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Bfn -Skripten 599, 2021 Gert Rosenthal, Angelika Meschede, Ewald Langer, Jens Sachteleben, Vincent Aljes, Julia Schenkenberger, Nils Stanik, Thomas van Elsen und Caroline Wandke „WildnisArten“ BfN-Skripten 599 2021 „WildnisArten“ Bedeutung von Prozessschutz- bzw. Wildnisgebieten für gefährdete Lebensgemein- schaften und Arten sowie für „Verantwortungsarten“ Abschlussbericht des gleichnamigen F+E-Vorhabens (FKZ: 3515 85 0200) Gert Rosenthal Angelika Meschede Ewald Langer Jens Sachteleben Vincent Aljes Julia Schenkenberger Nils Stanik Thomas van Elsen Caroline Wanke Titelbild: Der Alpensteinbock (Capra ibex) benötigt große, ungestörte Räume in Hochlagen. (Foto: pixabay.com) Adressen der Autorinnen und der Autoren: Prof. Dr. Gert Rosenthal Universität Kassel Dr. Thomas van Elsen Fachgebiet Landschafts- und Vegetationsökologie Vincent Aljes Gottschalkstr. 26 a, 34127 Kassel Nils Stanik E-Mail: [email protected] Julia Schenkenberger Dr. Angelika Meschede PAN Planungsbüro für angewandten Naturschutz GmbH Dr. Jens Sachteleben Rosenkavalierplatz 8, 81925 München E-Mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Ewald Langer Universität Kassel Caroline Wanke Fachgebiet Ökologie Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel E-Mail: [email protected] Fachbetreuung im BfN: Dr. Peter Finck Fachgebiet II 2.3 „Nationales Naturerbe, dynamische Systeme und Klimawandel“ Abschlussbericht des Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhabens „Bedeutung von Prozessschutz- bzw. Wild- nisgebieten für gefährdete Lebensgemeinschaften und Arten sowie für ’Verantwortungsarten‘“, gefördert vom Bundesamt für Naturschutz mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (FKZ 3515 85 0200). Diese Veröffentlichung wird aufgenommen in die Literaturdatenbank „DNL-online“ (www.dnl-online.de). BfN-Skripten sind nicht im Buchhandel erhältlich. Eine pdf-Version dieser Ausgabe kann unter http:// www.bfn.de/skripten.html heruntergeladen werden. Institutioneller Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn URL: www.bfn.de Der institutionelle Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollstän- digkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in den Beiträgen geäußerten An- sichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des institutionellen Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Diese Schriftenreihe wird unter den Bedingungen der Creative Commons Lizenz Namens- nennung – keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International (CC BY - ND 4.0) zur Verfügung gestellt (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de). Druck: Druckerei des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU). Gedruckt auf 100% Altpapier ISBN 978-3-89624-360-7 DOI 10.19217/skr599 Bonn - Bad Godesberg 2021 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................... 3 Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... 5 Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... 7 1 Einführung ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Zielsetzung des Projekts ..................................................................................... 9 1.2 Problemstellung / Hintergrund ............................................................................. 9 1.3 Fragestellungen .................................................................................................11 2 Methoden ..........................................................................................................13 2.1 Entwicklung der WildnisArten-Datenbank ...........................................................13 2.2 Methodik zur Analyse und Bewertung der Pilze..................................................15 2.3 Methodik der Analyse und Bewertung der Gefäßpflanzen ..................................16 2.3.1 Selektion von Arten in der FLORKART-Datenbank des BfN ...............................16 2.3.2 Methodik zur Einstufung der Ausbreitungsfähigkeit (Vagilität) von Pflanzenarten .....................................................................................................22 2.4 Methodik der Analyse und Bewertung der Tierarten ...........................................25 2.4.1 Selektion von Arten in der PAN-Literaturdatenbank ...........................................25 2.4.2 Anmerkungen zu ausgewählten Tierartengruppen .............................................27 2.5 Auswertungen mit multivariaten Verfahren .........................................................37 3 Ergebnisse ........................................................................................................39 3.1 Identifizierung von Anspruchstypen durch multivariate Analyse der Datenbank ..........................................................................................................39 3.2 Lebensräume, Gefährdungsursachen, Ausbreitungsdistanzen und Anforderungen an natürliche Störungen und die Habitatkontinuität wildnistypischer Arten.........................................................................................52 3.3 Pilze als Wildnisarten .........................................................................................59 3.3.1 Lebensräume wildnistypischer Pilzarten .............................................................59 3.3.2 Wildnisbindung von Pilzen .................................................................................60 3.4 Gefäßpflanzen als Wildnisarten ..........................................................................62 3.4.1 Lebensräume wildnistypischer Pflanzenarten .....................................................62 3.4.2 Wildnisbindung von Pflanzen .............................................................................65 3.5 Tiere als Wildnisarten .........................................................................................72 3.5.1 Übersicht über Lebensräume wildnistypischer Arten ..........................................72 3.5.2 Wildnisbindung von Tieren .................................................................................79 3.6 Bedeutung wildnistypischer Biotopelemente für das Vorkommen von Arten .......87 3.6.1 Tierartendiversität und Totholz in Wäldern .........................................................87 3.6.2 Totholz in Gewässern.........................................................................................91 3.6.3 Biozönotische Wechselwirkungen in Wäldern ....................................................91 3.6.4 Flächenbedarfe wildnistypischer Lebensgemeinschaften ...................................92 3.6.5 Raumbedarf von Tierarten und „minimum viable populations“ (MVP) .................93 3.6.6 Natürliche Störungen als wildnistypische Prozesse ............................................96 3.7 Indikator-, Flaggschiff-, Schirm- und Schlüsselarten für die Wildnis .................. 104 3 3.7.1 Tiere .................................................................................................................105 3.7.2 Pilze .................................................................................................................108 4 Exemplarische Bewertung von Wildnisgebieten anhand ihrer Artenausstattung und wildnistypischer Prozesse .......................................111 4.1 Nationalpark Kellerwald-Edersee .....................................................................111 4.1.1 Allgemeine Beschreibung des Nationalparks ...................................................111 4.1.2 Dynamik des Pilzarten Bestandes ....................................................................111 4.1.3 Vergleich des Nationalparks Kellerwald-Edersee mit dem Nationalpark Eifel und weiteren Buchen Nationalparks ................................................................. 114 4.2 Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft .............................................116 4.2.1 Allgemeine Beschreibung des Nationalparks (Schwerpunkt Kernzone Darß) ... 116 4.2.2 Umfang und Wirkung natürlicher Prozesse in den Kernzonen des Nationalparks ...................................................................................................117 4.2.3 Wildnisabhängige FFH-Lebensraumtypen auf dem Darß ................................. 119 4.2.4 Gefährdete Wildnis Tierarten der Kategorien A (obligate Wildnisarten) und B (fakultative Wildnisarten) ...............................................................................121 4.3 Nationalpark Berchtesgaden ............................................................................123 4.3.1 Allgemeine Beschreibung des Nationalparks ...................................................123 4.3.2 Wildnis Ökosysteme im Nationalpark ...............................................................124 4.3.3 Umfang und Wirkung natürlicher Prozesse in den Kernzonen des Nationalparks ...................................................................................................124 4.3.4 Zustand von FFH Lebensraumtypen im Nationalpark mit Bezug zum Wildniskonzept ................................................................................................. 126 4.3.5 Gefährdete Wildnis Arten der Kategorien A (obligate Wildnisarten) und B (fakultative Wildnisarten)
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