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Volksreligion Im Spiegel Der Zivilgesellschaftstheorie: Gottbegrüßungsprozession in Shanghai Während Der Republikzeit

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Volksreligion Im Spiegel Der Zivilgesellschaftstheorie: Gottbegrüßungsprozession in Shanghai Während Der Republikzeit Volksreligion im Spiegel der Zivilgesellschaftstheorie: Gottbegrüßungsprozession in Shanghai während der Republikzeit Von der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig angenommene D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Zhejun, YU geboren am 5. 1. 1979 in Shanghai, China Gutachter: .....Prof. Dr. Hubert Seiwert....... .....Prof. Dr. Christoph Kleine..... Tag der Verteidigung: .....8. Juli 2010...... 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorbemerkung und Thematisierung: Zivilgesellschaft und volksreligiöse Feste in China............................................................................................................................10 2. Zivilgesellschaftstheorie im abendländischen Kontext ........................................17 2.1. Terminologie: Einblick in den Zivilgesellschaftsdschungel...................17 2.2. Das Problemfeld......................................................................................19 2.2.1. Zivilgesellschaft - Staat....................................................................19 2.2.2. Zivilgesellschaft - Privatsphäre........................................................21 2.2.3. Zivilgesellschaft - Ökonomie...........................................................22 2.3. Zwei Ansätze der Zivilgesellschaftstheorien ..........................................23 2.3.1. Der Analytisch-deskriptive Ansatz ..................................................23 2.3.2. Der Idealistisch-präskriptive Ansatz................................................24 2.4. Merkmale der Zivilgesellschaft ..............................................................26 2.5. Modelle der Zivilgesellschaft .................................................................30 2.5.1. Das Trennungsmodell ......................................................................31 2.5.2. Das Oppositionsmodell....................................................................33 2.5.3. Das Öffentlichkeitsmodell ...............................................................34 2.5.4. Exkurs: Habermas’ Öffentlichkeitstheorie.......................................35 2.5.5. Das Unterstützungsmodell...............................................................39 2.5.6. Das Partnerschaftsmodell.................................................................40 2.5.7. Die globale Zivilgesellschaft ...........................................................41 3. Zivilgesellschaftsdiskussion im chinesischen Kontext.........................................43 3.1. Die „Modern China Debate“...................................................................44 3.1.1. Rowe ................................................................................................45 3.1.2. Rankin..............................................................................................47 3.1.3. Wakeman..........................................................................................48 3.1.4. Huang: The Third Realm .................................................................49 3.1.5. Fazit..................................................................................................49 2 3.2. Die chinesische Diskussion.....................................................................52 3.2.1. Ma Min: Die „Keim-These“ ............................................................52 3.2.2. Die Diskussionsrunde in Lishi Yanjiu (历史研究)...........................53 3.2.3. Fazit..................................................................................................55 4. Religion und Zivilgesellschaft ..............................................................................58 4.1. Zaret: Religion als Habermas’ „blinder Fleck“.......................................58 4.2. Casanova: Religion und Demokratisierung ............................................59 4.3. Zivilgesellschaft und Demokratisierung.................................................61 5. Operationalisierung der Fragestellung..................................................................64 5.1. Zusammenfassung des Forschungsstandes.............................................64 5.2. Die Gefahr des idealistisch-präskriptiven Ansatzes................................66 5.3. Zivilgesellschaftstheorie als Idealtypus im Weberschen Sinn ................67 5.4. Die ungelösten Fragen und der Nutzen der Zivilgesellschaftstheorie ....69 5.5. Volksreligiöses Fest als Indikator der chinesischen Gesellschaft ...........73 6. Einführung in die Gottbegrüßungsprozession in China........................................75 6.1. Etymologie und Sprachgebrauch ............................................................77 6.2. Arbeitsdefinition .....................................................................................80 6.3. Prozession als das Kennzeichen der kommunalen Religion...................81 6.3.1. Die Problematik des Begriffs „Volksreligion“.................................81 6.3.2. Ein Vier-Ebenen-Modell..................................................................85 6.3.3. Die kommunale Religion Chinas.....................................................88 6.4. Die kosmologische Ordnung...................................................................91 6.5. Die Gottbegrüßungsprozessionen in den Provinzen Chinas...................93 6.6. Gesetzliche Verbote in der Kaiserzeit ...................................................102 6.7. Forschungsgeschichte und Problematik................................................106 6.8. Anhang: Karten und Tabellen ...............................................................114 7. Die Gottbegrüßungsprozessionen in Shanghai ...................................................125 7.1. Eingrenzung des Forschungsgegenstandes...........................................125 7.1.1. Zeitliche Eingrenzung: die Republikzeit .......................................125 7.1.2. Räumliche Eingrenzung: Shanghai................................................129 3 7.2. Quellen..................................................................................................130 7.3. Grundform einer Prozession .................................................................132 7.4. Die alternativen Formen .......................................................................135 7.5. Aufbau eines Umzuges .........................................................................137 7.6. Glaubensgegenstand: Gottheiten der Prozessionen ..............................144 7.7. Häufigkeit und Dauer............................................................................146 7.8. Geographische Differenzierung............................................................148 7.9. Anhang: Karten und Tabellen ...............................................................149 8. Die Haltung der Regierung und ihre mediale Repräsentation ............................160 8.1. Die schlechte Erinnerung: Der Vorfall aus dem 18. Jahrhundert..........160 8.2. Die Vorschriften und Gegenmaßnahmen der Behörden .......................162 8.3. Die Zwischenfälle in Shanghai .............................................................164 8.3.1. Der Brandanschlag auf die Polizeiwache in Luodian (1914) ........164 8.3.2. Das Janusgesicht der staatlichen Macht (1926).............................165 8.4. Die Zwischenfälle in der Nachbarregion und ihre mediale Repräsentation in Shanghai.........................................................................................................167 8.4.1. Die Prozessionen in Zhenjiang (1919-20) .....................................167 8.4.2. Der Zwischenfall in Jiangshan zu Ningbo (1922) .........................168 8.4.3. Das Echo in Shanghai ....................................................................171 8.4.4. Die Ermahnungen (1936)...............................................................175 8.5. Die Situation in der Nachkriegszeit ......................................................175 8.5.1. Das bekräftigte Verbot ...................................................................175 8.5.2. Das wirkungslose Verbot (1946)....................................................176 8.6. Anhang..................................................................................................178 9. Stadtgott-Inspektionsrundgang (城隍出巡)........................................................179 9.1. Einleitung..............................................................................................180 9.1.1. Stadtgottglaube in der chinesischen Geschichte ............................180 9.1.2. Grundglaube, Vorstellung und Überlieferung................................182 9.1.2.1. Die Entstehungsgeschichte....................................................182 9.1.2.2. Stadtgötter: Jenseitige Verwaltungsbeamte aus dem Diesseits 4 183 9.1.3. Stadtgötter und Stadtgotttempel in Shanghai.................................186 9.1.3.1. Die Tempelgeschichte ...........................................................186 9.1.3.2. Stadtgötter..............................................................................188 9.1.3.3. Die Umgebung des Tempels..................................................189 9.2. Die Stadtgott-Inspektionsrundgänge in der Republikzeit .....................191 9.2.1. Der Neubau und der Aufsichtsrat des Stadtgotttempels ................192 9.2.1.1. Der Brand (1924) - Der auslösende Funke............................192 9.2.1.2. Neubau des Tempels (1926-7)...............................................194
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