Particle Emissions from Residential Biofuel Boilers and Stoves

atceEisosfo eieta ife Boilers Particle EmissionsfromResidentialBiofuel 4 The National InstituteofTec Linda Johansson 2 3 1 eateto nryConversion Department ofEnergy V wds niomna Research Institute,Göteborg, IVL Swedish Environmental SP Swedish National Testing and ResearchInstitute, and NationalTesting SP Swedish and Stoves – Old andModernTechniques Old and Stoves– Cooper Technology, Göteborg, Sweden 3 1 , AnnikaPotter , LennartGustavsson Borås, Sweden Oslo, Norway Claes Tullin Sweden hnology, Environment andSafety, 3 , MortenBerntsen , ChalmersUniversityof 1 1 , BoLeckner 4 2

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Particles (mg/MJ) concentration variationsinmass Large 10000 1000 100 10 1 01010 10000 1000 100 10 1 Coal Oil Wood briquettes Wood logs Wood pellets Total organic compounds TOC (mg/MJ)

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 5000 0 ntle eltbres(Sweden) pellet burners Installed 9719 9920 012002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Installed Pellet Burners Pellet Installed

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute 3) Anovelelectrostatic precipitator(ESP) forresidential 2) Openfireplaces,old-type stov 1) Old-typeandmodern woodboilers&pelletboilers. project CleanAir. combustion was developedandtested intheEUCRAFT coal), modernwoodstoves andpelletstoves Environment A projectwithinthe Biofuel,Healthand – Emission studiesinthreeprojects Emission – Experimental work es firedwithwood(aswell as

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Pellet boilersandburners Pellet boiler

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute NOx TOC CO CO O 2 2 esrmn techniques Measurement ohnme and mass number both distributions, Size - concentration Number - Particles/Dust compounds organic VOC, volatile asconcentration Mass - Particles/Dust hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic PAH,

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute .Oil boiler (and burner) 4. Pelletsboilers(and burners) 3. boilers Modernwood 2. boilers wood Old-type 1. esrmn ae inthe1stproject cases Measurement Wood pellets, bark pellets • load, intermittent operation, high draught Nominal • briquettes wood wood, (26/38 %)birch and moist Dry • tank to aheat storage Connected • content) (15%moisture wood birch Dry • heat without fired batches and smallwood Large (a) • trg tank storage to heat withconnection tank, (b)combustion storage

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute esrmn ae inthe 2nd project cases Measurement .Ple tvs(2) Pelletstoves 4. (2) stoves Modernwood 3. (2) stoves wood Old-type 2. (1) place Openfire 1.

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute content ofoxygenthan inthebiofuels ash content. More carbon,hydrogen, nitrogen andsulphur, butlower Oil: hydrogen and oxygent 15 timesmore ash.Morecarbon,nitr Coal: Fuels Wood/Pellets: Slightly twice ashighheatingva Slightly twice olt Caieltd). ~50 %higher (Coalite Coalite and 2638%inthe cases ofmoistwoodlogs. 8 %forpellets, 16%fordrywoodlogs Moisture: 7– otn,ms- ndyfuel. in dry Content, mass-% 50-51 C 43-44 O 19 MJperkgdryfuel han inthebiofuels. ~6 H 0.05-0.08 lue as wood/pellets, about the same same lue aswood/pellets, aboutthe ogen andsulphur, butlowercontentof N heatingvalue thanwood/pellets, <0.01 S 0.3-0.5 Ash

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute • Validation athousehold site Validation • Laboratory tests • Prototype tests Roof Novel residential ESP – CleanAir, 3dproject CleanAir, – ESP residential Novel CleanAir Chimney

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SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Particles (mg/MJ) concentration variationsinmass Large 10000 1000 100 10 1 01010 10000 1000 100 10 1 Coal Oil Wood briquettes Wood logs Wood pellets Total organic compounds TOC (mg/MJ) particle emissionof4mg/MJ. of old-typewoodstove,resulting ina 86 ±4%oftheparticlemass, incase The novelESPwasshownto reduce

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute 1*10^11*Particles (#/MJ) concentration variations innumber Large 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 01010 10000 1000 100 10 1 Coal Oil Wood briquettes Wood logs Wood pellets Total organic compounds TOC (mg/MJ)

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute ag ifrne ewe boilertypes between differences Large

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Particles dm/dlog(Dp) (mg/m3) 1000 100 0.1 10 1 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 assz distributions1(2) size Mass Ceramic-lined wood boiler, natural draughtboiler, natural Ceramic-lined wood Water-cooled multi-fuel Particle diameter (µm) dm/dlog(Dp) (mg/m3) 0.01 100 0.1 10 1 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 boiler, small wood batchesboiler, small wood electrical ignition Pellet burner with flame pilot Pellet burner with Pellet boiler Dp (µm)

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Mass concentration

dm/dlog(Dp) (mg/Nm3) 1000 100 assz distributions2(2) size Mass 0.1 10 1 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 Particle size (µm) Particle size(µm) Burn-out phase phase Intermediate phase Start-up tdit it

Mass concentration

dm/dlog(Dp) (mg/m3) 1000 100 0.1 10 1 .101110 1 0.1 0.01

Mass concentration Particle size(µm)

dm/dlog(Dp) (mg/m3) 1000 100 0.1 10 1 Pellet stove Pelletburner el. ignition flame pilot burner Pellet .101110 1 0.1 0.01 Modern wood boiler, storagetankModern wood Old-typeboiler wood Particle size (µm)

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Particles dN/dlog(Dp) (1/cm3) Particles dN/dlog(Dp) (1/cm3) 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 ubrsz distributions2(2) size Number .101110 1 0.1 0.01 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 wood logs 38 logs % moisture wood gasflue boiler, fan, Ceramic wood 26 logs % moisture wood gasflue boiler, fan, Ceramic wood 15 logs % moisture wood gasflue boiler, fan, Ceramic wood Burn-out phase Intermediate phase Start-up phase Particle size(µm) Particle size (µm)

Particles dN/dlog(Dp) (1/cm3) 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10

Particles dN/dlog(Dp) (1/cm3) 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 .101110 1 0.1 0.01 ignition, 6 kW,ignition, intermittent el. Pellet with burner 22 ignition, kW/nominal el. Pellet with burner output Pellet stove,nominal 3 kW,ignition, intermittent el. Pellet with burner storage tank storage Old-type boiler, wood batches small wood Old-type boiler, wood batches boiler, small wood Old-type multi-fuel batcheslarge wood Old-type boiler, wood Particle size(µm) Particle size (µm)

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute .TenvlEPidctsftr osblte to further possibilities future ESP indicates Thenovel 4. => emission data Thevariationsin emissions arelarge 3. sizes, bysubmicron emissionsaredominated Particle 2. boilers inSwedenaredominated biofuel Theresidential 1. Conclusions euepril emissions particle reduce today) work (on-going homes atpeople´s to realconditions respect with investigated to befurther need for particles asnumber aswell to mass with respect tanks heatstorage to modernboilersandinstall changing the emissions by to decrease possibilities are large boilerswithhigh emissions=>There wood by old-type

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute Financial supportfrom h UCATpoetCleanAir TheEU CRAFT-project - Agency TheSwedishEnvironmental - Agency TheSwedishEnergy -

SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute