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Rose Lamartine-Yates and the Wimbledon WSPU: Reconfiguring Suffragette History

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Rose Lamartine-Yates and the Wimbledon WSPU: Reconfiguring Suffragette History Rose Lamartine-Yates and the Wimbledon WSPU: Reconfiguring Suffragette History from the Local to the National. Alexandra Victoria Elizabeth Hughes-Johnson Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Royal Holloway, University of London September 2017 Declaration of Authorship I, Alexandra Hughes-Johnson hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it, is entirely my own work. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is clearly stated. Signed: Date: 20th September 2017. 2 Abstract This doctoral thesis examines the suffragette movement in Wimbledon and the suffrage and political career of Rose Lamartine-Yates, the organising secretary of the Wimbledon branch of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU). By focusing on the Wimbledon WSPU, a branch that has been described as one of the most successful (prosperous) branches of the WSPU, this thesis will move the focus of consideration away from the WSPU’s national leadership, and London-centric organisation, towards the branch, where the majority of suffrage campaigning and individual political and feminist development took place.1 Initially the research project constructs a local suffrage history of Wimbledon by examining what daily life and activism was like at branch level for the individuals who sustained Wimbledon’s local suffrage organisations. Although the thesis focuses predominantly on the daily life and activism of WSPU women, demonstrating how the Wimbledon WSPU operated as an individual branch that initiated their own developments and took part in a vast range of militant activities, the thesis also considers the ways in which Wimbledon’s local suffrage campaign was sustained by other suffrage organisations. These include; the London Society for Women’s Suffrage (LSWS), the Wimbledon, Merton and Tooting Men’s Federation for Women’s Suffrage (MFWS) and the Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS). In addition to this, the thesis moves on to explore the relationship between health and suffrage by examining the ways in which different types of militancy affected the 1 Krista Cowman, “The Stone-Throwing Has Been Forced Upon Us’: the function of militancy within the Liverpool WSPU 1906-1914,” Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 145 (1996): 176. 3 physical and psychological health of suffrage activists. Furthermore, by reflecting upon the significance of supportive friendships and networks, the research project demonstrates the ways in which suffragettes and suffragette sympathisers, within Wimbledon and beyond, used their homes as centres for refuge and recuperation from 1908-1914. The final part of the thesis moves, to some extent, away from Wimbledon’s suffrage activity and with Rose Lamartine-Yates as its focus, considers instead, daily life after the WSPU. By exploring the responses of Rose and the Wimbledon Union to the First World War and the cessation of militant activism, the research demonstrates that Rose’s suffrage story and political career did not end when the WSPU disbanded in 1914. By examining Rose’s involvement in the establishment of the wartime organisation, The Suffragettes of the WSPU, her role as a London County Councillor from 1919 and also her contribution to the Suffragette Fellowship Collection, the thesis demonstrates the centrality of Rose to every cause and organisation that she chose to support and establish and argues that although the fight for enfranchisement was a extraordinarily important part of Rose’s life and political career, it alone, did not define her. 4 For my Pa, I hope you would have been proud of this. 5 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Abbreviations 9 Acknowledgements 11 Chapter 1: Introduction, Methodologies and Historiographies 14 1.1: Introduction 14 1.2: Consultation of Primary Sources 25 1.3: Methodologies 31 1.4: Historiographies 46 Chapter 2: Rose Lamartine-Yates and the Wimbledon WSPU 75 2.1: The Birth and Infancy of the Women’s Suffrage Movement in Wimbledon 76 2.2: Wimbledon and the Press: The Emergence of Rose Lamartine-Yates 88 2.3: ‘How I Became a Suffragist’: Rose Lamartine-Yates’ Journey into Suffrage 93 2.4: ‘A Month in the Common Gaol for the Faith’: The Birth of a Suffragette 110 2.5: The Daily Life of Activists within the Wimbledon WSPU from 1908-1910 116 and the Impact of Changing Levels of Militancy Chapter 3: The Daily Life of Activists within the Wimbledon WSPU 138 and the Impact of Changing Levels of Militancy in Wimbledon from 1911-1913 3.1: From Compton Hall to Wimbledon Common 139 6 3.2: ‘Sex Must Schedule’: The Wimbledon WSPU and the 1911 Census 142 3.3: The 1911 Conciliation Bill and the Impact of the Manhood Suffrage Bill 154 on Local WSPU Activism 3.4: Arson, Violence and the Fight for Free Speech in Wimbledon 172 3.5: The First Guard of Honour: Rose Lamartine-Yates and the Death of Emily 181 Wilding Davison Chapter 4: Health and Suffrage in the Wimbledon WSPU and Beyond: 188 The Impact of Daily Activism and Imprisonment on Militants’ Health 4.1: The Health Consequences of Daily Activism Outside of Prison 189 4.2: The Health Consequences of Imprisonment 199 4.3: The Campaign for Political Prisoner Status and the Health Effects of 207 Hunger Striking and Force Feeding 4.4: From Dorset Hall to Eagle House: The Role of Friendship and Supportive 218 Networks in Sustaining the Health of Suffrage Activists 4.5: The Role of Suffragette Retreats and Hospitals in the Recuperation of 227 Suffragette Prisoners Chapter 5: The Wider Suffrage Picture: Other Suffrage Organisations in 239 Wimbledon 5.1: The Wimbledon Branch of the London Society for Women’s Suffrage 240 5.2: The Wimbledon Church League for Women’s Suffrage 271 5.3: The Wimbledon, Merton and Tooting Men’s Federation for Women’s Suffrage 279 7 Chapter 6: Daily Life After the WSPU, 1914-1918 288 6.1: From Omonville-la-Rouge to Wimbledon: The Declaration of the Great War and its Impact Upon the Local Militant Campaign for Suffrage 290 6.2: From Suffragette Shop to WW1 Soup Kitchen: The Transformation of 293 9 Victoria Crescent 6.3: ‘Reunite Without Delay’: Rose Lamartine-Yates and The Suffragettes of 297 the WSPU 6.4: ‘No Vote No Register’: Suffragette Opposition to National Registration Day 311 6.5: The Final Report on the Commission for Venereal Disease 313 6.6: ‘The Elusive Conference’: The SWSPU’s Final Offensive 320 Chapter 7: ‘Here Indeed One Can Say, This Life Has Been Lived Abundantly’: 326 Rose Lamartine-Yates, 1919-1954 7.1: Equal Pay, Public Housing and Nursery Education: Rose Lamartine-Yates: 327 Councillor for North Lambeth 7.2: Memorialising the Suffragette Campaign: Rose Lamartine-Yates and 342 the Women’s Record Room Chapter 8: Conclusion 351 Appendices 357 Bibliography 367 8 Abbreviations Actresses Franchise League (AFL) Central Society for Women’s Suffrage (CSWS) Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS) Cyclist’s Touring Club (CTC) East London Federation of the WSPU (ELF) East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS) Electoral Fighting Fund (EFF) Independent Labour Party (ILP) Independent WSPU (IWSPU) Liverpool Women’s Suffrage Society (LWSS) London County Council (LCC) London Society for Women’s Suffrage (LSWS) Men’s Federation for Women’s Suffrage (MFWS) Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage (MLWS) Men’s Political Union (MPU) National Society for Women’s Suffrage (NSWS) National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) Suffragettes of the Women’s Social and Political Union (SWSPU) United Suffragists (US) Votes for Women (VFW) Wimbledon Boro’ News (WBN) Wimbledon and Merton Radical Association (WMRA) Women’s Freedom League (WFL) Women’s Liberal Association (WLA) 9 Women’s Party (WP) Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) Workers’ Suffrage Federation (WSF) 10 Acknowledgements The notions behind this Ph.D thesis were conceived during my final year as an undergraduate student at Keele University, as I studied the militant career of a fascinating woman, Rose Lamartine-Yates. I had encountered Rose while exploring the friendship network of Emily Wilding Davison and I owe my sincere thanks to Professor Karen Hunt for encouraging me to look beyond Emily and consider the suffrage career of a lesser-known activist. This however, is not the only reason that I have Karen to thank. As an undergraduate and masters student I was a shy and uncertain teenager. By introducing me to the world of women’s and gender history, Karen’s advice, encouragement and expertise inspired me to pursue a doctoral degree and I cannot thank her enough for the way in which she nurtured me as masters student and helped to frame my Ph.D proposal. I am forever indebted to her and feel incredibly privileged to have had her as a mentor and now as a friend. I am similarly indebted to Royal Holloway University who funded this research and also to Dr Alex Windscheffel for agreeing to supervise this Ph.D. Alex has been a fantastic supervisor and I cannot thank him enough for the attention, constructive criticism and kindness that he has shown me over the last four years. Alex is one of the most considerate and warm-hearted people that I have had the privilege to meet and he is a credit to the History department at Royal Holloway. Additionally Dr Stella Moss and Dr Dawn Gibson’s advice during my upgrade viva has undoubtedly helped to bring out the best and most important aspects of my thesis and I thank them for their questions and recommendations. Outside of my own institution I would also like to thank Dr Zoe Thomas, Dr Noami Paxton, Lyndsey Jenkins and Elizabeth Crawford, all of whom have taken the time out of 11 their busy schedules whether that be to offer a friendly face at academic conferences and seminars, give feedback on chapters, or to give advice and share their own knowledge on suffrage history with me.
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