Orientalización Del Mundo a Través De La Cultura Hallyu Y La Construcción De Marca

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Orientalización Del Mundo a Través De La Cultura Hallyu Y La Construcción De Marca 203 Orientalización del mundo Leonor Cremayer Mejía Orientalización del mundo a través de la cultura Hallyu y la construcción de marca. Caso de estudio Lee Min Ho Leonor Cremayer Mejía1 Universidad La Salle Ciudad de México RESUMEN Parte del éxito del fenómeno surcoreano Hallyu se debe a la creación asertiva de marca de cada uno de sus talentos artísticos, a los cuidados procesos de producción de sus productos de entretenimien- to, a los nuevos medios de comunicación, y a la participación y el trabajo en redes que hacen los fans. Lee Min Ho es una de las figuras más populares del Hallyu, por ello es un caso para analizar desde la perspectiva documental y de campo. La intención es aportar información con miras a con- solidar una línea de investigación en torno a los estudios sobre la orientalización del mundo. Palabra clave: globalización, orientalización, Hallyu, marca, Lee Min Ho ABSTRACT Part of the success of the South Korean phenomenon Hallyu is due to the assertive brand creation of each one of its artistic talents, the careful production of its entertainment products, the new mass media and the participation in social networks made by the fans. Lee Min Ho is one of the most popular figures in Hallyu. It is important to analyze him from a conceptual and in field perspective. The intention is to provide information with views to consolidate a line of research around studies about the orientation of the world. Keywords: globalization, orientalization, Hallyu, brand, Lee Min Ho 1 Maestra en Educación Superior, académica en la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Comunicación en la Universidad La Salle Cuidad de México. Correo electrónico: [email protected] Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación CONEICC, número XXIV, 2017, pp.203-221 204 Orientalización del mundo Leonor Cremayer Mejía ENTRE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN Y LA la globalización no es sólo el dominio de Occi- ORIENTALIZACIÓN dente sobre el resto; afecta a Estados Unidos La globalización es una categoría de análisis igual que a otros países (Giddens, 2007, p. 5). recurrente, incluso para algunos desgastada, sin embargo, si alguien tiene intención de La globalización tiene varios rasgos dis- acercarse a comprender el mundo contempo- tintivos, uno de ellos, el que interesa en este ráneo no puede ignorarla puesto que la globa- texto, es que las tecnologías de información y lización tiene impacto en la vida cotidiana y en comunicación juegan un papel de vital impor- los hechos que suceden a nivel mundial. No es tancia, pues el efecto mediático que de ellas aventurado decir que prácticamente en todos deriva ejerce una poderosa penetración cultu- los campos y en todos los países se ha tenido ral que se manifiesta en: el predominio e im- aproximación con la noción, por lo tanto el posición del inglés como lengua universal, el concepto forma parte de las agendas de inves- uso del dólar, el consumo internacional de tigación. algunas marcas y la adquisición de pautas cul- La globalización como concepto rector turales y patrones de comportamiento desen- de análisis, se ha aplicado a innumerables ob- cadenados por la industria y los contenidos de jetos de estudio, debido a su persistencia, entretenimiento principalmente manufactura- puede que en algunas ocasiones se presente dos en Estados Unidos. con poca claridad y en otras provoque postu- Giddens también habla de los fenómenos ras en su contra. Hablar de globalización im- de colonización a la inversa, por ejemplo, la plica analizar al mundo desde la occidentaliza- presencia de culturas que al parecer son mino- ción y más específicamente desde la norte- ritarias ante la dominación de la globalización americanización. pero que surgen e impactan a otros países y a Giddens refiere que: otras culturas, incluso a la norteamericana. Para Giddens la globalización es motivo del La globalización está reestructurando nuestros nacimiento de identidades locales en distintas modos de vivir, y de forma muy profunda. Está partes del mundo. dirigida por Occidente, lleva la fuerte impronta No obstante lo anterior, la visión es unilate- del poder político y económico estadounidense y ral si se toma en cuenta que la colonización ac- es altamente desigual en sus consecuencias. Pero tual se da únicamente en un sentido, por tanto, Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación CONEICC, número XXIV, 2017, pp.203-221 205 Orientalización del mundo Leonor Cremayer Mejía ver a la globalización como un proceso en una académica y el concepto se usa para designar a sola dirección, es parcial; recientemente en el instituciones que desde la antropología, la so- mudo se están presentando otros procesos de ciología, la historia o la filología enseñan, es- hibridación cultural protagonizados, por ejem- criben o investigan de manera general o espe- plo, por la industria del esparcimiento asiática; cífica sobre el Oriente. caso concreto de este estudio, Corea de Sur. A los estudiosos sobre el Oriente se les La investigación siempre está en constan- llama orientalistas y lo que hagan o investi- te movimiento y otras miradas de análisis guen se conoce como orientalismo. Para algu- también pueden alternar en los escenarios y en nos investigadores este término resulta autori- los temas de discusión académica, por ejem- tario e impreciso y por eso ciertos especialistas plo, la noción de la orientalización del mundo. prefieren adherirse al campo de “Estudios El Oriente no es un imaginario, es parte orientales” o “estudios de áreas culturales”; no de la civilización. El orientalismo representa y obstante lo anterior, el ámbito del orientalis- exhibe desde una perspectiva cultural e ideo- mo está presente en el mundo académico y de lógica una forma de discurso sostenido en la investigación a través de sus doctrinas y algunas instituciones, un vocabulario, imáge- tesis acerca del Oriente y lo oriental. El orien- nes, estilos de enseñar, doctrinas, burocracia y talismo es una forma de discurso. formas coloniales. Said dice que: En contraste, el conocimiento que Esta- dos Unidos posee sobre el Oriente, al parecer El orientalismo se puede describir y analizar co- es menos profundo; sin embargo, los conteni- mo una institución colectiva que se relaciona con dos japoneses, coreanos e indochinos están Oriente, relación que consiste en hacer declara- visibilizando lo oriental de forma más acadé- ciones sobre él, adoptar posturas con respecto a mica. Cabe destacar que el incremento de la él, describirlo, enseñarlo, colonizarlo y decidir expansión política y económica de Estados sobre él: en resumen, el orientalismo es un estilo Unidos a Asia también ha favorecido la aper- occidental que pretende dominar, reestructurar y tura y conocimiento de la región. tener autoridad sobre Oriente (Said, 2008, p. 21). Hablar de orientalismo refiere a múltiples aspectos interrelacionados entre sí. La acep- El fenómeno Hallyu está teniendo una ción más aceptada sobre orientalismo es la presencia más constante en los foros académi- Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación CONEICC, número XXIV, 2017, pp.203-221 206 Orientalización del mundo Leonor Cremayer Mejía cos, en este sentido se convierte en un objeto Un claro ejemplo de lo anterior es la re- de estudio desde la mirada del orientalismo. ciente entrega de los Billboard Music Awards Es interesante explorar otros marcos teóricos 2017, en donde el grupo de K-Pop BTS ganó para abordar temas de análisis que son una el premio al Mejor Artista en Redes Sociales realidad y que las referencias recurrentes de por haber logrado 300 millones de votos. En- estudio dan una interpretación sesgada. Los tre los nominados al premio se encontraban fenómenos de comunicación producidos en Justin Bieber, Selena Gómez, Ariana Grande y Asia abren la puerta para configurar una co- Shawn Mendes. munidad de orientalistas. Dal Yong Jin (2016), en su texto New korean wave. Transnational cultural power in the age ACERCAMIENTO AL FENÓMENO of social media, aporta la siguiente descripción HALLYU sobre el Hallyu: Se conoce como fenómeno Hallyu, cultura Hallyu u ola coreana (korean wave) al efecto provocado A principios del siglo XXI, la cultura popular co- por diversos contenidos de entretenimiento reana se ha convertido en una sensación global. producidos en Corea del Sur; entre ellos se Muchas formas de cultura, incluyendo programas encuentran el K-Cine, el K-Pop y el K- de televisión, películas, música, y animaciones Drama. Algunas de sus características princi- han entrado en el mercado cultural de occidente. pales son: ser grandes y costosas produccio- Incluyendo América del Norte y Europa. Mien- nes, tener temáticas innovadoras, ser distri- tras que la influencia de la cultura occidental, in- buidas por medios de comunicación tradicio- cluyendo las películas de Hollywood, continúa en nales y hacer uso de los nuevos medios, parti- mercados culturales no occidentales, las indus- cularmente las redes sociales y las plataformas trias culturales coreanas, han expandido la expor- digitales. Otro de los rasgos distintivos es que tación de su cultura a diferentes partes del mun- los fans tienen una intensa participación y ac- do. Los medios de comunicación; y redes sociales tividad en redes sociales, lo cual hace que el como Facebook y las que tienen contenido apor- impacto del fenómeno haya llegado a los luga- tado por los usuarios como YouTube, han jugado res más lejanos y haya tenido los efectos me- un papel muy importante ya que son las principa- nos pensados. les plataformas usadas por la cultura coreana po- pular. La cultura popular coreana está al alcance Anuario de
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