Humans and Animals in Refugee Camps

June 2018

Mini-feature Humans and animals in refugee camps

The seven articles in this FMR mini-feature It is available in print in English only. Email explore the roles that animals play in the lives the Editors fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk for print copies or of people who have been displaced. Evidence print your own: www.fmreview.org/economies/ from animal–human interactions in refugee humans-animals-camps.pdf. camps across the world demonstrates the All articles in the mini-feature are also challenges that face both human and animal available individually online in all three populations. Better understanding of their languages in HTML, PDF and (English only) needs and greater cooperation between audio format. humanitarian and animal welfare organisations This mini-feature has been published as part can inform how space is organised, risks are of FMR issue 58 which is available in English, mitigated and relations with host communities Arabic, Spanish and French free of charge. are managed. (Note that the French edition does not include This 16-page mini-feature is available online the mini-feature.) If you would like print copies in English, Arabic and Spanish at of the full issue in any language, please email www.fmreview.org/economies. the Editors at [email protected].

Humans and animals in refugee camps Understanding risk in human–animal Benjamin Thomas White (University of Glasgow) interactions The role of livestock in refugee– Sara Owczarczak-Garstecka (University of Liverpool) host community relations Animal and human health in the Sahrawi Charles Hoots (Cultivating New Frontiers in refugee camps Agriculture) Giorgia Angeloni and Jennifer Carr Working equids in refugee camps (Veterinari Senza Frontiere Italia/VSF International / Patrick J Pollock (University of Edinburgh) University of Glasgow) Sheltering animals in refugee camps A field study of migration and adversity Lara Alshawawreh (Edinburgh Napier University) Derek Robertson (Wildlife artist) 2 relationship. the human–animal on focused specifically has article short one only Review Migration Forced in while animals, to references passing afew only are there Studies Forced Migration and Refugee of Handbook however. Oxford the In limited, remains area this in Research animals’. ‘like treated being are may say they themselves refugees and conditions, squalid for ashorthand as rats mention journalists as when camps, of representations in figure Dadaab,do in Kenya. camels of acamp, as life the in roles cultural and of economic play arange can animals in the path of elephants. path the in put refugees have literally Bangladesh in refugees of Rohingya settlements formal semi- –for example, the for both dangers create can animals wild with interactions being but focuses mostly on livestock. on mostly but focuses being well- refugees’ to of animals importance the roles that animals play in the lives of people in refugee camps. camps. refugee in people of lives the in play animals that roles varied and important the understand to better disciplines, across needed, is research More camps in Algeria, for example. Algeria, in camps of Sahrawi feature architectural a distinctive are markets animal ‘goat and humans: barns’ as well as animals accommodate to need the by shaped often are Camps encampment. of settings in visible particularly is this and displacement of forced experiences human in role important play an Animals camps refugee in animals and Humans history and geography, as well as the geography, the and as well as history architecture, including disciplines from researchers and Refuge Art Without Borders, Agency), Vets Refugee (theUNHCR UN including organisations from practitioners funded by the Wellcome Trust, by the funded of meetings, aseries from emerges feature The take. it might directions of the some suggest topic, and the on research further spur to Second, of contributors. team international of an experiences the on drawing camps, in interactions of human–animal importance and variety the policymakers and for practitioners highlight to First, Benjamin ThomasWhite www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf This special FMR feature has two aims. aims. two has feature FMR special This 4 Practitioner literature highlights highlights literature Practitioner 2 Displaced people’s Displaced Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 3 Animals may Animals 1 6 Domesticated Domesticated between between 5 through zoonotic disease (disease which can for example intertwined, are health animal and health human as begin to place obvious an are approaches medical and Veterinary themes. different many across macro) and to micro (from scales at different needed is research camps, refugee in of people lives the play in animals roles of the understanding For afuller point. astarting only are But they show. here pieces the as cases, contemporary elsewhere. more durably them resettling for and inhabitants human its transporting for both animals, draught and pack more for still caring and involved assembling camp, meanwhile, the close to plans British population. host the and refugees between of friction source akey became over grazing camp.waged Competition work outside the oxen –for 1,000 and men 2,500 as many as –numbering labour animal and of human out teams hiring to flocks own refugees’ the with production dairy commercial from animals, around built were refugees the among activity economic to promote attempts camp. British of the shape and siting the affected refugees the with arrived that animals The sick. of the treatment and isolation with observation, involved close it also for animals, regime veterinary the like of lice; elimination the with arrived, they as started, humans for regime camp’s (lice). The tiny medical and andgoats) cattle), mules, (sheep smaller (horses, large of animals: by thousands Anatolia. from refugees 50,000 nearly accommodated World First of the end War at the forces British occupying Baghdad, where at near Baquba, acamp study: case ahistorical on research Council. Refugee Scottish the with collaboration in place taking group, is reference arefugee with of meetings, strand Asecond sciences. medical and veterinary Many of these issues recur in more more in recur issues of these Many The project has grown out of my own grown has project The 7 The refugees were accompanied accompanied were refugees The June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 relations between all three groups of people and their livestock was key to finding solutions. key to finding was livestock their and people of groups three all between relations the Understanding peoples. nomadic and population local the between relationships existing the disrupting livestock, their with arrived refugees when arose tensions Sudan, South In saw hostilities rekindled in September September in rekindled saw hostilities regions both Sudan’s and independence, way for South the opened that agreement peace the in clarified fully not was states Sudan’sin Kordofan South Blue and Nile regions of border war. However, status the of civil decades after Sudan from separating July 2011, world’s in the country newest became Sudan of South Republic The relations The role of livestock in refugee–host community can that disciplines of different range the indicates migration, of studies scientific in part taken also who has artist by an piece, This connected. closely are migration, of experience the shape and migration, animal and human to contribute that factors environmental shows, the Robertson Derek by article the As environments. natural larger within situated always dynamically are ones, urban even camps, And landscape. surrounding its and itself camp the to enclosures or nearby shelters own their from animals, of their needs the around spaces (or reorganise) organise refugees which ways in the inform will turn in This lives. economic and social refugees’ by, in role their affected be and affect, also it will have –and they impact psychological the influence will animals different of significance cultural outrage. The but an unwelcome just not be home would the adog in others in while ‘a ahouse’,that just adog is home without believe people places some in vary: will matter they how Precisely of humans. health emotional and psychological the in matter how animals much illustrates network our in psychotherapist by aclinical Nepal and Calais in work camps therapy in done art The simply not biomedical. are connections those to Buthumans). animals from transmitted be Charles Hoots June 2018 Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/ University ofGlasgow [email protected] Benjamin ThomasWhite relevance. of are fields which diverse and many of the any in researchers and practitioners from project own of our stage initial this to We would welcome responses subject. of the understanding our to contribute community have sometimes been difficult, difficult, been have sometimes community local outnumbered heavily the with relations refugees’ the state, Upper Nile in Sudan. South in border the across refuge seek to Blue state Nile from goats, and sheep of cattle, of thousands tens with along people, drove nearly 125,000 offensives ground 2011. and bombardment Aerial http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey024 Baquba, Iraq,1918–20’,JournalofRefugeeStudies 7. WhiteBT(2018)‘Humansandanimalsinarefugeecamp: 205708/Z/16/Z]. Award inHumanitiesandSocialScience 2016[award reference 6. ‘Humansandanimalsinrefugeecamps’,Wellcome TrustSeed http://bit.ly/UNHCR-Livestock-handbook-2005 Returnee Situations: A PracticalHandbookforImproved Management IUCN (2005)Livestock-Keeping and Animal HusbandryinRefugeeand www.livestock-emergency.net/resources/download-legs; UNHCR/ Standards (2ndedition)Practical Action Publishing 5. SeeforexampleLEGS(2014)Livestock EmergencyGuidelinesand www.fmreview.org/climatechange-disasters/beirne-keltyhuber migration’, ForcedMigrationReview OUP; BeirnePandKelty-HuberC(2015)‘Animals andforced (2014) TheOxfordHandbookofRefugeeandForcedMigrationStudies 4. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh E,LoescherG,Long K andSigonaN(Eds) Camp, Cox’sBazar Situation, andPossibleIntervention SitesinandaroundKutupalong Survey ReportonElephantMovement, Human-ElephantConflict 3. InternationalUnionfortheConservation ofNature(2018) Refugee Camp,PortobelloBooks 2. Rawlence B(2016)CityofThorns:NineLives intheWorld’sLargest Western Sahara,LarsMüllerPublishers302–303,340–347 1. HerzM(Ed)(2012)FromCamptoCity:RefugeeCampsofthe Living in four camps in Maban County County Maban in camps four in Living www.unhcr.org/5a9946a34 issue49:97–98

, 3 4 this area – number approximately 45,000. approximately –number area this in community host –the people Maban The The peopleandtheiranimals tensions. reduce to groups various the between able forge agreements were to (NGOs) organisations governmental non- and agencies (UN) Nations United however, communities, local and refugee both and government local and State involving efforts Through conflicts. the in role important an playing livestock with also grow a variety of crops on small plots plots small on of crops a variety grow also people Maban member. The of acommunity death or accidental murder event of injury, the in compensation as given be may also cash, to addition in Livestock, wife. prospective of his family the to groom’s by the family payment the in component important an are and emergency, an in or bartered sold for cash be can They roles. important play other animals people, their Maban by the minimally only consumed are products their and livestock day. the Although during scavenge and graze to free are animals cow. one at these least All own households of Maban thirds two about while chickens, up ten to and goats, and sheep pigs, eight to up cattle, six to up four to one typically livestock, some keep families Maban Nearly all villages. as to referred often are what forming of others, anumber to loosely connected group each with homesteads, thatch of mud and groups small in live They Gendrassa refugee camp, South Sudan. South camp, refugee Gendrassa www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps

1 entered South Sudan between November and November and between Sudan South entered Mbororo 2011, hundred afew only perhaps Sudan’s in South independence following situation political uncertain the With survival. for livestock their on exclusively almost but depend people Ingessena and Maban the of ways those to similar in livestock their use Mbororo The then. begin that rains heavy the tolerate do not cattle their May as in north November, in returning season dry the of onset the andat goats sheep cattle, their with County Maban in arrive Mbororo The of grazing. search in Ethiopia neighbouring and Sudan Blue South state, Nile between moving lifestyle, nomadic entirely follow an – population Sudan’s Fulfulde-speaking prestige. of social asymbol and parties, third on inflicted or death injury damages, for compensation awife, of securing means a emergencies, in of cash asource as and occasions, for special meat on and for milk transport, and agriculture in for use animals their on depend Ingessana At home, the Ingessana. the –is them with of livestock numbers large bring to people only the and – group single largest Blue the state, Nile Sudan’s from groups linguistic numerous from come County Maban in refugees the While Maban. of conditions wetter the to unused and long trek the from stressed have to perished, thought is livestock refugee of the up half to year of that end The Mbororo nomads – a subset of –asubset nomads Mbororo The

UNHCR/C Pouilly although by the by the although County, Maban to goats and sheep and 150,000 cattle around 100,000 haveto brought estimated were state Sudan’s Blue Nile from refugees villages. the around and in living livestock by the damage prevent to order in dwellings their from more or akilometre half located are which By mid-2012, By mid-2012, June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 date on vaccinations – than are the local local the are –than vaccinations on date up to them by keeping –notably livestock of their care the in proactive more are generally Mbororo the that recognises population Maban However, local the pass. they which through communities the between diseases infectious of spreading capable are animals, all but, like robust are nomads mobile highly of the animals The arrangements. by long-standing regulated well are communities Maban local and Mbororo the between arrangements Grazing Mbororo: the and community host Maban Sources ofconflict lifestyles. their about rumours but also admiration move freely, about exciting and languages local no other speak often ‘cautious’. themselves, to keep Mbororo The as described best is nomads Mbororo the peopletowards Maban the of attitude general war. The civil long Sudanese the during suffering mutual by their reinforced been has communities these between solidarity the and affinity, have acultural diverse, culturally and linguistically although Sudan, South in County Maban and Sudan of in Blue state peoples Nile indigenous The Sources ofsolidarity and goats. sheep 50,000 and cattle at 50,000 nomads by Mbororo goats; and and sheep 80,000 and cattle at 50,000 Blue refugees Nile pigs; 20,000 by and goats and sheep 40,000 cattle, at 20,000 people Maban by local owned (VSF) Germany estimated livestock numbers refugees. by the owned those to number in comparable were and Maban local of the those outnumbered far still cattle but their normal, 2013, than fewer December many grazing rights in the areas they traverse. they areas the in rights grazing for communities and government local pay also nomads The cattle. additional as well provide, as cannot animals their necessities few those purchase to cash the use and markets local in milk the sell Mbororo The months. dry the during none little or produce cattle own whose however, population, Maban for the of milk June 2018 In March 2014, Vétérinaires sans Frontìeres Frontìeres sans 2014, March In Vétérinaires The Mbororo are an important source source important an are Mbororo The Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 2 www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf 3 the war was over. was war the once way of life their resume to refugees for the it impossible would make disease to animals of these loss the that fact of the acknowledgement in livestock refugees’ on by VSF Germany, implemented focused and for it. blamed invariably were refugees the and increased also livestock of local Theft problem. the aggravated further fuel for trees of down cutting the and feed as use to trees from of branches lopping The animals. of refugee number the with step in increased which of discontent, source another was Maban in water sources and areas grazing livestock of common degradation The shortages. of food risk aserious posed crops of these loss the that meant area the in of farming nature subsistence The communities. Maban of the crops the to livestock refugees’ by the caused damage the proved be to problem immediate and serious most The tensions. created inevitably populations animal and latter’s human large the Blue refugees, Nile the towards population Maban felt by empathy the general the Despite refugees: the and community host Maban unhindered. relatively movement continued their so and lose to important too considered were Sudan South in Mbororo by the paid 2014, late rights least however, grazing the Up at to risk. asecurity as them citing and loyalty political their questioning Sudan, South into Sudan from of Mbororo crossing the of forbidding spoken have occasionally officials Sudanese South independence. Sudan’s of South implications political the are Mbororo for the More ominous unconcerned about the risk of disease. risk the about unconcerned relatively therefore are people local the and communities, refugee the and Maban slaughtered sheep and goats to decrease the the decrease to goats and sheep slaughtered and purchased VSF also programmes. treatment and vaccination animal and clinics medical boreholes, village-level establishing ways, by for example various in done was This refugees. the alongside beneficiaries as population local smaller much the include –to agencies other most –and us motivated of it much legitimate, population, local the My own project, funded by VSF Canada by VSF Canada funded project, My own 5 However, resentment by However, resentment 4

5 6 military environment. When civil war war civil When environment. military and political the in shifts to vulnerable highly are relations such Unfortunately, Conclusion crops. damaged animals whose refugees on fines hefty imposing began communities population. local the among vulnerable most the on meat, focusing the distributed then and these from pressure population conflict with the refugees were minimised. were refugees the with conflict for but occasions nomads the with trade and rights grazing for payments from benefited still communities local and government the while access, their maintained thus Mbororo The Sudan. South into moving when camps refugee of the west well pass to Mbororo the instructed authorities Sudanese South To state. Nile 2013 avoid in problems, the in Blue of fighting units military irregular Mbororo suspect to refugees the led has of Sudan parts various in rebellions quell to militia of local use Khartoum’s by mistrust. characterised are nomads Mbororo the and refugees the between Relations Mbororo: the and Refugees of acrisis. stages early the in priority higher given be should situations livestock refugee/ other in arrangement an such negotiating that suggest outcomes positive The points. watering few waterto at the animals refugee then and animals for local aside set were times owner. Specific animal the on imposed was afine damaged, were crops example,of Newfor Guffa, when village the In areas. these in place put in were protocols resolution Conflict tensions. reduced significantly communities, Maban local the with by agreement for them designated area an in camps, away the from animals the having and this, miss not did families refugee the any,so if little, milk very giving were animals The worked overall. well system The camps. refugee the from 60km as far as located areas grazing populated sparsely afew to herds moved their refugees the by mid-2013 agreement result, by mutual As a damage. crop to related fighting to attributed were deaths 20 human as many www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf Nevertheless, tensions flared and local and local flared tensions Nevertheless, Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 6 As As and the appropriateness of possible solutions. of possible appropriateness the and for conflict potential the understanding to key always be will animals, their and people the between relationship of the awareness informed an involved, including cultures of the Knowledge elsewhere. situations similar in possible be also could County, and Maban in again achieved be could this 2013–14 in Sudan that South hope offers in implemented effectively and found were solutions which with rapidity The them. mitigate to found be can compromises and arrangements well-considered challenge, with fraught is conditions difficult very under equilibrium new a finding and inevitable, are conflict and tensions doubly so. While them makes equation the to livestock adding complex, and are communities theirs. protect to amilitia formed communities local while families, their protect to camps refugee the to returned in state Blue Nile fighting Soldiers herders. livestock of several deaths the and by locals, retaliation subsequent by refugees, animals and of food theft increased triggering at atime, for weeks suspended was camps the to aid Food conflict. unlooked-for into County Maban in communities host and refugees drew soon uncertainties and rivalries renewed 2013, December in Sudan South outbroke in around YusifBatilcamp. 6. Finesamountedtothe equivalent ofover US$1,000per offence http://bit.ly/animalspeoplepathogens02082016 about theMabanrefugeesituation,seeauthor’s blogat 2014; theprogrammeendedin August 2014.Formoreinformation 5. TheauthorworkedinMabanCountyfrom June2013untilMay they arenotinthehabitofvaccinating. have littletono refrigerationcapacitytostore vaccines; asaresult, normal timesarecutofffromsuppliesforhalf ofthe year and good insurancepolicyforthem.LocalMaban populationsin their ownanimals;beingsodependenton cattle,thisisa 4. Thenomadspurchasevaccines mostlyinSudanandvaccinate Maban Countyinthe2012–13dryseason. 3. Thisreportedlytotalledtheequivalent ofUS$5,000across sorcerers. 2. Forexample,theMbororoarewidelyreputedtobeskilled 1. According toSouthSudan’s2008census. Frontiers inAgriculture Livestock Technical Lead,Cultivating New Charles Hoots [email protected] Refugee interactions with host host with interactions Refugee www.cnfa.org June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 welfare organisations for the benefit of displaced people and their working animals. working their and people displaced of benefit the for organisations welfare animal and humanitarian between cooperation for opportunities good offer camps Refugee The Society for the Protection of Animals of Animals Protection for the Society The have to survived. reported were 2,300 around later, only months Eighteen Sudan. Darfur, in camp refugee Shouk Abu the into disaster natural and by war displaced families carried or non-existent. poor may be care veterinary to access their where locations, or other settlements informal camps, refugee to whether displaced, have people been where case the particularly may be This care. of veterinary form any from far live often and care animal about information access to poor too are owners many assets, are face. they challenges the and animals of these needs the quantify to and people displaced with travelling equids working of numbers the determine to things, other among seeking, is project camps’ refugee in animals and ‘Humans The camps. refugee in and people displaced with associated equids of working numbers the about known However,is owners. little date to equid and surgeons veterinary for local training and care of veterinary provision the work includes This globe. the across equids of working welfare and health improve the to working individuals and organisations non-governmental groups, many are There transport. and for agriculture of energy source main its power as animal on reliant is world’s 50% of the a remarkable population that poverty. It estimated of whom in live is many owners, for their income of generating means sole the are cases many in and energy agricultural and transport provide mules (96%). and donkeys horses, working These (98%) mules donkeys 13 and million million (84% worldhorses 41 of the population), 55 million care: by veterinary underserved world are of the that parts –in mules and donkeys –horses, equids working million over 100 are there that It estimated is camps refugee in Working equids Patrick JPollock June 2018 In 2003, approximately 14,000 donkeys 14,000 donkeys 2003, approximately In equids healthy, well-managed While Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf interest in ‘one in health’ interest have acommon and equipment similar use often needs, have similar they together; working to suited well are organisations welfare animal and Humanitarian equids. of working presence the to responding for develop to frameworks and animals fate of these the order understand to in displacement of animal scale the determine of transport or of earning aliving” or of earning of transport means sole their was cases, many what, in lost owners their while death, miserable and unnecessary an died donkeys the agencies, welfare animal and aid humanitarian between collaboration “For of better want Tess Sprayson noted, veterinarian as Shouk, how it But be. to perhaps ought at Abu is which humans, to place second take Sudan. in reported that as such situations manage better to published have been or protocols few,guidelines any, if specific To feed. to of access date lack through died (SPANA)Abroad 84% had that estimated return home, return to likely less are they livestock their lose acamp. have reached owners their after equids fate of working the about known is little world. the Furthermore, in anywhere camps refugee or to from travel to either used equids of working numbers the on However,exist data little survived. very camp Shouk Abu the in animals remaining the and care, veterinary basic fodder and SPANA provide to Darfur, In intervened camp. outside the afuture to lifeline critical few examples of this; examples few very To are environment). the there date and for people, animals health optimal attain –to globally and locally, nationally – working disciplines of multiple effort veterinary and animal welfare agencies agencies welfare animal and veterinary for opportunity agreat represent camps In resource-limited settings, animals animals settings, resource-limited In Since it is recognised that once refugees refugees once that recognised it is Since 2 it is time to undertake work to undertake to time it is 4,5 3 however, refugee however, refugee (the collaborative (the collaborative 1 – and a –and 7 8 of equids and other animals in need of need in animals other and of equids presence the flag to personnel veterinary non- would allow that tools screening simple development of simple. The relatively be should number and presence their recording identifiable, readily are equids since and year each flee to forced of people number the tracks Agency, Refugee UNHCR, UN of the Section Support Coordination and Field Information The increased. also has animals of affected number the that assume to logical seems world the today, in people itdisplaced diseases. of zoonotic control and management prevention, for the policies and systems surveillance vaccines, medicines, methods, diagnostic shared tools, screening of evaluation and development, integration the to extend might Co-operation animals. their and people displaced of benefit the long-term for adifference make to animals for transportation, security and and security for transportation, animals who use people services, other and feed or provide products or animal animals who sell those for pastoralists, whether livelihoods, to human contribution significant a provide Animals aliving. of making for ways searching start people time but in organisations support on heavily have rely to may refugees of emergencies, stages initial continue to benefit from this interaction. this from to benefit continue to people displaced for order in account greater into needs animals’ to take need managers and planners Camp displacement. in lives people’s many in role important an play Animals after settling into their new shelters. new their into settling after soon animals trading and buying start will or camps the to them with animals their welfare. that to contribute animals –but priority the of course is of humans welfare The response. initial the during neglected also are cases most but in support of long-term lack a from only not suffer however, camps, refugee in Animals support. long-term planning is response emergency in challenges key of the One camps refugee in animals Sheltering Lara Alshawawreh www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf With an unprecedented number of number unprecedented an With In most emergencies, refugees will bring bring will refugees emergencies, most In Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 1 In the the In Edinburgh Senior LecturerinEquine Surgery, University of Patrick JPollock [email protected] them. upon heavily so rely that people the and for animals, of population forgotten this for benefits welfare considerable offer to potential the has intervention veterinary http://bit.ly/Zinsstag-Lancet-2005 strengthen healthsystems’,TheLancet,Vol366(9503):2142–5 ‘Potential ofcooperationbetween humanandanimalhealthto 5. ZinsstagJ,SchellingE,WyssKandMahamatMB(2005) The BMJ,330:858www.bmj.com/content/330/7496/858 4. Alder MandEastonG(2005)‘Humanveterinary medicine’, http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/157/22/673 interconnected globalcommunity,’Veterinary Record157,673–679 3. GibbsEPJ(2005)‘Emergingzoonoticepidemicsinthe Lexington Books Confronting theMilitary-AnimalIndustrialComplex Nocella A J,SalterCandBentleyJK(Eds) AnimalsWar: 2. Andrzejewski J(2013)‘War: Animals inthe Aftermath’ in http://bit.ly/InPractice-SpraysonT-2006 disaster relief’,InPractice 1. SpraysonT(2006)‘Taking thelead:veterinary intervention in for both their health and human health. human and health their for both essential is that support veterinary the and land, grazing and water to points access as such –aspects animals for sheltering appropriateness its ensure to considered be to need or settlement camp the to relating of aspects Anumber need. animals that care the provide to important very is organisations support and government host the community, host the refugees, between Cooperation banks. to of access absence the in capital financial of storing away as used even are Animals income. or for food animals on dependent are who or simply families activities, cultural the materials they are given for their for their given are they materials the sacrificing of refugees Examples camps. in life new their establishing in animals of importance the understand Refugees Key considerations www.ed.ac.uk , 28:1,p50 , Lanham, Md: June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 being vaccinated to prevent spread of disease. of disease. spread prevent to vaccinated being after shelters communal put were in livestock surviving The earthquake. 2005 the following response emergency Pakistan the from comes organisation external by an provided shelters aconcern. is safety animal where areas in necessary may be doors shelter lockable location; structures’ by their affected also is animals of the safety The cold climates. with areas in used be should structures well-sealed while essential, are shade and ventilation good climates, hot In animals. the for sheltering decisions human. to animal from of disease transmission as such –risks shelters human to of animals proximity close of the health human to risks potential the against balanced be should This access. easy and of secure sake for the shelters human the to close be should shelters animal ‘vulnerable’, the then more considered usually individuals are members family these If animals. of the care for taking responsible who are members family of those status gender, health age and animals. of their location the regarding preferences owners’ consideration into taking settlements, successful for creating crucial is information This species. animal certain with in dealing taboos and rules specific have do communities not; some others while plots, household their inside animals their keep to prefer Some animals. their with interaction their regarding norms cultural solutions. practical securing in elements important are stakeholders all with cooperation avenues for good establishing and management good occupy. Pre-planning, animals their and they land over the haveno longer control people displaced internally and Refugees by Cyclone Aila. 2009 in displaced 2009, Bangladeshis in and returnees Kenya’s in camp,refugees Dadaab Afghan –include theft and weather, predators extreme from protection provide – to shelters animal build to shelters own June 2018 One of the few examples of livestock of livestock examples few of the One the design affect conditions Climate the consider to important It also is refugees’ is consider to aspect Another concern. afrequent are rights Land Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf additional spaces within shelters. within spaces additional do require not they camp, since the in allowed animals only the are birds there, allowed to build additional constructions; not are residents Jordan, in refugees Syrian for camp largest next camp, the Azraq built purpose- In for them. shelters build to and have to animals residents allows grown, has camp the as overlayout time have altered materials. affordable and available few of the –two and/or canvas sheets corrugated using shelters own their to or adjacent close shelters animal have built Residents goods. and people for transporting used are horses and Donkeys companionship. perhaps and income, and for food kept are Chickens Syria. in back birds keep to used residents of the many of home, as camp’s asense provide market at the bought birds caged residents, many For space. living their into of animal species different bring of howexample refugees shelters. for livestock technique construction earthquake-resistant an –as straw and of clay, ‘cob’ sand introduce –amixture to established was programme anew and Donkey shelter built by Za’atari camp residents. interventions. livestock evaluating and implementing for designing, guidelines and standards published has (LEGS) project Standards and Guidelines Emergency Livestock The Recommendations combination of factors. There needs to be be to needs There of factors. combination or a and/or time, of funding shortage existence, of their of awareness lack from whether emergencies, in widely used not Lara Alshawawreh Za’atari camp, whose structure and and Za’atari structure camp, whose arecent provides Jordan Za’atari in camp 2 Unfortunately, these are are these Unfortunately, 9 10 social factors as well as by individuals’ by individuals’ as well as factors social and environmental political, of cultural, by acombination shaped are inequities health in refugee camps. refugee in animals with associated of hazards sources potential the mapping to approach one offers Whitehead and 1991 by Dahlgren poor. generally is camps refugee within by animals posed risks of the understanding and of risk, asource be can humans and of animals a home. However, proximity close into ahouse what turns –is culture Syrian in – abird such because bird asinging on income monthly of their part asubstantial spend to prepared are Jordan in camps in refugees For example, Syrian life. of normal a marker as serve can and identity cultural preserve how best to mitigate these risks. these to mitigate best how and interactions byhuman–animal incurred risks potential the of also but people displaced of lives the in animals of importance the of only not understanding better to be needs There comfort, of psychological asource be also can Animals investment. an as or kept sold or exchanged be can which acommodity and of food source a are They well-being. people’s and health improve can camps refugee in Animals human–animal in interactions risk Understanding for done animals’ be can that pre-planning level of The settlements. within problems of health possibility the reduce will skills. construction necessary have the already will many and design, preferred the as well as animals, own for their shelters appropriate build to needed materials the know They animals. of the owners the and space of the users the are –they themselves people the consult to is disasters after animals and humans to aid of LEGS. application practical the enhance how on to users end the consulting time same at the stakeholders, workersaid and organisations, to standards and guidelines the introduce to effort concerted a more Sara Owczarczak-Garstecka www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf A public health model published in in published model health A public Constructing appropriate animal shelters shelters animal appropriate Constructing way appropriate provide to best The 1 can potentially help refugees to to help refugees potentially can 2 The model shows model how The Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps programme depends also on aspects such as as such aspects on also depends programme of avaccination (as success herds the within of diseases outbreaks preventing entirely in may suffice not alone example, vaccination For area. this have in they that of expertise degree the and ground the on are agencies which on depend will interactions animal of human– management the of effectiveness the and health, animal and human on impact have an will aspects these All camps. support and run that organisations of the policies the built) –and are camps the where and displaced who is (including animals their movement and of people global the dictate that fighting and wars –the climate political national and international the is scenario this level in widest At the Political/organisational environment: access the resources needed for recovery. to ability their and illness an experience how they also and animals with contact in who is individual an to risks the both influence factors These attributes. www.napier.ac.uk Built Environment, EdinburghNapierUniversity PhD candidate, SchoolofEngineeringandthe Lara Alshawawreh [email protected] them. with interacting from benefit to continuing while safety in animals their with co-exist to camps refugee in people help displaced will needs shelter and health animals’ their to relating issues all of awareness However, owners’ raising community. host the with cooperation and emergency of the nature the on depend will displacement in requirements shelter 2. www.livestock-emergency.net alongside thehumanneeds. evidence abouttheneedforanimalsheltershastendedtoemerge 1. Theauthor’s researchfocusesprimarilyonhumansheltersbut June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 engage in behaviours which could reduce reduce could which behaviours in engage to is aperson how likely shape could and family, and community immediate by the influenced also are of vaccinations, efficacy of perception as such animals, around animals. handling to linked injury of physical risk the and diseases infectious of of arange risk the alter could turn in This consumed. and prepared meat is how their by whom, and and killed are how animals influence religion and tradition culture, For example, risk. to a person’s exposure environment: Social people. to diseases of certain transmission and population animal the to diseases of risk the increasing sanitation, poor in may result for animals spaces designated of suitable, Lack accommodation. human by transforming often poultry, of keeping ways own their developed example, people for Jordan, in camp Za’atari In refugee camps. of refugee design the into factored seldom is of animals presence The interactions. human–animal in level of risk the on impact susceptible. are populations animal local which to diseases carry or may themselves have no immunity they which to diseases new to exposed be may owners their with flee that population. mosquito the boosted which of blood, source easy an with mosquitos provided livestock the as of malaria prevalence greater experienced livestock, more with camps and animals, with who arrived Families disease. the to no immunity had Pakistan in arriving refugees war, the Soviet-Afghan the to prior programme control malaria asuccessful run had Afghanistan As malaria. encourages which waterlogged terrain, marginal on situated were of Pakistan boarder western 1990 early the on in established camps refugee Afghan For instance, of risk. burden the to contribute can itself camp of the setting the and travel people which through environment: Physical risk. reduce but it can programme) vaccination of the timing coverage and the June 2018 Attitudes and beliefs about practices about practices beliefs and Attitudes have an also can environment built The 3 More broadly speaking, animals animals speaking, More broadly Social factors shape shape factors Social Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps The environment environment The www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf comprehensive guidelines, checklists and and checklists guidelines, comprehensive (LEGS) provides Standards and Guidelines Emergency Livestock risk, such how assess to on policies existing are there level. Although individual level, or at the management and construction design, camp at the of camps, location about making level of decision the at whether mitigated, be could risks these how determine to and migration of forced context the in interactions human–animal (and benefits) of map risks systematically to used be above could outlined model The for livestock. care to tend men whereas goats) poultry and and sheep (such as ruminants for small responsible be to likely more are girls women and cultures, many in For instance, risk. their modify to likely are on so and health gender, age, personality, aperson’s Meanwhile, poses. animal this that risk the to contribute also will handling to habituation and species/breed temperament, animal’s individual dogs may bite. An and kicked, or being due crushing to of injury risk of cows adds the to Presence for humans. arisk may become of tapeworm types certain for example, humans, to and other each to proximity close in kept are livestock dogs and camp; where the in kept of animals range the on is dependent risk of profile The risk. same the may pose not circumstances normal in which tuberculosis) or brucellosis (like cattle by carried diseases certain to susceptible more may be animals and humans of stress, people.Under periods prolonged and animals of immunity the compromise to likely is environment camp the and evacuation with linked Stress attributes: Individual by animals. caused or illness injury an from improve recovery and animal of an loss of the impact the reduce also could support recently. Social arrived who only or isolated who is someone than readily help more able access to be may therefore family extended an with acamp in living Individuals risk. help reduce to could which access resources – such as care – veterinary order on) to so in and contacts information, (for networks finance, social their on rely to may need aperson addition, In risk. 11 12 response. emergency an of stages different during livestock protecting to related ‘decision trees’ livestock and poultry. and livestock on primarily focusing again areas, similar covers which husbandry animal and keeping livestock on ahandbook developed also has b) provide space for small-scale cultivation. b) for small-scale space provide and malaria like diseases of animal-borne risk the may increase environment the where areas a) should sites avoid planned that but suggest for animals of space for provision guidelines doexplicit offer not Standards Planning broadly, the involvement of veterinary broadly, involvement of veterinary the may nearby). live More which or birds dogs, (such cats as well as camps in live that animals other with interactions in risks identifying include to need models the crucial, is livestock keeping in risk assessing While detection. disease in trained communities animal-keeping local and organisations non-governmental veterinary veterinarian professionals, international local include could for animals assessments health and Counting management. risk in step first the is camps refugee near and human and animal populations, and therefore responses must benefit both. benefit must responses therefore and populations, animal and human byboth faced are desert Algerian the in camps refugee Sahrawi the in challenges Health at approximately 173,600at refugees. approximately population camp the (UNHCR) estimates Agency Refugee UN later, the years Forty camps. refugee in settling Algeria, into border the crossed of people thousands Sahara, Western Spanish former the in 1975. in conflict Following Sahrawis of the displacement mass since cities de to facto camps from have grown and of Tindouf settlement Algerian the to close situated are camps refugee Sahrawi The camps refugee Sahrawi the in health human and Animal has a unique set of circumstances and and of circumstances set aunique has Giorgia AngeloniandJennifer Carr www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf Surveillance of animals that live in in live that of animals Surveillance Each case of mass forced displacement displacement forced of mass case Each 4 The UN Refugee Agency, Refugee UNHCR, UN The 5 UNHCR’s Camp Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 1

6 http://bit.ly/UNHCR-camp-planning 6. UNHCRCampplanningstandards(plannedsettlements) http://bit.ly/unhcr-livestock-handbook-2005 Refugee andReturneeSituations 5. UNHCR(2005)Livestock-Keeping and Animal Husbandryin www.livestock-emergency.net 4. Livestock EmergencyGuidelinesandStandards http://bit.ly/Rowland-Nosten-2001 Tropical MedicineandParasitology control inrefugeecampsandcomplexemergencies’, 3. Rowland MandNostenF(2001)‘Malariaepidemiology http://bit.ly/Dahlgren-Whitehead-1991 promote socialequityinhealth’,InstituteforFuturesStudies 2. DahlgrenGandWhiteheadM(1991)‘Policiesstrategiesto https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01612.x Well-Being’, JournalofSocialIssues 1. Wells DL(2009)‘TheEffectsof AnimalsonHumanHealthand www.liverpool.ac.uk/risk-and-uncertainty University ofLiverpool Health andInstitute for RiskandUncertainty, PhD candidate, EpidemiologyandPopulation [email protected] Sara Owczarczak-Garstecka animals. for the care medical basic and water, of food, shelter provision the and education may include which responses, local coordinating and needs basic assessing with help could settlements refugee running and up setting planning, in professionals Cross Societies mission in June 1977, June in mission for Societies Cross of Red ALeague agencies. by humanitarian conducted assessments needs and reports official in noted often it is indeed ignored; not is of animals presence The for humans. – provided are care medical and sanitation water, food, shelter, protection, response; of the form the shape distress acute in of people needs The concerns. –human that namely are concerns humanitarian the crisis of time at the community, humanitarian international of the perspective the from However, challenges. health resulting

95(8) , 65(3)

June 2018 Annals of

FMR 58 FMR 58 environment. inhospitable by the least not constrained, practices remained pastoralist for mobile opportunities 2000s by the and refugees by the transported were animals few displacement, mass initial the during the main problems present in the camps camps the in present problems main the of One established. not were systems food quality higher produce to mechanisms so alike, agencies international and refugees the by temporary be to intended were camps The problems. nutritional widespread counter to struggling is diet, of a diversification on than calories on mainly based basket in a food reflected camps, the in status emergency chronic the that have suggested population Sahrawi of the studies Recent The roleofanimalsinhumannutrition mid-1970s the 1980s. early in and process new afairly being sedentarisation with encampment, a nomadic in life with experience) or recent more (from childhood familiar were exile in refugees Sahrawi most of meat diets. to addition occasional the enabled that increase –an year previous over the camps Sahrawi the in of animals numbers the in increase an example, reported responses led by the refugees themselves. refugees by the led responses of new creation for the opportunities provides However, practices. it also these constrains and disrupts camp refugee of the sedentarism enforced any and practices by nomadic only guaranteed is desert the in survival supported non- fact, In aid. international on dependent largely them leaving self-sufficiency, of food hope the of population the deprives desert of the middle the in camp refugee June 2018 Alice Wilson’s research suggests that Life in a in Life

A veterinary clinical visit, Saharawi refugee camp. refugee Saharawi visit, clinical A veterinary

VSF Italia/Germano Cassina Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps 2 However, However, www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf these are pressing challenges, not helped by helped not challenges, pressing are these age, women of reproductive 45% among and children 39% as among high as camps the in rates anaemia With women. nursing and and pregnant fiveof age under years children among malnutrition moderate acute and stunting reduce to and of anaemia, treatment and improve to prevention working is (WFP) World the and Programme Food malnutrition, acute severe with of children numbers reduce to interventions leading age. is UNHCR women of childbearing in of anaemia prevalence increasing the is today also goats and sheep) in refugee camps lies lies camps refugee sheep) in and goats also but (camels, of livestock importance the so for sale, of camels numbers large raise to opportunities limited are there means pasture of suitable Alack camps. refugee the to close pasturelands in life of their part spend camels while waste, organic domestic with exclusively almost fed are sheep and Goats camps. the in present are camels 80,000 and sheep and goats About 80,000 camps. of the problems nutritional the help address can and proteins of animal availability the increases by refugees breeding identity. Animal cultural of their ahallmark be to continues and Sahara Western the in survival their enabled for centuries has livestock their aid, food on long underserved. been has population the Despite the Sahrawis’ overall dependence dependence overall Sahrawis’ the Despite – also suggests that that suggests – also Energy Biscuits. Energy High as such interventions of supplies inadequate and rations diminished to lead can which funding insecure in official statistics statistics official in given 90,000 the than higher far of over 170,000 – apopulation be to there found which 2018 assessment, UNHCR’s March of results the Furthermore, 3

13 14 surveying the dominant zoonoses, dominant the surveying been supervising slaughter procedures, has camps, the in operators of 24 Saharawi now composed Directorate, 1996, aVeterinary Since health. human and animal possible best the ensure to system veterinary alocal needs enrichment. and diversification diet for solution sustainable a offers and micronutrients, and macro other and iron C, vitamin proteins, in rich very being nutrition, animal and human both for benefits wide-ranging has conditions, dry extremely in able grow to source, leguminous This ’70. Africa (VSF) and Italy Frontières Sans Vétérinaires (NGOs) including organisations non-governmental by several supported example, one is desert Hammada the in oleifera Moringa above-mentioned place. The take projects refugee-initiated Several passive. from far is population refugee the and skills, organisational and tolerance religious resilience, for their culture. of local part not are systems the since context local the in difficult is which maintenance need and deterioration to susceptible are transportable, easily not are systems These camps. outside the from sources energy non-sustainable and of investment levels higher require but they production food in increase aprovisional may provide hydroponics as such projects More high-tech oleifera Moringa tree of the of plantations creation The camps. leave the they if them with learn they skills the take can refugees and or lowtechnology, little require should camps the in diets derived livestock- and insufficient) currently is (which production livestock support to feeding animal for self-sufficiency. opportunities increase to contribution potential its in predominantly Rift Valley fever, echinoccosis, rabies and and rabies Valley fever, echinoccosis, Rift resources is strong. Brucellosis, tuberculosis, maximise and capacities stretch to alike refugees and NGOs among desire but the limited may be Resources diseases. infectious of prevention the on working and practices management animal of good awareness raising smallholders, to assistance clinical www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf The presence of a large number of animals of animals number of alarge presence The renowned are refugees Sahrawi The improved for projects establish Attemptsto Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps is one such project. project. such one is plantations plantations 4 giving giving animals. 4. Zoonosesarediseases whichcanbetransmittedtohumansfrom http://bit.ly/WFP-Algeria-2017 3. WFP(2017) Algeria CountryBrief, August 2017 18 (1):38–60.DOI:10.3197/np.2014.180104 camp andnomadicencampmentmeet’, 2. Wilson A (2014)‘Ambiguities ofspaceandcontrol:whenrefugee 2018 http://bit.ly/UNHCR-Algeria-2018 1. UNHCR(2018)OperationalUpdate: Algeria, 1January–31March Broglia for theirinput into thisarticle. thankSaraDiLelloandAlessandroThe authors www.gla.ac.uk PhD candidate, University ofGlasgow Jennifer Carr www.vsf-international.org and Vice-president,VSF International Network www.veterinarisenzafrontiere.it Veterinari SenzaFrontiere Italia Giorgia Angeloni research. further topic abroader merits as camps refugee within animals and of humans roles the and case, exceptional an are camps refugee Sahrawi The themselves. refugees and the NGOs between as as well NGOs, different between collaboration effective stimulate and resources limited order maximise to in health, animal and human both accommodate to need systems health camp the and consideration, into challenges livestock take to needs basket food of the Areview camps. refugee Sahrawi of the those as such circumstances exceptional to response a offer holistic and populations animal and human both benefit cats. and people both in toxoplasmosis, causes that parasite the to specific antibodies of incidences high have shown cats and people Sahrawi with conducted studies Recent animals. domesticated fully than dogs rather and cats free-roaming mainly are animals these although of infection, asource be also can pets livestock; to limited not is animals with associated Disease camps. refugee the of population human the supports centres health six with infrastructure dispensary and ahospital infrastructure, veterinary the Alongside care. health providing NGOs and medical by veterinarians effort acollaborative in addressed be must which zoonoses, major of the some are toxoplasmosis Approaches such as Moringa production production Moringa as such Approaches [email protected] [email protected] Nomadic Peoples

June 2018

FMR 58 FMR 58 affect human displacement. affect and trigger that issues of complexity same the reflect can birds of journeys migratory The had a different character and focus. In Jordan, In Jordan, and focus. character adifferent had Each Calais. in camp ‘the Jungle’ in children for unaccompanied events engagement art held and UK the in events welcoming at refugee- for families activities art organised overleaf], [see image Jordan in schools refugee come. to for generations in live we will societies and what are who we define will displacement and change of climate issues world. intertwined How the we address our to happening be what might indicate to birds the to look ecologists systems, complex these In stress. environmental and social further cause turn in of which – all refugees of movements large and conflict change, climate between draw alink studies complex but academic are issues The concern. of grave be could that environment the in changes to points this change, birds of the or migration populations the If indicators. environmental important are they that is birds have in ecologists that interests of the One birds. the and places people, the saw: the what I Isketched and volunteers to and locals to refugees, to Ispoke my travels On East. Middle the to Mediterranean the through Europe, and UK the through I travelled drawn. had I that birds the as of flight lines same the taking order survive, to in refuge seeking now people were Here birds. migratory sketched and watched Ihad where places same the as islands these Irecognised and ashore, came people desperate as islands Mediterranean on beaches from 2015In reports Iwatched Africa. into down right Arctic the from journeys migratory their of studies scientific in helped and them I have sketched migrations. their behaviour, their song, their shapes, abstract by their by them: fascinated Iam birds. painting places beautiful and wild my days in spend to privileged I am A fieldstudy of migration and adversity Derek Robertson Derek Robertson June 2018 During my travels, I taught art classes in in classes art my Itaught travels, During of ayear, course Subsequently, over the Humans andanimalsinrefugeecamps www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf www.creativepastures.com/migrations Wildlife artist [email protected] Derek Robertson address. to we need that challenges shared of the and humanity of ashared appreciation provoke to people’s an to helping emotions, directly appeal it can And afresh. ordinary at look the people makes away that in ideas together bring can Art minds. their close often people about, think to hard be can that topics move to onwards. try which from and shelter could they where edgelands scrubby in together brought birds and people Ifound roads, between ground marginal or edges park ground, waste on pitched camps unofficial in sitting Iwas when and them room for little offered made landscape man- and atended that found Both points. provisioning established cover or from through travelling edge of mountains, the skirting crossing, shortest the geography: to according travelled often people and birds Both birds. exhausted of smaller, of prey birds by predation the and individuals unfortunate of ensnarement the including comparisons, other were there borders, and of seas crossing their but in counterparts migratory human, their constrained that fences the over flying birds migrating see to It poignant was them. drew –and out for Ilooked birds camps, the around and draw to in down Isat when so always birdwatching are (and artists) bird needed. they help or services what clothes, see to volunteers charity the with conversation in youngsters distrustful very engage helped that events Iheld Calais in and belonging; and of ‘home’ asense indicate could awall on paintings welcome where and of engagement asense help to provide Iwanted UK, the in society; patriarchal avery in girls women and for identity,development and especially for personal possibilities show to the I tried In a world where we are challenged by aworld challenged In we are where birdwatchers which to adegree is There

15 Derek Robertson

What Colour Are The Wheatears? Wildlife artist Derek Robertson visited and interviewed Syrian, Palestinian and Iraqi refugee families who had settled in Jordan. He held a series of art classes for Syrian schoolchildren at a refugee school where he talked about his artwork and the links between artwork, environment, animals and the people who live and work in the landscape. “The children called out the names of the colours for me in Arabic – which are scribbled into the sketches. Later that day, we drove through the desert and I sketched migratory and resident species of wheatears.” The population of Jordan has doubled in recent years and over-extraction of water has led to oasis towns reverting to desert. The effect has been measured immediately in a dramatic change in breeding bird populations and the consequences on migrating birds which now have to try to cross larger areas of arid ground. Inviting responses This mini-feature emerges from the ‘Humans and animals in refugee camps’ project, which is supported by a Wellcome Trust Seed Award in Humanities and Social Science 2016 [award reference 205708/Z/16/Z]. The mini-feature aims to highlight for practitioners and policymakers the variety and importance of human–animal interactions in camps, drawing on the experiences of an international team of contributors, and to spur further research on the topic. The authors welcome responses to this initial stage of the project from practitioners and researchers engaged in any of the many relevant fields. An email address, at which authors may be contacted, is included with each article. For more general queries about the project, please email the project coordinator, Benjamin Thomas White, at [email protected]

www.fmreview.org/economies/humans-animals-camps.pdf

Cover image: Camels bred in Sahrawi refugee camps. VSF Italia/Pierangelo Casale