that 'Hirda' has anti-inflammatory character which reduces swelling its anti-septic properly prevents fection in fiirther it is noticed that fruit is having vulnerary property which heals wounds. It contains febrifiige property which llys or reduces pain. Fruit of 'Hirda' is roasted in ghee and then it is grinded to in powder. It is given to the patient twice a day for one week Chebulic is used for the same purpose in Harayana.

(3.15.B.iii) World organics brunds - Incorporate over 20 organic supercritical extractions of botanical herbs and flowers in its skin care lines carefully blended to in world organics formulations by master her bulists and organiceutical cosmetic chemists, the supcritical extracts offer a new era of organic skincare therapeuties.Terminalia chebula (Harithanki) C02 Extrac (Ref. www. iavhindtimes. In / panorama / tree-conservation- and protection- need)

(3.15. B.iv) The pulp of the fruit - Is used to treat piles chronic flatulence, asthma, vomiting, fi-equent hiccups and for urinary disoreders. The fruit is effective in de- worming of round worms and and other intestinal worms. A fine folder of

103 the fruit is used to dust over chronics cars and wounds;it is used in gum infections. A paste of the pulp with the same oil is an excellent dressing for bums, scalds and piles.

3.16: II Medicinal uses of Hirda' - The medicinal uses of 'Hirda' are as follows-

(3.16.a) 'Hirda' is good to increase the appetite, as digestive aid, liver stimulant, as stomachic, as gastrointestinal prokinetic agent and mild laxative.

(3.16.b) 'Hirda' stimulates the liver and protects it further by expelling the waste excretory products from the intestines.

(3.16.C) 'Hirda' is indicated in protracted diarrhea with hematochezia and prolapse of rectum.

(3.16.d) 'Hirda' is a good nervine, used in nervous weakness, nervous irritability.

(3.16.e) 'Hirda' promotes the receiving power of the five senses.

(3.16.f) 'Hirda' is helpfiil in renal calculi, dysurea, and retention ofiirine and used for treating parasitic infection.

(3.16.g) 'Hirda' is used as a blood purifier, gargle for sore throat, ulcerated gums, and muscular rheumatism.

(3.16.h ) With sugar water and 'Hirda', it is used to treat opthalmia, skin itching and edema.

(3.16.i) 'Hirda' is used as an antioxidant, neuroprotective drug and treatment

104 for heart disease, inflammation, brain dysfunction.

(3.16.J) 'Hirda' is used as an anti-ageing agent and it is found to improve the mental faculties.

(3.16.k) The plant has adrenergic function and helps to recover from stress.

(3.16.1) One compound Chebulagic acid from Haritaki has shown antispasmodic actionlike papaverine.

3.17: II Pharmacological investigations of 'Hirda' (Terminaiia chebula) - Several pharmacological investigations fordifferent biological activities of Terminaiia chebula (Hirda) in various in vivo and in vitro test models have been carried out based on the ofchemical ingredients. Those are as follows-

(3.17.a) Antioxidant - i) "95% of ethanol extract" ii) Water, methanol and 95% of ethanol extract, Adult male albino rats Fermented products.

(3.17.b) Antibacterial - i) "Ethanol extract" ii) Ether, alcoholic, water extract Salmonella typhi. Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis etc. Helicobacter pylori

(3.17.C) Antifungal - i) Aqueous, alcoholic, ethyl acetate extract. ii) 70%of methanol, ethylacetate, hexane,

(3.17.d) chlorofomi extract - i) 70% of methanol.

105 ii) Human (MCF-7), mouse (SI 15) breast cancer ceil lines etc.

(3.17.e) Antiviral- i) "Acetone extract" ii) Aqueous extract. Swine influenza A virus Hepatitis B virus.

(3.17.f) Antiulcer - i) "Methanolic extract Wistar albino male rats"

(3.17.g) Antidiabetic- i) "Ethanol extract" ii) chloroformextract. Adult albino male rats Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

(3.17.h) Wound healing- i) "Hydroalcoholic extract" ii) 90% of ethanol extract. Induced diabetic rats Wistar albino rats.

(3.17.i) Anticonvulsant - i)Ethanolic, chloroform, ii)PetroIeumether aqueous extract Rats.

(3.17.J) Antimutagenic - i) Chloroform, aqueous extract. ii) Acetone, aqueous chloroform extract.

(3.17.k) Anticarries - i) Aqueous extract. ii) Cardio protective effect 95% of ethanol extract.

106 (3.17.1) Radiation- i) "Protective effect Aqueous extract" ii) Cytotoxic effect Acetone extract Cancer cell lines.

(3.17.m) Immunodulatory - i) Effect Alcohol extract Male wistar rats. Concluslye 'Hirda' has long been used because a number of phytochemical constituents have been found to be associated with the plant extract that includes mainly the different types of chebulic acid,gallic acid, ellagic acid, tannic acid, amino acids, flavonoids like luteolin, rutins and quercetin. These compounds found to be responsible for many of pharmacological activities. From the timesimmemorial, plants have been widely used as curative agents for variety of ailments. Concentrated leaves, fruits, seed extracts can befound in various herbal preparations which are available in market today.

3.18: II Botanical description of terminalia chebula ('Hirda') -

(3.18.a) Description - A medium-sized, up to "25 m" tall, deciduous tree of variable appearance, with a usually short cylindric bole of "5-10 m" length, "60-80" cm in diameter at breast height; crown rounded, with spreading branches; bark dark brovm, usually longitudinally cracked with woody scales; branchlets rusty- villous or glabrescent. Leaves alternate or opposite, thin-coriaceous, ovate or elliptic-obovate, "7-12 cm x 4-6.5" cm, rounded at base, obtuse to subacute at apex, entire, pubescent beneath; petiole up to 2 cm long, provided with 2 glands at the base of the leaf blade. Flowers in axillary "5-7" cm long spikes, simple or sometime branched, about 4 mm across, yellowish-white and unpleasantly scented; "calyx 5-lobed", corolla absent; stamens 10, exterted; ovary inferior, "1-celled." Fruit an obovoid or oblong-ellipsoid drupe, "2.5-5" cm long, faintly "5-angular", yellow to orange-brown when ripe, glabrous.

107 (3.18.b) Botanical Classification of 'Hirda' - Kingdom: Plantae. Division: Magnoliophyta. Class: Magnoliopsida. Order: Myrtales. Family: Combretaceae. Genus: Terminalia. Species: chebula Rtz. Part used: Fruit rind.

3.19: II Natural Habitat of 'Hirda' - 'Hirda' occurs scattered in teak forest, mixed deciduous forest, extending into forests of comparatively dry types. In Thailand and Burma, it is found together with teak. The tree is a light-demander, but withstands some shade in youth, and may benefit then fi-om protection fi-om the sun. 'Hirda' is fairly tolerant to frost and drought, and withstands fire, recovering well fi-om burning and also from coppicing. Regeneration is usually poor, maybe because people harvest the fiiiit but because of predation by animals. 'Hirda' is known to withstand fire well. 'Hirda' occurs naturally fi"om the sub-Himalayan region of Nepal and northern India, through India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indo- China and southern China. Hirda has been introduced to Singapore, where it failed, but it was planted successfiilly in the botanical garden in Bogor, Java. 'Hirda' was also introduced to Peninsular Malaysia.

3.20: II History of'Hirda' Cultivation - T. chebula has been introduced to Singapore, where it failed, but it was planted successfully in the botanical garden in Bogor, Java.Hirda is native to Cambodia, China, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam and cultivatedelsewhere.

108 3.21: II Propagation and management of 'Hirda' -

3.21: II Propagation Method of'Hirda' -

The fallen fruits are collected and dried thoroughly first. Later the hardened flesh is removed. Fermentation of the stones gives the best germinative results, but clipping the broad end of the stone without damaging the embryo, followed by soaking in cold water for 36 hours gives good results too. Direct sowing is not advisable, because of the risk of predation and because the seeds germinate poorly. In India, seeds are usually sown in boxes or nursery beds before the rainy season, covered with soil, and watered in the first or second rainy season. Shading is desirable in early stages in the nursery and after transplanting. The germination rate of 'Hirda seed' is up to 50%. Propagation by cuttings is possible, but less successful than transplanting nursery-raised seedlings into the field. In the forest, regeneration is facilitated by creating small gaps in the canopy, and this is supplemented by sowing seeds in the clearings.

(3.21.b) Tree Management of 'Hirda' -

Husbandry: The tree coppices well. The resulting shoots are 2-3 m long after 5 years.

3.22: II Functional uses of 'Hirda' (Terminalia chebula) - The fimctional uses of 'Hirda' are as follows -

(3.22.a) Products - The use of'Hirda' products is as follows -

(3.22.a.i) Tannin or dyestuff - The fiiiits of 'Hirda' are rich in tannin, and are used on a large scale in India in the leathery industry, usually combined with sjoitans and with other vegetable tanning materials such as black wattle, avaram and Ceriops tagal, C.B. Robinson. Chebulic myrobalan is used in the production of sole leather and in a last tannage after chrome tanning to give the leather weight and a fast colour. An 109 extract is suitable for pretannage of cattle hides. A yellow dye can be prepared from fruits plus alum; a black dye and ink can be prepared from the fruits plus iron. Myrobalans are used as a mordant for the basic aniline dyes.

(3.22.a.ii) Medicine - The fiiiits of 'Hirda' have numerous medicinal properties: laxative, stomathic, tonic, and alterative. They are often used in combination with emblic myrobalan (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and beleric myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb.). They show antibacterial and antifimgal activity, and are used to cure inflamed gums and as a relief in asthma.

(3.22.b)Timber - The wood is used as construction timber and for furniture, carts and implements, but is not of much value.

(3.22.C) Food - The fruits of 'Hirda' are edible.

(3.22.d) Pests of 'Hirda' and diseases -

The tree of 'Hirda' itself does not suffer from any serious disease or pest, altough some defoliators have been reported.

• Pests- Fallen fhiits of Hirda are heavily predated by rodents and insects. The timber is attacked by borers.

3.23. II Properties of 'Hirda' -

(3.23.a) Tannin or dyestuff -

The dried fruit-pulp of Hirda has an average tannin content of 30-32%, but the content varies considerably with the place of origin. Poor samples may register less than 20% tannin, good ones over 40%. Other parts of the plant such

110 as roots, bark, wood and leaves, also contain tannin, but less than the fruits. The tannin is specified as an ellagitannin and is quite complex in nature. The major constituents are chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid and corilagin. Various proportions of products of hydrolysis are present, such as chebulic acid, ellagic acid and gallic acid. Myrobalans contain more sugar-like components than most other tanning material, ca. 3-5%, which causes ready fermentation and satisfactory plumping of the hide in the early stages of tanning. They produce a brownish deposit on the leather, called bloom. The tannin is of a 'mild' type and penetrates hides slowly. Used alone in tanning, myrobalans produce a soft, spongy, light yellow leather of poor wearing quality. They are usually mixed with tannins of the proanthocyanidin group, such as extracts of wattle and mangrove bark or quebracho wood, to give the leather more weight. Solid extracts as well as spray-dried myrobalan extracts are prepared, containing 58-60% tannin.

(3.23.b) Timber - In the timber, the sapwood is sharply differentiated from the heartwood; it is yellowish-grey to grey, sometimes with a greenish tinge, whereas the heartwood is small, dark brown to reddish-brown, very hard and heavy to very heavy, with a volumetric mass of 810-1050 kg/m cubic (880 kg/m cubic at 12% moisture content). The timber is strong and tough, diffuse-porous, with interlocked grain; texture medium fine to fine, sometimes with curly grain, not durable under cover; very difficult to season, and refi-actory to work.

3.24: II Trade of Hirda'- India is by far the main producing country. The production of dried fhiits of 'Hirda' in 1981 was estimated at more than 100 000 t. Only a fi-action (about 20%) of this was exported, as dried finits, complete or crushed, or as extract, not only to coimtries in the region, but also to Europe and the United States. In trade fruits are usually known by place of origin, those fi"om Salem (India) considered the best. Usually the tree is felled only when no longer

111 important for fruit production. No data are available on the amounts of timber produced. A tropical shade tree, usually 15-20 m high, but can be up to 30 m in height, and up to 1.3 m in girth; bark rough, scaly; shoots and young leaves usually rusty villous. Leaves simple, opposite, coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-elliptic, 7-15 cm in width by 8-25 cm in length, glabrescent; veins obscure above, slightly raised and usually brownish pubescent beneath; apex acute or abruptly acuminate; base cuneate, slightly cordate or rounded; petiole 1-3 cm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with a pair of nodularglands near leaf base. Inflorescences axillary or terminal panicles, usually with 3-6 spikes (each 3-6 cm long); rachis pubescent; flowers 2 mm long, 3-4 mm in diameter; bracts nearly glabrous, 1.5-2.0 mm long; calyx outside glabrous, inside densely villous, calyx-segments triangular; stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary glabrous, ovoid, 1 mm long; style glabrous, 2.5-3.0 mm long; disc lobed, densely villous. Fruit a drupe, glabrous, subglobose to ellipsoid, 2.5-5.0 cm by 1.5-2.5 cm, usually smooth or frequently 5-angulate, ridged, wrinkled, turning blackish when dry. Seed: one, rough, ellipsoid, 1.0-2.0 cm by 0.2-0.7 cm, and without ridges (9).^"

VII- Vol. 3 (2) Apr - Jun2012 www.ijrpbsonlme.com 682 ; International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701

112 "Trees of Hirda'

'Terminaia Chebula'

113 TemnaliBchebulB

114 Definition of 'Hirda' - "Fructus Chebulae consists of the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz or T. chebula Retz. Var. tomentella Kurt (Combretaceae)."

3.25: II Plant material of interest: dried fruits of 'Hirda' - General appearance oblong or ovoid, 2.5-5.0 cm in length, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. Extemallyyellowish-brown or dark brown, somewhat lustrous, marked with 5 or6 longitudinal ribs and irregular wrinkles, base with a rounded fruit stalkscar. Texture compact.Sarcocarp 2-5 mm thick, yellowish-brown or darkyellowish-brown; kernels 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1.0-1.5 cm in diameter, pale yellow, rough and hard.One seed, narrowly fusiform, 1.0-2.0 cm by 0.2- 0.7 cm; testa yellowish-brown, cotyledons 2, white, overlapping and convolute (1, 2,8).

3.26: II Organoleptic properties Odour - Slight and characteristic of 'Hirda'; taste: bitter, sour, astringent, thensweet.

3.27: II Powdered plant material of 'Hirda' - "Brovmish in colour" and shows the "diagnostic characteristics" of the unground drug in 'Hirda'.

3.28: II General identity tests of 'Hirda' - Macroscopic and microscopic examinations, microchemical test, and thin-layer chromatography and high- performance capillary electrophoresis for the presence of the marker tannins chebulinic and chebulagic acids.

a) Foreign organic matter in 'Hirda' - It is not more than 1 %. b) Total ash in'Hirda'- It is not more than 5%. c) Acid-insoluble ash in 'Hirda' -

115 It is not more than 1 %. d) Water-soluble extractive in 'Hirda' - It is not less than 30%. e) Alcohol-soluble extractive in 'Hirda' - It is not less than 30-40%. f) Loss on drying in 'Hirda' - It is not more than 14%.

3.29: H Pesticide residues in 'Hirda' - The recommended maximum limit of aldrin and dieldrin is not more than 0.05 mg/kg . For other pesticides, see the European Pharmacopoeia and the WHO guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues and pesticide residues.

3.30: H Heavy metals in 'Hirda' - For maximum limits and analysis of heavy metals, consult the WHO guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues.

3.31: H Radioactive residues in 'Hirda' - Where applicable, consult the WHO guidelines on assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues.

3.32: n Major chemical constituents in 'Hirda' - Major constituents of the fruit are hydrolysable tannins and components thereof, including chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, chebulanin, scorilagin, gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, punicalagin, terchebulin and terminalic acid. Flavonols of interest include quercetin, isoquercitrin and rutin. Structures of chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, chebulanin and gallic acid are presented below.

116 3.33: II Pharmacology of 'Hirda' -

3.33.a) Experimental pharmacology -

3.33.a.i) Antiallergic activity of 'Hirda' - An aqueous ethanol (1:1) extract of the finit exhibited antihistamine and antispasmodic activities at a concentration of 10 mg/ml in guinea-pig ileum . The effect of an aqueous soluble fraction of a fruit extract (AF) was investigated in models of systemic and local anaphylaxis. Oral administration of AF 1 hour before injection of compound 48/80, inhibited compound 48/80- induced anaphylactic shock by 100% when AF was administered at doses of 0.01-1.0 g/kg body weight (bw). When the extract was administered 5 or 10 min after injection of compound 48/80, the mortality also decreased in a dose- dependent manner. In addition, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was inhibited by 63.5 } 7.8% after oral administration of the aqueous extract at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw. In vitro, AF, in a concentration range of 0.01-1.0 mg/ml also significantly suppressedcompound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (p < 0.01), and significantly increased production of tumoumecrosis factor-alpha induced by anti-dinitrophenyl IgE .

3.33.a.ii) Antimicrobial activity of 'Hirda' - An aqueous extract of the fruit (concentration not stated) was active against six dermatophytes, namely Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata and C. krusei in vitro . The in vitro antibacterial activity of an extract of the crude drug was assessed in the disc diffusion assay. The extract was active (concentration range 30-500 |ig/disc) against human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella species . A 50% ethanol extract of the fiuit inhibited the growth of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.3 |ig/ml. The effect of ether, alcohol and aqueous extracts

117 of the fruit on Helicobacter pylori was assessed using the agar diffusion method. An aqueous extract of the fruit inhibited the growth of the bacterium with a minimum inhibitory concentration of '125' mg/1 and a minimum bactericidal concentration of '150 mg/l'. Aqueous extracts, at a concentration of '1-2.5' mg/ml, also weakly inhibited urease activity of H. pylori . Treatment with the powdered fruit significantly suppressed murine cytomegalovirus load in the lungs of treated mice compared with mice that received water treatment. Intragastric administration of '750' mg/kg bw per day of the dried fruit increased the body weight of infected mice and reduced the virus yield in the lungs. The fruit showed stronger anti-herpes simplex virus type '1' activity when used in combination wdth acyclovir. When acyclovir and/or the extract were administered to mice by gavage at doses corresponding to those used in humans, the combinations significantly limited the development of skin lesions and/or prolonged the mean survival times of infected animals as compared with that of animals that received either acyclovir or the extract alone (p < 0.01 or 0.05). The combinations were not toxic to mice. The extract reduced virus yields in the brain and skin more than acyclovir alone and exhibited stronger anti-herpes simplex virus type '1' activity in the brain than in the skin, in contrast to treatment with acyclovir alone. A hot aqueous extract of the fruit was active against anti-herpes simplex virus and was also examined for anti-cytomegalovirus activity in vitro and in vivo. The extract inhibited the replication of human cytomegalovirus and murine cytomegalovirus in vifro and inhibited plaque formation of human cytomegalovirus at a median effective concentration of '2.3' |j,g/ml. The anti- cytomegalovirus activities of the exfract were also examined, in immunosuppressed mice. Mice were treated with various doses of cyclosporin, and immimosuppression and murine cytomegalovirus infection were monitored by measuring suppression of antibody production and virus load in the lung. The extract (15 mg/day) was administered intragastrically to mice which had been treated with '50' mg/kg bw of cyclosporin from one day before intraperitoneal infection. Concomitant administration of the extract reduced the viral load in the lung.The effect of a methanol extract of the fruit

118 on 'HIV-l' reverse transcriptase was assessed. The extracts showed significant inhibitory activity with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) D 6 (ig/mlthe inhibitory activity of a hot aqueous extract of the fruit against 'HIV-l' protease was assessed in vitro. The extract inhibited the activity of 'HIV protease at a concentration of '25'|j.g/ml.

3.33.a.iii) Antihyperlipidaemic activity of 'Hirda' - The effect of intragastric administration of an extract of the fruit (500.0 mg/kg bw for 45 days) was investigated in a model of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta were examined histologically and hyperlipidaemia was assessed. Treatment of the rabbits with the extract significantly reduced cholesterol, phospholipids and triglyceride levels as compared with those in control animals (p < 0.05), and reduced atherosclerotic lesions. The effect of an extract of the fhiit on cholesterol-induced "hypercholesterolaemia" and atherosclerosis was investigated in rabbits (. The control group was fed a high- cholesterol diet alone whereas the treatment group was fed both the extract and a high-cholesterol diet. Hypercholesterolaemiawas significantly less (p < 0.001) in the treated group (166 mg/dl) than in the control group (630 mg/dl). Aortic sudanophilia was significantly less after treatment (6%), than in the control group (38%)(p< 0.001). The cholesterol contents of the liver and aorta were significantly less in the treatment group (46 mg/100 g and 28 mg/100 g, respectively), than in the control group (604 mg/100 g and 116 mg/100 g).

3.33. a.iv) Antioxidant activity of 'Hirda' - Various extracts (butanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) and the isolated pure compoimds: casuarinin, chebulanin, chebulinic acid and 'r,'6-di-0-galloyl-n-D-glucose' from the crude drug were investigated for anti-lipid peroxidation, anti superoxide radical formation and free radical scavenging activities in vitro. The results showed that all tested extracts and isolated pure compounds of the crude drug exhibited active to weakly active antioxidant activity at different potencies. Median inhibitoryconcentrations

119 ranged from '0.005-5.39' mg/ml for the extracts and '0.031- 7.27' mg/ml for the pure compounds. The antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract of the crude drug, as estimated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was tested by studyingthe inhibition of radiation-induced Upid peroxidation in rat Hver microsomes at different doses in the range of '100-600' ng/ml. The 'IC50' in this assay was 14.5^g/ml. The extract was also found to restore the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase following radiation-induced damage. The median inhibitory activity of the extract was '11.5' p.g/ml in the 'r,'l- dipheny 1-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay'.

3.33. a.v) Cardiovascular effects of 'Hirda' Fruti - A '90%' ethanol extract of the fruit increased cardiac output and had positive inotropic effects in isolated frog hearts, when added to the bath media at concentrations of'0.3 to 3.0' mg/ml.

3.33.a.vi) Gastrointestinal activity of 'Hirda' - The effect of the dried powdered fruits on gasfrointestinal motility in rats was assessed. The animals were divided into four groups as follows: group 1 (n = 15), normal animals; group 2 (n = 6), rats administered metoclopramide (1.35 mg/kg bw); group 3 (n = 8), rats given atropine (0.45 mg/kg bw). These agents were injected intramuscularly, 30 minutes before the experiment. Rats in group 4 (n = 8) were administered the dried fruits by gavage at a dose of '100 mg/kg/day for 15 days' before the experiment. All rats were then given a test meal of methyl cellulose (1.5%) mixed with phenol red (50 mg/100 ml) orally, and gastric emptying was measured '20' minutes later. Gastric emptying of normal rats (group 1) was fovmd to be 51.6 } '7.79%.' Treatment v^th metoclopramide (group 2) significantlyincreased the gastric emptying (76.33 } 12.37%; p < 0.01) and treatment wdth atropine (group 3) inhibited the motility (gastric emptying 7.26 } 19.76%; p < 0.01). Administration of the powdered crude drug (group 4) increased the gastric emptying (86.57 } 6.65%; p < 0.01). Intragastric administration of the crude drug to rats, at a dose of '1.5 g/1 for 15'

120 days, reduced the number of gastric ulcerations induced by pentagastrin and carbachol.

3.33.a.vii) Immunosuppressive effects of 'Hirda' - Gallic acid and chebulagic acid were isolated from a fruit extract as active chemical constituents that block cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity. Gallic acid and chebulagic acid weakly inhibited the killing activity of a CD8+ CTL clone with an IC50 of 30 |iM and 50 |xM, respectively. Granule exocytosis in response to anti-CD3 stimulation was also blocked by gallic acid and chebulagic acid at equivalent concentrations.

3.34: II Toxicology of 'Hirda' - Dietary administration of the fruit to rats, as '25%' of the diet, produced hepatic lesions which included centrilobular vein abnormalities and centrilobular sinusoidal congestion. Marked renal lesions were also observed, and included marked tubular degeneration, tubular casts and intertubular congestion. A brown pigmentation of the tail and limbs was also observed after '10' days. The median lethal dose of a '50%' ethanol extract of the fruit was '175.0' mg/kg bw after intraperitoneal administration.

3.35: II Contraindications in 'Hirda' - Hypersensitivity or allergy to the plant material.

3.36: II Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility of'Hirda' - Extracts of the fruit are not mutagenic, but have antimutagenic activities in various experimental systems. Aqueous, chloroform and acetone extracts were tested in the Ames histidine reversion assay using TA98 and TAIOO tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium against the direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine and sodium azide, and the indirect- acting promutagen, 2-aminofluorene, in the presence of phenobarbitone-induced rat hepatic S9 enzymes. The chloroform and acetone extractsinhibited mutagenicity induced by both direct-acting mutagens and by S9-dependent

121 mutagens. A significant inhibition of 98.7% was observed with the acetone extract against the revertants induced by the S9- dependent mutagen, aminofluorene, in a co-incubation mode of treatment. The antimutagenic activity of a tannin fraction (TC-E) from the dried fruit pulp of the crude drug was evaluated against two direct-acting mutagens, 4- nitro-o-phenylenediamine and 4 nitroquinoline-N-oxide, and S9-dependent mutagen, 2-aminofluorene, in TA98 and TAIOO strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The results showed that the extract (TC-E) and its fractions were antimutagenic against the S9-dependent mutagen, 2-aminofluorene. The effective concenfrations ranged from 8.9-320 |ig/. The antimutagenicity of aqueous and chloroform extracts of the fruit were determined against two direct-acting mutagens: sodium azide in strains TAIOO and TA1535, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine in TA97a and TA98 sfrains of Salmonella typhimurium, and the S9-dependent mutagen 2- aminofluorene in the TA97a, TA98 and TAIOO sfrains. The aqueous exfract reduced 4-nifro-o-phenylenediamine- as well as 2-aminofluorene- induced his+ revertants, but had no perceptible effect against sodium azide-induced his+ revertants in TAIOO and TA1535 sfrains of S. typhimurium.

3.37: II Dosage forms of 'Hirda'- Crude drug and exfracts.

3.38: II Posology of Hirda' - (Unless otherwise indicated) Daily dosage: 3-9 g of crude drug for decoction in divided doses .Store in an airtight container in a dry place.

3.39: II Active Ingredients in 'Hirda' - Marker constituent: Tannins, chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid. a) Chebulinic acid - R= H b) Chebulagic acid - RR = bond. c) Showing in following figure -

122 HO

(Figure showsw Active Ingredients in 'Hirda')

3.40: II Break-up medicinal plant by their parts UtiUised - About 90% of medicinal plant used by the industries is collected from the wild while over 800 species are used in production by Industry; less then 20 species of plants are under commercial cultivation. Over 70% of the plant collections involve desk ructive harresting because of the use of parts like roots, bark, wood, stem and the whole plant in case of herbs. This poses a definite threat to the genetic stocks and to the diversity of medicinal plants if biodiversity is not sustaining ablyused.

123 Figure-3.1

Break up of medicinal plant by their parts utilized 29%-Roots 16%WholePart 14%Bark 10%Fruits 7%Seeds 6%Steem 6%Leaves 5%Flowers 4%Rhizomes 3%Woods

The figure shows 29.1 Roots, 16% whole part of medicinal plant, 14% Bark, 10% fruits, 7% seeds, 6% stem. 6% Leaves, 5% flowers, 4% Rhizomes and 3% of woods are used in various types of medicinal plants.

3.41: II Seeds of'Hirda'- There are many methods to treat seeds to prercome dormancy. Some of the important ones are described below.

3.41.a) Pretreatment of some important species 'Hirda' - i) The fruit should not be collected from the ree. It should be collected from the ground a soon as it falls on the ground. The seed is depulped and soaked in water for 2-3 days before sowing. ii) Alternate soaking and drying is also effective.^'"

VIII - Seed Technology. Indian Forest Service Report 124 3.42: II Technical information on important 'Hirda' tree species a) Fruit collection season- Jan-Mar b) No of seeds per 1 OOg- 141 -220 c) Pre- sowing seed treatment -Alternate welting and drying d) Sowing season - June- July. e) Germination percent - 60 ' Germination period in nursery (day) - 90

IX - Indian Forest Service Report on seeds technology ; page-27(Ref. ifs.Nic. In / rt / main / courses / seed tech; tsk- medi pdf (application / pdf object)-planning commission nic. In / about us / taskforce / tsk-medi pdf.Govemment of IndaPlanning commissionMarch-2000

125 3.43: II Classification of Medicinal Plants -

Medicinal plants are generally classified on the basis of their growth habit. It may be a tree, shrub, herb, annuals, biennials, tubers, rhizomes and climbers.

Table 3.4

Medicinal Trees

Sr. Common Botanical Name Parts Used No. Name 1 Babul Acacia nilotice Delite Pods, Leaves, Bark, Gum 2 Bael Aegle Marmelos L. Roots, Leaves, Fruit Corr. 3 Neerh Azaflirachta Indica Bark, Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Oil 4 Pal as Butea monossperma Bark, Leaves, Flowers, (Lam) Seed, Gum 5 Gagul Commiphora Resinous Gum mukulEngh J. 6 Olive Olea Europeae Leaves, Oil 7 Arjun Terminalia Arjuan Bark Roxb. 8 Behela Terminalia Bellirica Bark, Fruit Gaertu 9 'Hirda' Terminalia chebula Rtz. Fruits 10 Nagakesar Mesua ferrea L. Blowers, Oil 11 Markingnut Semecarpus and Fruits anacardium L.