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Report on the Current State of R&D in Development of the Storage of Harvested Energy for Small-Scale Applications UK's

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Report on the Current State of R&D in Development of the Storage of Harvested Energy for Small-Scale Applications UK's Report on the current state of R&D in development of the storage of harvested energy for small-scale applications Special Interest Group Energy Harvesting UK’s Knowledge Transfer Network Energy Harvesting Special Interest Group Materials, ESP and Nano Communities Markys G Cain, Paul Mitcheson and Steve Morris Any correspondence to Steve Morris at [email protected] The Energy Harvesting Contents Special Interest Group The Technology Strategy Board has launched its Emerg- ing Technologies and Industries programme and is working The Energy Havresting Special Interest with partners to build a UK programme in Energy Harvest- Group ing. The programme is intended to accelerate the develop- 002 ment and commercial use of products, processes and ser- vices based on energy harvesting technology. The Energy Harvesting Special Interest Group (SIG) brings together the community along the value chain – from academia, materi- Executive Summary als technologies, devices, systems integration and through 004 to the user communities helping build a vibrant and produc- tive Energy Harvesting community in the UK. Energy Storage Approaches The information in this report will be used by the SIG to 005 widen the debate about where energy harvesting may have a role to play. It will also provide input to briefings for fund- ing agencies on challenge areas to be supported. 007 Battery Materials and Devices 016 Capacitor Materials and Devices Integration of Energy Storage in Energy 023 Harvesting Systems 029 Recommendations 030 Acknowledgements 031 References 2 3 Executive Summary Energy Storage Approaches In this report, we identify the issues and challenges thought of this and are slowly developing tech- As mobile technology advances so the need for 8. Phase change material – latent heat and/or phase facing the technology associated with storage of en- nologies. smaller and lighter devices increases challenging change lockup of energy ergy delivered from energy harvesting devices and the current technology for battery power. The logi- b. Some would say that the application specif- 9. Electrochemical/biological – storage as a phase incorporation of such storage technology into cur- cal alternative is the harvesting and storage of en- ics demand that no off the shelf ‘solid state’ change to sugars rent systems. This task is related to the rectification ergy from the device’s environment but the challenge harvester system can ever be realised efficient- of harvested energy in micro and nano scale harvest- remains the levels of energy that can be harvested 10. Artificial photosynthesis – chemical storage: e.g. ly. This may be the case but it is the view of the ing systems that was delivered in a previous report, and how that energy can be stored. There is much In looking at ways to store harvested energy in or- authors of this report a sure fired way of ac- and builds on this to deliver a complete picture as to hype about what current technology can do but one der to make energy harvesting technologies such celerating uptake is to create something that is the issues and challenges facing energy harvesting of the fundamental issues is the materials that are as solar a more cost effective means of generating recognisable, adaptable and fully interchange- technology and its rectification and storage in sys- used and how they can play a key role in the de- power, scientists at North Carolina have been opti- able with current energy storage devices. tems design and how they might be overcome. The velopment of functional energy harvesting systems. mising a system that uses a chromophore-catalyst report describes the concepts behind energy stor- 2. For a robust commercial outcome, only a market Amongst those materials will be smart materials and molecule tethered to a nanoparticle. Electrons are age and the various technologies, which can usefully pull that will drive the future direction for applications technologies. removed from the water by the action of the sunlight store electrical energy including some little regarded requiring energy harvesting and storage systems will on the molecule and the electrons moved away by statements concerning energy and power densities be effective. From the analysis in this report, materi- The aim of this report is to discuss the current chal- the nanoparticle to be used to produce the hydrogen and their inter-relationships. Current storage tech- als and product designers could have a significant lenges to the intelligent utilisation of energy harvest- that is used as the energy storage. They have solved nology and its appropriateness to micro and nano impact and influence in this progression, if these ing technology on a wider basis and to identify po- the previous instability problems by coating the scale energy harvesting systems, including solid communities could be brought together in collabo- tential projects that might meet those challenges. system with titania and so produced a system that state materials storage and micro and printed bat- ration during this development stage. The current approach is to develop electronics typi- uses no external power to operate and produces no tery technologies are reviewed in a fully referenced greenhouse gas. 3. High levels of integration will only be necessary cally to rectify the oscillatory charge produced by literature survey with some of the key commercial in applications that demand sub-cm harvester so- a piezoelectric harvester and to store the resultant systems being developed. A systems approach is lutions. For other larger scale applications (multiple rectified signal on a supercapacitor, battery or other In this report we focus our attention on the current then taken in evaluating the technical factors, which cc) then integrated harvester solutions may not be storage material. In a Materials KTN one-day work- state of the art with regards the first two storage need to be understood in fully realising a commercial necessary and the various examples given in the re- shop in 2011 the aim was to discard this traditional methods: Battery and solid-state electrical energy (or even prototype at this stage) energy harvester/ port (eg the phase change harvester in collaboration approach and to explore some very new and innova- storage. The focus is on the current science and storage system. There are a couple of case studies with Airbus) show that individually packaged com- tive solutions and concepts concerning efficient and technology associated with both forms of energy that identify one of the highest priority recommenda- ponents that are integrated by the system designer useful utilisation of the scavenged energy. Some of storage with a focus on applications in energy har- tions that come out of this report: are adequate. the ideas that came out of this workshop included vesting. The report then describes the systems ap- the following energy storage principles, which were proaches needed to properly couple these storage 4. A national (UK) Applied Technology research pro- 1. There are at present very few (if any commer- explored in a little more detail at the event: devices to the energy harvesting technology and to gramme aimed at developing case studies demon- cial) suppliers of a total energy harvester / bat- the subsequent efficient delivery of this energy (elec- strating full integration of harvester technology at the tery / supercapacitor / dielectric / low power IC 1. Electrical/charge: Solid state capacitors superca- trical) into a load. small-scale with power systems control and energy system available. Each component can be pur- pacitors (double layer or ultracapacitors) and hyper- storage systems is required urgently in order to capi- chased separately and a variety of technologies capacitors Various metrics are used to describe the performance talise on some of the more advanced technologies in exist for each of the key elements for a harvester of one technology compared to another technology. each of these areas. 2. Chemical: Batteries: primary and secondary solution. However, for the technology to be tak- A particularly relevant measurand is the compari- en up, it remains imperative that a total systems 3. Hydrogen: requiring generation, storage and re- son of volumetric energy density to power density approach incorporating the storage element lease (fuel cells) and even specific energy/power density (normalised against density). The work of Ribeiro2001 and others be adopted and new total energy solutions are 4. Heat Store/ Thermal storage of energy brought to market. shows how capacitors, and supercapacitors com- 5. Clockwork – wind up spring or other mechanical pare to batteries and it is clear that whilst capacitors a. An example of such a system might be the storage systems have higher power density (rate of doing work) bat- development of a harvester solution taking the 6. Radio Frequency / and electrical grid storage teries win over on energy density (total stored en- appearance of conventional batteries such as ergy), Figure 1. coin cells. Several developers have already 7. Fluid flow / pressure storage 4 5 Battery Materials and Devices Thin Film Batteries teries. With thin film batteries the liquid electrolyte is substituted with dry polymer electrolyte but poor We need to address the storage of energy in order conductivity of the SPE at ambient temperature led to supplement the intermittent nature of harvested to the use of a polymer gel electrolyte in the Poly- energy technologies and the use of batteries is the mer Li-ion (PLiON) batteries
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