DOCSLIB.ORG

Basic Technology in Forest Operations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Basic Technology in Forest Operations FAO FORESTRY PAPER 36 bas~c .technology .i n G@U@0G ®[~x~f?~]OD®LrU0 ~FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME FAO FORESTRY PAPER 36 basic technology in forest operations FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITEDRome NATIONS 1_ The designations employed and the presentation of material In this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-30 ISBN 92-5-101260-1 All rIghts reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored In a retrieval system, or transmitted In any form or by any means, electronic, mechenlcal. photocopying or otherwIse. wIthout the prior permission of the copyrIght owner. Applications for such permIssIon, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme dl Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1982 - iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 1 IlfrRODUCTION 3 Pattern of development 3 Appropriate technology in forestry and the 5 practical app1ioations The five simple machines 5 CU'l'I' 00 TOOLS 9 The axe 9 Axeheads 9 a. Des~ and applioation 9 b. Manufacture 11 c. Sharpening 14 d. Grindstones 15 e. Files 18 A%e handles 19 a. Des~ 19 b. Ha.nging new handles 22 c. Replacement of handles 24 Saws 25 Crossout saws 25 a. Crosscut saw aintenanoe 28 b. Saw tiling devioes 29 c. Crossout saw bandles 31 Pit sawing 32 :Bowaawa 34 a. Jointers for bows&w blades 36 b. SettiDg tools 37 Sawhorses 38 Shaving hone 39 - iv - Page Wedges 39 Wedges tor telling, orosscutting and ripsawing 39 Splitting wedges 40 Sle~es and mallets 41 Brush cutters and. .aohetes 43 Bark:iDg tools 45 QirdliDg tools 51 53 Felling 53 Lodged trees 54 )loving or rollin« logs or trees 55 Log hoOD or hand hoob 58 Sappie (or Pickeroon) 59 Log tonga or double hoob 60 ElTRAOTIOlf 63 JIoviDg and carryiDg heavy loads without equipment 63 Tokes 64 BundliDg tirewood 65 Wheelbarrowa 66 Sledges 67 Hand-sulkies 69 Tt.ber carriers 71 Kuda-Kuda and rolling 72 Narrow puge railway- 74 Pole t:raok 75 Logging incline 76 Log chut. 77 lOving loads with an~l power 78 Skidding harness 78 Ani __l drawn arches and d.:rap 80 Skidding to.. 83 Skidding cones &rld p&D8 84 B1g wheels 86 Oxen 10ggiDg 87 Cable logg~ 90 pn.,DIJ AHD WADllU 93 Pil ing jack 93 Log loading 94 Truck 10adiDg with a cable and siDgle pulle7 96 Use ot toDp to anchor loaden or skidders 99 -v- Page TRUlSPORTATION 101 Land transport 101 Temporary roads - Wooden 101 Logging mats 103 Corduroy roada 104 Wooden wheel. 104 Load binder 105 A simple method of raiaiQg a truok to ohange 107 a front tyre Devioe for starting hea\7 10atW 108 Water transportation 108 Keana of fastening fioating 10gB into a ra:tt using local _teriala 108 Pike pole or log Kook 109 BASIC IIm'ALLUBGY AJID BLAClCSXITHllIl III Fbrges and bellows 114 AnvUa 117 JIISCELLANmUS 119 Stake driver 119 Poat driver 119 Ketal plate ohain link 120 BaDdl iDg ot large rooks 120 Chaine&v method tor outt iItg boarda 121 Pulling atUllpll 122 BIBLIOOBAPHY 123 - 1 - FOREWORD This Handbook on Basic Technology for Fbrest Operations deals with the manufacture and utilization of tools and mechanisms meant to reduce the expenditure of physical energy and improve productivity in labour-intensive forestry operations. The aim is to make forest work easier, to promote self­ reliance at the community level and to decrease dependence on foreign currency. It is not meant to support or encourage heavy labour-intensive operations. The Handbook is mainly for the use of forest owners and operators (forest owners associations, independent operators, logging foremen and supervisors); extension personnel (extension specialists, training schools); tool manufacturers (machine shops, blacksmith shops and the like). FAO attaches great importance to these educat iona.l and training activities as a means of transferring knowledge and technology to developing countries. The Handbook is written in olear and simple language and tries to explain as mu~: as possible through abundant illustrations concerning tool design or use. It is issued in English, French and Spanish. The publication of this handbook was made possible by a speoial contribution from Sweden, under the FAO/SIDA Government Cooperative ProgralllDe (GCP/INI'/343/SWE). The main draft has been prepared b.y Ross Silversides, Canada in collaboration with Gunnar Segerstr8m of the Logging and Transport Branch of FAO. Advice has been given by Bernt Strehlke, ItO, Mikko Kantola and Klaus Virtanen, Finland and J,rgen von Ubisch, Tanzania. Illustrations were prepared by Alex Golob, Canada. The draf't has been scrutinized by the participants in the FAO/SIDA Consultation on Intermediate Technology for Forestry, held in India from 18 October to 7 November 1981. The Project Leader was Gunnar Segerstr8m, FAO. -3 - INTRODUCTION In the course of recent years it has become apparent that forest operations in oountries whose deve10pllent is at the initial or intermediate stage are overmechanized. .chines and equipment much too sophisticated and expensive are otten 'beiDg introduoed with far reaohing results, IDOst1y negative. Sooio­ eoonomic oonditions as well as low levels of technical expertise in those oountries argue against this trend which in fact is the best eDlllp1e of how not to prooeed in the transfer of teohno10gy. Two cat~ories of technology exist todayl hard and soft (Goulet, 1975). Hard technology is expensive, oapita1-intensive and oomp1ex. Soft technology is relatively inexpensive, labour­ intensive, flexible and adaptable to local materials of non­ stalldard qua.1it7 whioh can be installed, repaired and maintained b.r people with modest teohnica1 know1~e. This is Basic Teohno10gy. Because IDOst developing oountries are in tropical or semi­ tropical latitudes, labour productivit7 tends to be 10wl dietary defioienoies plus heat stress O&DDOt produce the h~h energy outputs obtainable through labour in temperate c1iates. Per this reason there have been attempts to replace aanpower with maohines. But, from a sooia1 and economic point of view, disp1aoing workers (br~ing in maohines) where there is already a surplus of labour, and draining capital resources to provide maohines and. spare parts is counterproductive. The importation of sophisticated equipment tends to inorease the dependenoe of developing oountries on the industrialized world, with serious eoonoaio and political implications. This has been desoribed &8 st.p17 a transformation tro. domination b7 fore~ oolonizers to do.ination b7 fore~ teohno10gists (Hanlong, 1977). Pattern of deve10J!!ent There i8 a pattern of deve10paent whioh IIOst countries have followed in their progression - from predominant17 agrarian, through industrialization, to the post-industrial stage. JIany developing oountries are still predollinant17 agrarian tod&7, while others are in a transition stage, partly agrarian and partly industrialized. At this point in their developaent the7 might find it usef'ul. to profit from the experience of oountries whioh have preceded them in reaching higher stages of Aeve1olBent, though in the eM they will aost17 learn fro. their own mistakes. We know that ear17 attempts at mechanization were strong17 resisted b.r labour, even though the work of those directly ooncerned was -4- made easier. In many oases teohnologioal development was used as one more means for one sooial olass to maintain oontrol over another. This is still true, whether the teohnology is sophisticated or not. In the latter case, small-scale technology is at times believed to lead to ''mini-oapitalism'', going to people who can afford to bqy it and not necessarily to those who need it. Another factor to be oonsidered here is political (Goulet, 1975). As we have seen, alternate technology offers many advantages - from its low oost to the simple and available materials it requires - but above all it is easy to teaoh, to learn and to apply. But in spite of all this, and the faot that it is oheap and attacks unemployment better than hard teohnology, it is not widely acoepted. Leaders in many developing nations are reluotant to have their oountries olassified as teohnologi­ cally seoond-rate. However, it is necessary to develop and introduoe a technology which will enable men to work in a manner and under oonditions SOCially productive and personally satisfying. It follows that man should be in control of his tools or maohines. He, not the maohine, should be the pao&-setter. The technology introduoed should ttmu:imize work opportunity for the unemployed and the unde:r-employed", rather than the output per man whioh is the oonventional view. Thus we reaoh the inherent oonfliot between what is considered SOCially desirable and what is considered uneconomio - in short, the oonfliot between public and. private interests. The utilization of basic teohnology should not imply that it is a primitive method, as is sometimes believed. Such teohnology should truly inolude the best possible scientific knowledge. Let us take a look at some eDillplesl Modern teohnology has produoed hardened teeth on hand saws, teeth that do not require sharpening and, &s a oonsequenoe, the blade can be used until the teeth are dulled, and then discarded for a new one. In India, a country that lcnowa the iIIportanoe of proper deeign and good _!ntenanoe of its equipment, the saw was put UDder soruti..Jl1' (Chandra, 1978). Studies carried out in oooperation with Sweden's Royal College of Forestry showed that work output could be doubled and the energy input reduoed by half when using saws well designed and a!ntained, instead of badly kept sava made of poor steel.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Stream-Gaging Procedure a Manual Describing Methods and Practices of the Geological Survey
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director. Water-Supply Paper 888 STREAM-GAGING PROCEDURE A MANUAL DESCRIBING METHODS AND PRACTICES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BY DON M. COKBETT AND OTHERS UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1943 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. Price 65 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Foreword, by Nathan C. Grover____--_-______-____________________ xin Introduction. __ ________-__-_-____________--____________::_____.____ 1 Administration, personnel, and acknowledgments._----_-_--___________ 2 Organization for water-resources investigations,__-_-_-____-___-__-__-- 3 Water Resources Branch._______________________________________ 3 Division of Surface Water ___________________________________ 3 Division of Ground Water.,___--_-_____-___-_---_-________ 4 Division of Quality of Water__-------___--________________ 4 Division of Power Resources._______________________________ 4 Division of Water Utilization.-_____________________________ 4 Administration and operation.__________________________________ 4 Personnel ___________________________________________________ 5 Recruiting of personnel___________________________________- 5 Training of personnel-_______________________--__------_--_ 6 General procedure.._______________________________________________ 7 Records of stage___________________-_______---_-__---_--_--____-_ 8 Methods of obtaining gage-height record.____________-_-_---_____
    [Show full text]
  • Drying of Pharmaceutical Powders Using an Agitated Filter Dryer
    Drying of Pharmaceutical Powders Using An Agitated Filter Dryer Wei Li Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Institute of Particle Science and Engineering December 2014 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Wei Li to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. - ii - Acknowledgements I would first like to express my gratitude to Professor Kevin J. Roberts and Tariq Mahmud for their help and supervision throughout the course of this research work. I very appreciate that I spent such a fulfilled time to work in the field of Chemical Engineering especially in process engineering an area that I am so interested in. I am deeply grateful to them that they introduced me to the field of chemical engineering a discipline that I am much more proficient in. I would also like to thank the technical staff in School of Chemical and Process Engineering, in particular Steve Caddick, Peter Dawson, John Cran and Simon Lloyd for their support in building up the experimental facilities needed for this research as well as for carrying out repairs and relocating to the filter dryer rig. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Stephen Terry from electronics workshop for his help for developing and implementing the LabVIEW system needed to control the experimental rigs used.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Study of NZ Pine & Selected SE Asian Species
    (FRONT COVER) A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEW ZEALAND PINE AND SELECTED SOUTH EAST ASIAN SPECIES (INSIDE FRONT COVER) NEW ZEALAND PINE - A RENEWABLE RESOURCE NZ pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was introduced to New Zealand (NZ) from the USA about 150 years ago and has gained a dominant position in the New Zealand forest industry - gradually replacing timber from natural forests and establishing a reputation in international trade. The current log production from New Zealand forests (1998) is 17 million m3, of which a very significant proportion (40%) is exported as wood products of some kind. Estimates of future production indicate that by the year 2015 the total forest harvest could be about 35 million m3. NZ pine is therefore likely to be a major source of wood for Asian wood manufacturers. This brochure has been produced to give prospective wood users an appreciation of the most important woodworking characteristics for high value uses. Sponsored by: Wood New Zealand Ltd. Funded by: New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Written by: New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd. (Front page - First sheet)) NEW ZEALAND PINE - A VERSATILE TIMBER NZ pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) from New Zealand is one of the world’s most versatile softwoods - an ideal material for a wide range of commercial applications. Not only is the supply from sustainable plantations increasing, but the status of the lumber as a high quality resource has been endorsed by a recent comparison with six selected timber species from South East Asia. These species were chosen because they have similar end uses to NZ pine.
    [Show full text]
  • Norwood Sawmills Price List 2020
    PRICELIST 2020 +1 8005670404|NorwoodSawmills.com LumberPro HD36 LumberMan MN26 PORTABLE BAND SAWMILL PORTABLE BAND SAWMILL 28”/71cm 19”/49cm 36”/92cm 26”/66cm PICK YOUR SAWMILL LumberMate LM29 PortaMill PM14 DECIDE WHICH NORWOOD PORTABLE BAND SAWMILL CHAINSAW SAWMILL BANDMILL IS RIGHT FOR YOU. Then, tailor your mill to match your sawmilling needs – Customize it with the combination of attachments that meet your unique wood- processing demands. It’s almost guaranteed that your milling /operation will grow. Because you can add attachments anytime, now or ten years from now, your Norwood bandmill gives you flexibility to take on even bigger jobs down the line. 22”/56cm 8”/16cm 29”/74cm 14”/36cm 2 Your Norwood Sawmill is in Stock! Order Today and Get Milling! Don’t Wait Any Longer to Turn Your Trees into Money. LUMBERPRO HD36 Pro equipped with optional attachments LUMBERPRO HD36 - Engine Options For a limited time ONLY Item No. Description Price HD36-PR018G LumberPro HD36 with 18hp (570cc) Briggs & Stratton V-Twin OHV electric-start engine $9,467.00 $8267.00 HD36-PR023G LumberPro HD36 with 23hp (627cc) Briggs & Stratton V-Twin OHV electric-start engine $10,067.00 $ 8667.00 +1 800 567 0404 | NORWOODSAWMILLS.COM 3 CUSTOMIZE YOUR HD36 SAWMILL! LUMBERPRO HD36 - Manual Optional Attachments Check out the catalog for more info! Pages 34-37 Item No. Description Price LM34-41150 Trailer/Support Jack Package (Set of 6) $1867.00 LM34-41170 Leveling Stands (Set of 10) (Additional 2 required for each 4-ft extension) $467.00 LM34-41130 4-Foot Bed Extension
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Materials Forest Types and Treatments
    -- - Forestry Materials Forest Types and Treatments mericans are looking to their forests today for more benefits than r ·~~.'~;:_~B~:;. A ever before-recreation, watershed protection, wildlife, timber, "'--;':r: .";'C: wilderness. Foresters are often able to enhance production of these bene- fits. This book features forestry techniques that are helping to achieve .,;~~.~...t& the American dream for the forest. , ~- ,.- The story is for landolVners, which means it is for everyone. Millions . .~: of Americans own individual tracts of woodland, many have shares in companies that manage forests, and all OWII the public lands managed by government agencies. The forestry profession exists to help all these landowners obtain the benefits they want from forests; but forests have limits. Like all living things, trees are restricted in what they can do and where they can exist. A tree that needs well-drained soil cannot thrive in a marsh. If seeds re- quire bare soil for germination, no amount of urging will get a seedling established on a pile of leaves. The fOllOwing pages describe th.: ways in which stands of trees can be grown under commonly Occllrring forest conditions ill the United States. Originating, growing, and tending stands of trees is called silvicllllllr~ \ I, 'R"7'" -, l'l;l.f\ .. (silva is the Latin word for forest). Without exaggeration, silviculture is the heartbeat of forestry. It is essential when humans wish to manage the forests-to accelerate the production or wildlife, timber, forage, or to in- / crease recreation and watershed values. Of course, some benerits- t • wilderness, a prime example-require that trees be left alone to pursue their' OWII destiny.
    [Show full text]
  • Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet
    Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet 05F15.01 Veritas® Steam-Bending Instruction Booklet Bending Solid Wood with Steam and allowed to stretch as the bend progresses; however, the Compressive Force wood face against the form is subject to compression There are three basic requirements for the successful exerted by the end stops. bending of solid wood using steam. 1. The wood must be plasticized. Although wood can be plasticized chemically or even by microwaves when in a green state, the most convenient way to plasticize wood is with steam. Wood cells are held together by a naturally occurring substance in the wood called lignin. Imagine the wood fi bers to be a bundle of rods with the space between them fi lled with lignin. The strength of this lignin bond between the rods can be decreased by subjecting For example, a straight piece of wood 1" thick and 18" the wood to steam. With unpressurized steam at 212° long bent to 90° around a 4" radius will remain 18" Fahrenheit, steaming for one hour per inch of thickness along the outside (immediately next to the strap), but (regardless of the width) will soften the bond enough for will have the inside dimension reduced to almost 16". bending. Substantial oversteaming may cause the wood Nearly two inches have virtually disappeared through to wrinkle on the concave face as the bend progresses. compression along the inside face! 2. Only air-dried wood of an appropriate species Strap should be used. Blank Kiln-dried wood must not be used; the lignin in the wood has been permanently set during the hot, dry 18" kilning process.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Wood As a Construction Material
    Chapter 2 Wood as a Construction Material David Trujillo 2.1. Introduction: Timber in the Climate Emergency 2.2. Macroscopic Characteristics of Wood 2.3. Microscopic Characteristics of Wood 2.4. Physical Properties of Wood 2.5. Mechanical and Elastic Properties 2.6. Durability of timber 2.7. Variability 2.8. Behaviour in Fire References Chapter 2. Wood as a Construction Material CHAPTER 2. WOOD AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL David Trujillo, School of Energy, Construction and Environment, Coventry University Acknowledgement The author would like to thank Dr Morwenna Spear from Bangor University for sharing her knowledge about microscopic characteristics of timber. 2.1. INTRODUCTION: TIMBER IN THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Masson- Delmotte, 2018), a 1.5 °C increase in annual global temperature since pre- industrial times as a consequence of man-made climate change will place a lot of pressure on numerous natural, human and managed systems as defined. Nevertheless, trying to limit temperatures increases to just 1.5 °C will require a very significant and rapid change to our global economy and our consumption patterns. The IPCC presents four possible pathways for this transition. Some of these pathways rely strongly on Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), which fundamentally consists of using plants to capture carbon, then transforming the biomass into energy but ensuring that the CO2 released is captured and stored permanently on land or in the ocean. When this scenario is coupled with UN projections that there will be 2.3 billion more urban dwellers by 2050 (United Nations, 2018), it is likely that this rapid urbanisation will require a great expansion in housing, buildings 96 Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • English-Portuguese Equivalents of Forestry and Conservation Terms Termos Equivalentes Em Silvicultura E Conserva@O Portugub-Ingl
    English-Portuguese Equivalents of Forestry and Conservation Terms Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station Termos Equivalentes em silvicultura e New Orleans, Louisiana conserva@o Portugub-InglQs General Technical Report so-1 09 September 1994 John K. Francis ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE EQUIVALENTS OF FORESTRY AND CONSERVATTON TERMS John K. Francis FOREWORD cooperative research and technology transfer in the Amazon Basin. This dictionary of forestry Signs of deterioration of the global environ- and conservation terms has been prepared to aid ment and threatened destruction of the vast in communications with our Portuguese-speak- Amazon forest have stirred a call for action. ing colleagues and for the benefit of others fac- Conservationists have always been concerned ing similar language barriers. about the tropical forests; now funds are being made available for increased work on problems Forestry and conservation are very broad in the region. Brazilian scientists struggle to fields, which include many subfields that have communicate with colleagues in the rest of the large and detailed vocabularies. I have attempted world while scientists from other areas are dis- to collect the most common and useful of these covering that to work effectively in Brazil, one terms and determine the equivalencies in English must speak Portuguese. One must also be able and Portuguese. In many cases, several terms to read Portuguese to benefit from the local tech- denote the same concept. They will be listed nical literature. separately, alphabetically in the primary lan- guage (left hand column), and in series in the English-speaking scientists have not pre- secondary language (right hand column) with the pared themselves particularly well in other lan- most common term placed first.
    [Show full text]
  • Falmouth Fire-EMS Operating Guideline Aerial Company Operations
    Category: OPERATIONS Approved: Chief Howard Rice, Jr. 03/18/2008 SOG O-16 Last Updated: Chief Howard Rice, Jr. 11/16/2016 Falmouth Fire-EMS Operating Guideline Aerial Company Operations Objective: Establishes procedures by which Falmouth Fire-EMS Department will perform Ladder and/or Tower Company operations, and is intended to ensure optimum performance in such operations and maintain the integrity of safety for personnel. General Information: NOTE: These procedures WILL NOT apply in those cases where a predetermined setup has been designed, or in those instances where company officers determine they must act independently from them because of circumstances unique to the situation. Guidelines: A. 1st Arriving Aerial Company - Positioning 1. SMALL RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES - The 1st arriving aerial company will position itself so as to not block access to the building but to afford it strategic operative advantage for the removal of ground ladders, tools, and equipment. Such positioning should also take into account the use of the aerial for roof access, if necessary. Truck positioning should NOT impede the attack area of the engine company. B. Large Residential, Apartments, and Commercial Structures 1. The 1st arriving aerial company will position itself in such a manner so as to support the attack through forcible entry, ventilation strategy, and laddering. 2. Such positioning should assume that the aerial would be used for roof access. Again, such positioning should not impede the attack area of the engine company. C. Water Tower Positioning 1. In cases where the aerial is to be positioned for use as a water tower, the truck should be located ahead of the fire travel (unburned portion of building).
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines to Minimize the Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
    United States Department of Eastern Hemlock Agriculture Forest Service Forests: Guidelines to Northeastern Area State & Private Minimize the Impacts of Forestry Morgantown, WV Hemlock Woolly Adelgid NA-TP-03-04 Cover photographs (clockwise from upper left): hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) ovisacs on hemlock needles (Michael Montgomery, USDA Forest Service), hemlock-shaded stream (Jeff Ward, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station), and black-throated green warbler (Mike Hopiak, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology). Information about pesticides appears in this publication. Publication of this information does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply that all uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by State and Federal law. Applicable regulations must be obtained from appropriate regulatory agencies. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities based on race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD).
    [Show full text]
  • Engineered Wood Technical Specifications Modelinspire
    ENGINEERED WOOD TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS MODELINSPIRE SPECIFICATIONS PREFINISHED STAINS 5/8” (16 mm) thick with a 3/32” (2 mm) hardwood MODEL CLASSIC COLLECTION THICKNESS top layer and a 9/16’’ (14 mm) canadian plywood made of 5 plies of douglas fir. NUMBER OF PLIES 6 plies (5 sub plies and 1 surface ply) SANS TEINTE ANCESTRAL BROMO GRADES Select and Heritage WIDTHS 5 3/16 in (131 mm) and 7 3/16 in (182 mm) TOLERANCE CAPE COD CHOCOLATERO ÉDITION NOYER 0.010 in (0.254 mm) on width (+/-) LENGTHS 10 in to 84 in (254 mm to 2133 mm) minimum and maximum MOISTURE CONTENT 6 % to 8 % KRAFLA MINIO NUNAVUT RELATIVE HUMIDITY REQUIRED 37 % to 45 % OASIS SANDBANKS SAVANE SPECIES JANKA TEST* WEIGHT WEIGHT (lbs/in) (lbs/ft2) (kg/m2) RED OAK 1290 1.91 9.33 SOURCE VICTORIEN YUKON MAPLE 1450 1.91 9.33 Ref. : A.Alden, H., Hardwoods of North America, USDA, General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-83 *The higher the number, the harder the wood. The Janka hardness test measures the force required to embed 0.444 steel ball into wood. HABANO MARULA FINISHES - PREFINISHED FINISH - PRE-OILED GLOSS LEVEL RESISTANCE TO TABER TEST S-42* Gloss level 3% to 8% 200 cycles: 0.04 g - MODEL PLUS MATTE 3% to 8% 500 cycles Resistance to test CS17 Perforation 10% MODEL PLUS SATIN 22% to 32% 525 cycles 400 cycles: 0.02 g - Resistance to test CS17 MODEL PLUS SEMI-GLOSS 42% to 52% 525 cycles Perforation 70% MODEL EXTREME® 22% to 32% 1025 cycles *Textured products (ex: chiseled, brushed, etc.) obtained a Taber S-42 result of 400 cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Illustrated Guide to Shaping Wood / Lonnie Bird
    The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood LONNIE BIRD ➤ Squares, Circles, and Ellipses ➤ Edge Treatments and Moldings ➤ Coves, Reeds, and Flutes ➤ Bent and Laminated Curves ➤ Turned and Carved Shapes The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A(D) The COMPLETE ILLUSTRATED Guide to ShapingWood LONNIE B IRD t TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A Magenta(D) Text © 2001 by Lonnie Bird Photographs © 2001 by Lonnie Bird Illustrations © 2001 by The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Pp The Taunton Press, Inc., 63 South Main Street, PO Box 5506, Newtown, CT 06470-5506 e-mail: [email protected] DESIGN: Lori Wendin LAYOU T: Suzi Yannes ILLUSTRATOR: Mario Ferro PHOTOGRAPHER: Lonnie Bird LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA: Bird, Lonnie. The complete illustrated guide to shaping wood / Lonnie Bird. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-1-56158-400-0 ISBN-10: 1-56158-400-2 1. Woodwork. I. Title. TT180 .B57 2001 TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping Wood W:9.25”xH:10.875” Wood TJ51-1-2008 IMUS 7/UOA0069-Shaping 175L EX 128White A M/A Magenta(D) 684’.08--dc21 2001027430 Printed in Thailand 1098765 About Your Safety: Working with wood is inherently dangerous. Using hand or power tools improperly or ignoring safety practices can lead to permanent injury or even death.
    [Show full text]