DOCSLIB.ORG

Developmental Evolution of the Progamic Phase in Nymphaeales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Developmental Evolution of the Progamic Phase in Nymphaeales University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2011 Developmental Evolution of the Progamic Phase in Nymphaeales Mackenzie Lorraine Taylor University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Evolution Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Mackenzie Lorraine, "Developmental Evolution of the Progamic Phase in Nymphaeales. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1031 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Mackenzie Lorraine Taylor entitled "Developmental Evolution of the Progamic Phase in Nymphaeales." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Joseph H. Williams, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Edward E. Schilling, Randall L. Small, Andreas Nebenfuhr Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION OF THE PROGAMIC PHASE IN NYMPHAEALES A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Mackenzie Lorraine Taylor May 2011 DEDICATION To my grandma: Vera Lorraine Stevens Holmes (1921 – 2011) Who inspires me to be a strong, independent, creative woman and who, above all, loved me. And to my grandma: Hazel Aileen Hagadorn Taylor (1906-1994) Who let me water her cacti and climb her trees and whose (very thorny) rose bushes I encountered in one of my very first interactions with the botanical world. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my advisor, Joe Williams, for allowing me the freedom to pursue my own interests and giving me the guidance to reach my goals. I also wish to express my gratitude to the members of my committee, Ed Schilling, Andreas Nebenführ, Randy Small, and Taylor Feild for their assistance, motivation, and positive feedback. I thank the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology for steadfast intellectual and financial support during my tenure at the University of Tennessee and I extend great thanks to Ken McFarland for maintaining greenhouse water tanks and for numerous illuminating conversations. I would like to thank several of my colleagues for their friendship, encouragement, and intellectual stimulation: Audra Galasso, Patrick Hudson, Steve Furches, Dwayne Estes, John Beck, Susan Farmer, Ed Lickey, Annie Becker, Lawong Balun, Michelle Smith, and Lisa Cantwell. I especially thank the past and present members of the Williams’ Lab, Matt Valente, Tatiana Arias, Nicholas Buckley, Matt Heard, and Jason Abercrombie, for making the last few years a lot of fun and for being there to lend a hand (or a shoulder to cry on). I also owe special thanks to Jeffrey M. Osborn at The College of New Jersey for his continued collaboration and commitment to my professional growth. I thank all those who have helped me in the field or lab: James Parker, Ralph McNeilage, Matt Lettre, Andrew Moffat, Kathryn Smith, Cyndi Rossini, and Andrew Herget. I was very fortunate to have excellent help while carrying out my work. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Robyn Bowles, Rich Robinson, Roger Hearn, and especially to Terry McFarlane at the Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation office in Manjimup, whose logistical support made my work with Trithuria possible, and whose incredible hospitality made it tremendously enjoyable. They opened up their labs, homes, and community to me and I will always be thankful for that experience. I also thank the Government of Australia Department of Environment and Conservation for issuing the required collection permits (SL008272, SL008694, CE002100, CE002511) and the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts for issuing the export permits (WT2008-3749, WT2009-4196) necessary to complete this work. I would like to acknowledge David Brewster at the Tennessee Valley Authority for help me locate Cabomba populations and Ed Schneider at the University of Minnesota for information about tropical water lilies, as well as several photographs. The following sources provided funding for my dissertation work: The National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship [2006-2009] and Dissertation Improvement Grant [DEB 0910171]), The Botanical Society of America Graduate Student Research Award (2008), and the University of Tennessee (Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Summer Research Award [2006, 2008, 2009, 2010]; the Hesler Fund; and the AJ Sharp Fund [2006]). Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Jim and Janice Taylor, as well as the rest of my family for their love, support, and understanding. iii ABSTRACT The period between pollination and fertilization, or the progamic phase, is a critical life history stage in seed plants and innovations in this life history stage are hypothesized to have played an important role in the diversification of flowering plants. Over the course of this dissertation research, I investigated programic phase development in Nymphaeales (water lilies), an ancient angiosperm lineage that diverged from the basalmost or next most basal node of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree and that is represented in the oldest angiosperm fossil record. I used field experiments and microscopy to document pollination biology, breeding system, and reproductive developmental traits in two families of Nymphaeales: Cabombaceae (Brasenia, Cabomba) and Hydatellaceae (Trithuria). Nymphaeales exhibits considerable variation in reproductive traits and true carpel closure, wind-pollination, and a primarily selfing breeding system have arisen independently in the lineage. Pollen tube pathway length, timing of stigma receptivity, and pollen tube growth rates are conspicuous traits that have undergone considerable modification in concert with shifts in pollination biology and breeding system. Post-pollination developmental processes in Nymphaeales appear to experience selective pressures similar to those experienced by more derived angiosperms and to evolve in similar ways. Nymphaeales also exhibits traits, such as accelerated pollen tube growth, callosic pollen tube walls, and the formation of callose plugs, that are almost certainly plesiomorphic in angiosperms and may have facilitated modification of carpel structure and progamic phase ontogenies. The finding that pollen tube traits that underlie developmental flexibility were already in place before the divergence of Nymphaeales supports the hypothesis that innovations in male gametophyte development were instrumental in facilitating early angiosperm diversification. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Chapter I: Introduction to the progamic phase and Nymphaeales........................................1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................2 The Progamic Phase................................................................................................................2 Early-Divergent Angiosperm Lineages....................................................................................4 Nymphaeales as a Study System .............................................................................................5 Goals of the Dissertation Research..........................................................................................8 Literature Cited.....................................................................................................................10 Appendix 1 ...........................................................................................................................14 Chapter II: Consequences of pollination syndrome evolution for post-pollination biology in an ancient angiosperm family.................................................................................................17 Abstract ................................................................................................................................18 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................18 Methods................................................................................................................................21 Results ..................................................................................................................................26 Discussion.............................................................................................................................33 Conclusion............................................................................................................................44 Literature Cited.....................................................................................................................45 Appendix
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cabomba Caroliniana Global Invasive
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba caroliniana System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Common name fanwort (English), Carolina water-shield (English), Carolina fanwort (English), Washington-grass (English), fish-grass (English), Washington-plant (English), cabomba (Portuguese, Brazil) Synonym Similar species Cabomba furcata, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum Summary Cabomba caroliniana is a submerged perennial aquarium plant that grows in stagnant to slow flowing freshwater. It spreads primarily by stem fragments and forms dense stands that crowd out well- established plants. C. caroliniana may clog ecologically, recreationally or economically important water bodies and drainage canals. Depending on its location (ie: drinking water supply or small closed water body) it may be managed by a number of control techniques including mechanical removal (being careful not to spread fragments to new locations) and habitat modification to increase shading (via planting trees) or decrease hydration (via draining). view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description C. caroliniana is fully submerged except for occasional floating leaves and emergent flowers (Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage 2003). The roots grow on the bottom of water bodies and the stems can reach the surface. Parts of the plant can survive free-floating for six to eight weeks. It is a perennial, growing from short rhizomes with fibrous roots. The branched stems can grow up to 10m long and are scattered with white or reddish-brown hairs. The underwater leaves are divided into fine branches, resulting in a feathery fan-like appearance. These leaves are about 5cm across and secrete a gelatinous mucous which covers the submerged parts of the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Ascarina Lucida Var. Lanceolata
    Ascarina lucida var. lanceolata COMMON NAME Kermadec Islands Hutu SYNONYMS Ascarina lanceolata Hook.f. FAMILY Chloranthaceae AUTHORITY Ascarina lucida var. lanceolata (Hook.f.) Allan FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No Hutu. Photographer: Bec Stanley ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE ASCLVL CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 26 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS Hutu. Photographer: Bec Stanley 2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: IE, OL PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: IE, OL 2004 | Not Threatened BRIEF DESCRIPTION Small bushy tree of upland Kermadec Islands. Leaves narrow and tapering to a narrow tip and with coarse black- tipped teeth on margins. Flowers in clusters of spikes. Fruit small, white. DISTRIBUTION Endemic. Kermadec Islands, Raoul Island only. HABITAT One of the characteristic trees of the wet forests of Raoul Island which are mostly found above 245m. However, in the ravines this tree may extend down to almost sea level. In the wet forest it is mostly a subcanopy tree which co- associates with Coprosma acutifolia, Pseudopanax kermadecensis, Melicytus aff. ramiflorus and on occasion Boehmeria australis subsp. dealbata. Occasionally, such as on the ridge lines and crater rim it may form part of the forest canopy. FEATURES Glabrous gynodioecious tree up to 15 m tall. Trunk up to 500 mm diameter. Bark greyish-white. Branchlets slender, striate, initially pale green maturing dark green to emerald green. Interpetiolar stipules conspicuous, comprising 3 1.2-2.6 mm long pale pink to red, filaments; these connate near base, behind which are 3-6 smaller hyaline filaments. Petioles up to 15-20 mm long, lamina subcoriacous, somewhat fleshy, 50-100 × 10-30 mm, green, emerald green to dark green above, paler beneath, serrations weakly pigmented, pink to pale maroon often fading into pale pink spotting, narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate, lanceolate- oblong to narrowly elliptic, acuminate to acute.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Anatomy of Ascarina (Chloranthaceae) and the Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition
    ALISO 12(4), 1990, pp. 667-684 WOOD ANATOMY OF ASCARINA (CHLORANTHACEAE) AND THE TRACHEID-VESSEL ELEMENT TRANSITION SHERWTN CARLQUIST Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Department of Biology, Pomona College Claremont, California 91711 ABSTRACT Quantitative and qualitative features are presented for 13 collections of 8 species of Ascarina. Wood anatomy is maximally primitive in most respects; moderate exception occurs in the imperforate tracheary elements, which range from tracheidlike (A. solmsiana) to fiber-tracheids (septate in two species). Perforation plates are scalariform, average more than 100 bars per plate, and have bordered bars. Even more significantly, portions of the primary walls in perforations characteristically fail to dissolve; these pit membrane portions range from nearly intact (much like the pit membranes in pits on end walls of tracheids of vesselless dicotyledons) to remnant strands or flakes. Dissolution of pit membranes in perforations is apparently inhibited by deposition of resinlike substances in some species; the rugose surfaces formed by these deposits may account for a report of vesturing on vessel walls of Ascarina. Axial parenchyma is diffuse, with only very small expressions of diversification; apotracheal banded parenchyma is, however, present in A. swamyana. Wood of Ascarina is highly mesomorphic. With age of plant, vessels increase in diameter, vessel elements and fiber-tracheids increase in length, and rays become wider and have a higher proportion of procumbent cells; uniseriate rays decrease in abundance. The implications of wood anatomy data on generic distinctions within the family and on the systematic position of Chloranthaceae will be examined when monographs on woods of the other genera have been completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic
    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Evolution of Plant and Insect Interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket a Dar, Gh
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(3): 304-311 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Pollination and evolution of plant and insect interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket A Dar, Gh. I Hassan, Bilal A Padder, Ab R Wani and Sajad H Showket A Dar Parey Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar, Jammu Abstract and Kashmir-India Flowers exploit insects to achieve pollination; at the same time insects exploit flowers for food. Insects and flowers are a partnership. Each insect group has evolved different sets of mouthparts to exploit the Gh. I Hassan food that flowers provide. From the insects' point of view collecting nectar or pollen is rather like fitting Sher-e-Kashmir University of a key into a lock; the mouthparts of each species can only exploit flowers of a certain size and shape. Agricultural Science and This is why, to support insect diversity in our gardens, we need to plant a diversity of suitable flowers. It Technology, Shalimar, Jammu is definitely not a case of 'one size fits all'. While some insects are generalists and can exploit a wide and Kashmir-India range of flowers, others are specialists and are quite particular in their needs. In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate to form pollen tubes that transport male gametes (sperm cells) to the egg cell in the Bilal A Padder embryo sac during sexual reproduction. Pollen tube biology is complex, presenting parallels with axon Sher-e-Kashmir University of guidance and moving cell systems in animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Common Native & Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska
    Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska Cover photographs by (top to bottom, left to right): Tara Chestnut/Hannah E. Anderson, Jamie Fenneman, Vanessa Morgan, Dana Visalli, Jamie Fenneman, Lynda K. Moore and Denny Lassuy. Introduction to Common Native & Potential Invasive Freshwater Plants in Alaska This document is based on An Aquatic Plant Identification Manual for Washington’s Freshwater Plants, which was modified with permission from the Washington State Department of Ecology, by the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University for Alaska Department of Fish and Game US Fish & Wildlife Service - Coastal Program US Fish & Wildlife Service - Aquatic Invasive Species Program December 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ x Introduction Overview ............................................................................. xvi How to Use This Manual .................................................... xvi Categories of Special Interest Imperiled, Rare and Uncommon Aquatic Species ..................... xx Indigenous Peoples Use of Aquatic Plants .............................. xxi Invasive Aquatic Plants Impacts ................................................................................. xxi Vectors ................................................................................. xxii Prevention Tips .................................................... xxii Early Detection and Reporting
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Limnophila Sessiliflora. Pag
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Limnophila sessiliflora Limnophila sessiliflora System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Common name Asian marshweed (English), ambulia (English), limnophila (English), shi long wei (Chinese) Synonym Hottonia sessiliflora , (Vahl) Terebinthina sessiliflora , (Vahl) Kuntze Similar species Cabomba caroliniana Summary Limnophila sessiliflora is an aquatic perennial herb that can exist in a variety of aquatic habitats. It is fast growing and exhibits re-growth from fragments. Limnophila sessiliflora is also able to shade out and out compete other submersed species. 2-4,D reportedly kills this species. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description L. sessiliflora is described as an aquatic, or nearly aquatic, perennial herb with two kinds of whorled leaves. The submerged stems are smooth and have leaves to 30mm long, which are repeatedly dissected. Emergent stems,on the other hand are covered with flat shiny hairs and have leaves up to 3cm long with toothed margins. The emergent stems are usually 2-15cm above the surface of the water. The flowers are stalkless and borne in the leaf axis. The lower portion (sepals) have five, green, hairy lobes, each 4-5mm long. The upper portion is purple and composed of five fused petals forming a tube with two lips. The lips have distinct purple lines on the undersides. The fruit is a capsule containing up to 150 seeds (Hall and Vandiver, 2003). In the course of studying Limnophila of Taiwan, Yang and Yen (1997) describe L. sessiliflora. Descriptions and line drawings are provided. Notes Hall and Vandiver (2003) state that, \"L.
    [Show full text]
  • Etude Sur L'origine Et L'évolution Des Variations Florales Chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) À Travers La Morphologie, L'anatomie Et La Tératologie
    Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie : 2019SACLS126 : NNT Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l'Université Paris-Sud ED n°567 : Sciences du végétal : du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 29/05/2019, par Felipe Espinosa Moreno Composition du Jury : Bernard Riera Chargé de Recherche, CNRS (MECADEV) Rapporteur Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (DCPS) Rapporteur Catherine Damerval Directrice de Recherche, CNRS (Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon) Présidente Dario De Franceschi Maître de Conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CR2P) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, Université Paris-Sud (ESE) Directrice de thèse Florian Jabbour Maître de conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (ISYEB) Invité Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie Remerciements Ce manuscrit présente le travail de doctorat que j'ai réalisé entre les années 2016 et 2019 au sein de l'Ecole doctorale Sciences du végétale: du gène à l'écosystème, à l'Université Paris-Saclay Paris-Sud et au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Même si sa réalisation a impliqué un investissement personnel énorme, celui-ci a eu tout son sens uniquement et grâce à l'encadrement, le soutien et l'accompagnement de nombreuses personnes que je remercie de la façon la plus sincère. Je remercie très spécialement Florian Jabbour et Sophie Nadot, mes directeurs de thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Yixian Formation in Northeastern China
    An early infructescence Hyrcantha decussata (comb. nov.) from the Yixian Formation in northeastern China David L. Dilcher*†, Ge Sun†‡, Qiang Ji§, and Hongqi Li¶ *Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; ‡Research Center of Paleontology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China; §Geological Institute of Chinese Academy of Geosciences, Beijing 100037, China; and ¶Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD 21532 Contributed by David L. Dilcher, April 16, 2007 (sent for review November 10, 2006) The continuing study of early angiosperms from the Yixian For- about half their length. Each carpel containing 10–16 anatrop- mation (Ϸ125 Ma) of northeastern China has yielded a second early ous ovules/seeds borne along an adaxial linear placentae. angiosperm genus. This report is a detailed account of this early flowering plant and recognizes earlier reports of similar fossils H. decussata (Leng et Friis) Dilcher, Sun, Ji et Li comb. nov. from Russia and China. Entire plants, including roots, stems, and Synonymy. S. decussatus Leng et Friis, 2003, 2006. branches terminating in fruits are presented and reconstructed. Emended Description. Plant erect, 20–25 cm tall, with predomi- Evidence for a possible aquatic nature of this plant is presented. nately alternate branching of 30–45°, rarely ternate branching The relationship of Hyrcantha (‘‘Sinocarpus’’) to the eudicots is three to four times (Fig. 1A). Main axis 2.2–2.5 mm wide and discussed. The presence of this second early angiosperm genus, lightly striated alternate branches 1–1.2 mm wide. Lower now known as a whole plant, is important in the discussion of its branches with dilated nodes ensheathed by a thin ocrea (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Vicariance, Climate Change, Anatomy and Phylogeny of Restionaceae
    Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (2000), 134: 159–177. With 12 figures doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0368, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Under the microscope: plant anatomy and systematics. Edited by P. J. Rudall and P. Gasson Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae H. P. LINDER FLS Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Cutler suggested almost 30 years ago that there was convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae in the distinctive culm anatomical features of Restionaceae. This was based on his interpretation of the homologies of the anatomical features, and these are here tested against a ‘supertree’ phylogeny, based on three separate phylogenies. The first is based on morphology and includes all genera; the other two are based on molecular sequences from the chloroplast genome; one covers the African genera, and the other the Australian genera. This analysis corroborates Cutler’s interpretation of convergent evolution between African and Australian Restionaceae. However, it indicates that for the Australian genera, the evolutionary pathway of the culm anatomy is much more complex than originally thought. In the most likely scenario, the ancestral Restionaceae have protective cells derived from the chlorenchyma. These persist in African Restionaceae, but are soon lost in Australian Restionaceae. Pillar cells and sclerenchyma ribs evolve early in the diversification of Australian Restionaceae, but are secondarily lost numerous times. In some of the reduction cases, the result is a very simple culm anatomy, which Cutler had interpreted as a primitively simple culm type, while in other cases it appears as if the functions of the ribs and pillars may have been taken over by a new structure, protective cells developed from epidermal, rather than chlorenchyma, cells.
    [Show full text]