DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Biomass for Commercial-Scale Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Biomass for Commercial-Scale Applications DOE OFFICE OF INDIAN ENERGY Introduction to Biomass for Commercial- Scale Applications Presented by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1 Biomass Presenters Randy Hunsberger Anelia Milbrandt 2 Presentation Outline Intro to Bioenergy and Project Considerations Feedstocks Technology Overview Approximate costs of bio-energy 3 Introduction to Biomass Energy • Biomass can be used for renewable energy generation • Considered carbon-neutral in the near-term • It’s a base-load (dispatchable) source of power and heat • Intermediate products include pellets and torrefied biomass Source: NREL/PIX 16161 4 Intro to Biomass, continued • Reliability and cost of biomass supply is critical • Commercial, proven technologies • New, highly-efficient technologies making headway in U.S. and Biomass Heat Exchanger around the world NREL/PIX 03447 5 Commercial Scale • Commercial scale biomass electric power plants range in size from about 10 megawatts (MW) to 100 MW • Fuel form factors include: • Whole-tree • Chips • Pellets • Bales (agricultural residues) • Waste-to-energy • MSW-mass burn • MSW-RDF • Landfill gas • Anaerobic digestion • Combined heat and power (CHP) is best! • Most efficient • Best economics • Requires a steam load (host) 6 6 Bioenergy Project Considerations Energy, water, chemicals, Feedstocks people, etc. Product /output Heat Wood Process Electricity • Logs Pellet stove or wood stove CHP • Chips Combustor/boiler • Pellets Liquid fuels • Sawdust +steam turbine Gasifier Gaseous fuels (syngas) Agricultural +gas turbine, gas engine or fuel Chips • Residues cell Sawdust • Closed loop Pellets • Algae Pelletizer + bagger, etc. (co-products) Waste Air emissions, • MSW • Tires Liquid emissions, • Landfill gas Solid emissions (ash) Market Anaerobic digestion • Food waste, human or animal waste 8 Biomass Resources in the United States Crop residues – Harvesting residues – Processing residues Wood residues – Forest residues – Primary mill residues – Secondary mill residues – Urban wood waste Lipid-based feedstock – Vegetable oils – Animal fats – Greases – Algae Biogas/Biomethane – Landfills – Animal manure – Wastewater treatment – Industrial, institutional, and commercial organic waste (e.g. food waste). More information available at http://www.nrel.gov/gis/biomass.html 9 Bioenergy Pyramid Project economics Equipment sizing and energy production Feedstock resource estimate An accurate feedstock resource determination is the basis for estimating the performance and economics of a biomass project. 10 Capacity Sizing Chart MSW or biomass required to generate 1-MW electric power for various system heat rates 80 17,500 Btu/kWh 70 15,000 Btu/kWh 60 12,500 Btu/kWh 50 10,000 Btu/kWh 40 8,500 Btu/kWh 30 20 10 Amount of feedstock required [ton per day] 0 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Feedstock heating value [Btu/green lb] Tons per day at various heat rates and energy contents to generate 1 MW gross (electric only) 11 Biomass Costs - Electric • Installed costs $1,700 - $5,500/kilowatt (kW) • Larger systems have better economics than small systems • LCOE = $0.08 - $0.20/kilowatt-hour (kWh) • A typical biopower scale for a tribal or community application would probably be about 10 MW, and cost ~$40 M • LCOE could be $0.10 - 0.12/kWh 13 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Magnum Countryside® Owner's Manual
    MAGNUM COUNTRYSIDE® BIOMASS CORN/WOOD PELLET STOVE /FIREPLACE INSERT Safety tested and EPA exemption tested by Omni-Test Laboratories, Inc to UL 1482, CAN/ULC-S627, ULC-S628, APFI requirements, Oregon administrative rules 814-23-900 to 814-23-909 and E.P.A. Method 28A. OWNER’S MANUAL Installation – Operation – Maintenance Instructions NOTE: These instructions must be saved PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE MANUAL BEFORE INSTALLATION AND USE OF THIS BIOMASS CORN/ WOOD PELLET BURNING STOVE. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS MAY RESULT IN PROPERTY DAMAGE, BODILY INJURY OR EVEN DEATH. IMPORTANT: Always contact your local dealer/installer with questions before contacting the factory. When you call have your serial number, purchase date, who installed the unit and a list of questions. This appliance must be installed by a qualified/trained factory approved installer to assure proper operation/warranty. 9 When installing your Countryside Biomass Corn/Pellet stove, particular attention needs to be made in regards to fire protection. If the unit is not properly installed, a house fire may result. For your safety, follow the installation and operation instructions provided, and if a question arises contact local building or fire officials about restrictions and installation requirements in your area. 9 Read the operations and fuel section of this manual before plugging in your unit. 9 Always unplug the unit before attempting any service work. 9 Do not connect the unit to a chimney flue already serving another appliance. 9 When installing the chimney pipe to the unit, it is important to remember that the unit operates on a negative pressure and the chimney on a positive pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing
    energies Article Advantages of Applying Large-Scale Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing Dawid Chudy * and Adam Le´sniak Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Str. 18/22, PL 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The continuous development of energy storage (ES) technologies and their wider utiliza- tion in modern power systems are becoming more and more visible. ES is used for a variety of applications ranging from price arbitrage, voltage and frequency regulation, reserves provision, black-starting and renewable energy sources (RESs), supporting load-generation balancing. The cost of ES technologies remains high; nevertheless, future decreases are expected. As the most profitable and technically effective solutions are continuously sought, this article presents the results of the analyses which through the created unit commitment and dispatch optimization model examines the use of ES as support for load-generation balancing. The performed simulations based on various scenarios show a possibility to reduce the number of starting-up centrally dispatched generating units (CDGUs) required to satisfy the electricity demand, which results in the facilitation of load-generation balancing for transmission system operators (TSOs). The barriers that should be encountered to improving the proposed use of ES were also identified. The presented solution may be suitable for further development of renewables and, in light of strict climate and energy policies, may lead to lower utilization of large-scale power generating units required to maintain proper operation of power systems. Citation: Chudy, D.; Le´sniak,A. Keywords: load-generation balancing; large-scale energy storage; power system services modeling; Advantages of Applying Large-Scale power system operation; power system optimization Energy Storage for Load-Generation Balancing.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Chimney Emissions and Biofuel Characteristics of Softwood Pellets for Residential Heating in Sweden
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Chalmers Publication Library WOOD COMBUSTION STOVE BURNER SMOKE PHENOLS BENZENE PAH ANALYSIS GC - MS Open access revised manuscript version of Biomass and bioenergy 24 (2003) 51-57 Link to publisher: doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00083-1 Specific chimney emissions and biofuel characteristics of softwood pellets for residential heating in Sweden Maria Olsson, Jennica Kjällstrand and Göran Petersson Related articles on burning of wood pellets emphasize phenolic compounds and volatile hydrocarbons Front page 2010 - Göran Petersson Specific chimney emissions and biofuel characteristics of softwood pellets for residential heating in Sweden Maria Olsson, Jennica Kjallstrand, Goran Petersson* Department of Chemical Environmental Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE - 412 96 Goteborg, Sweden Abstract Softwood pellets are mainly produced from sawdust and to some extent from wood shavings. The moisture content is typically less than half of that in firewood. The present annual residential use in Sweden for pellet burners in boilers and for pellet stoves amounts to more than 100 000 tonnes and is increasing rapidly. The total annual production capacity at the more than 20 units exceeds one million tonnes, and permits continued rapid replacement of firewood and petroleum oil for residential heating. With the purpose of characterising emissions to air, chimney smoke was sampled, and specific compounds were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound in emissions from pellet burners. The smoke from stoves contained methoxyphenols with antioxidant properties and lower proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons. Observed differences in emissions from specific burning appliances are of interest with regard to both health hazards and regulation of emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion
    AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland This is a report from the Air Quality Expert Group to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, on the potential air quality impacts from biomass combustion. The information contained within this report represents a review of the understanding and evidence available at the time of writing. © Crown copyright 2017 Front cover image credit: left – Jamie Hamel-Smith, middle – Katie Chase, right – Tom Rickhuss on Stocksnap.io. Used under Creative Commons. United Kingdom air quality information received from the automatic monitoring sites and forecasts may be accessed via the following media: Freephone Air Pollution Information 0800 556677 Service Internet http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk PB14465 Terms of reference The Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK. AQEG reports to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra Ministers, Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (the Government and devolved administrations).
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Boilers for Space Heating
    Energy Efficient Wood Heating Appliances for Home and Business Scott Sanford Sr. Outreach Specialist Rural Energy Program 1 Disclaimer • Products mentioned in this presentation do not reflect an endorsement of that product. • Likewise, a lack of acknowledge does not imply that a product is not recommended. • Photo Credit: Scott Sanford unless noted otherwise 2 Outline • What make an efficient appliance? • Types of wood fuels • Types of Wood Burning Appliances • Heat distribution • Smoke Emissions • Firebox Management • Case Study of two greenhouses 3 Biomass Fuels Credit: Ohio State University • A fuel derived from plant material • Wood (cord, chips, pellets) • Grains (corn, rye, wheat,…) • Cherry pits, sunflower hulls Credit: NREL • Prairie grass (switchgrass, miscanthus) • Crop fodder (corn stalks) • Straw (wheat, oat, barley) • Oils 4 Credit: NREL Credit: University of Illinois Types of Wood Fuels • Cord wood • Green mill residue • Hogged bark & sawdust • High moisture (>20%) • Store outside in piles • Dry mill residue • Low moisture (< 10%) • Sawdust, trimmings, wood from wood products companies • Wood Chips • Whole tree chips, round wood chips, clean chips • Typically high moisture (~50%) • Energy content varies with H20, density and ash 5 Direct Use - Wood • Cord wood / logs • Unit of measure – Cord • 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft stack of wood – 128 cu ft • Moisture – 50% as harvested • Air Dried - ~ 20% (1 – 2 years) • Energy content – varies with tree species • Average – 22,300,000 Btu / cord @ 20% moisture • Range – 14,700,000 to 30,700,000 Btu / cord • Different species vary in density (lbs / cord) • Basswood – 2100 lb / cord; Hickory 4160 lb / cord • All wood about 7000 Btu / lb.
    [Show full text]
  • Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation P.O
    Revised CTUIR RENEWABLE ENERGY FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT June 20, 2005 Rev.October 31, 2005 United States Government Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory DE-FC36-02GO-12106 Compiled under the direction of: Stuart G. Harris, Director Department of Science & Engineering Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation P.O. Box 638 Pendleton, Oregon 97801 2 Table of Contents Page No. I. Acknowledgement 5 II. Summary 6 III. Introduction 12 III-1. CTUIR Energy Uses and Needs 14 III-1-1. Residential Population – UIR 14 III-1-2. Residential Energy Use – UIR 14 III-1-3. Commercial and Industrial Energy Use – UIR 15 III-1-4. Comparison of Energy Cost on UIR with National Average 16 III-1-5. Petroleum and Transportation Energy Usage 16 III-1-6. Electrical Power Needs – UIR 17 III-1-7. State of Oregon Energy Consumption Statistics 17 III-1-8 National Energy Outlook 17 III-2. Energy Infrastructure on Umatilla Indian Reservation 19 III-2-1. Electrical 20 III-2-2. Natural Gas 21 III-2-3. Biomass Fuels 21 III-2-4. Transportation Fuels 21 III-2-5. Other Energy Sources 21 III-3. Renewable Energy Economics 21 III-3-1. Financial Figures of Merit 21 III-3-2. Financial Structures 22 III-3-3. Calculating Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) 23 III-3-4. Financial Model and Results 25 IV. Renewable Energy Resources, Technologies and Economics – In-and-Near the UIR 27 IV-1 Biomass Resources 27 IV-1-1. Resource Availability 27 IV-1-1-1. Forest Residues 27 IV-1-1-2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
    Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroelectric Power -- What Is It? It=S a Form of Energy … a Renewable Resource
    INTRODUCTION Hydroelectric Power -- what is it? It=s a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric powerplants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air, land, or water, as other powerplants may. Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry. Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding. In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily increased, the amount produced by other types of powerplants has increased at a faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the electrical generating capacity of the United States. Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot accommodate. Reclamation=s 58 powerplants throughout the Western United States produce an average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential needs of more than 14 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 5 Biomass Pellet-Fired Boilers
    CHAPTER 5 Biomass Pellet-Fired Boilers Jose Antonio Perez-Jimenez Department of Biomass, CTAER Andalucia Foundation, Scientific and Technology Park, Jaen, Spain. Abstract Wood fire has been used as a heat source for thousands of years. Nonetheless, the methods for burning wood have progressed to very automatic and controlled com- bustion systems. The pressure to develop systems that minimize air pollution and maximize heating efficiency has led to imaginative and innovative new designs. Provided that firewood is grown in a sustainable manner and used in efficient com- bustion systems with insignificant hydrocarbon emissions, firewood is a renewable energy source. Already today, it is a significant heating source in most of the world. Due to its potential of being CO2 neutral, an increased use of small-scale combus- tion can have a significant impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The fuels in use are mainly wood logs, but the use of densified biomass in the form of pellets or briquettes is playing an important role, especially in the residential and public sectors. In this regard, it has to be noted that the use of traditional batch-fired sys- tems burning firewood has been augmented because of the introduction of systems designed to burn pelletized wood wastes, agricultural grains or woodchips. Due to the fact that intelligent design and sophisticated technology have resulted in several types of biomass heating systems, the aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the domestic pellet boilers. Keywords: Biomass, pellet, boiler, efficiency, stoves, fireplace. 1 Domestic Pellet-Burning Appliances In spite of its long history, biomass is the most difficult of the commonly used heating fuels to burn clean and efficiently, especially at a small scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania: Implications for Air Quality, Carbon Emissions, and Forests
    RESEARCH REPORT Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania: Implications for Air Quality, Carbon Emissions, and Forests Prepared for: Prepared by: December 2012 The Heinz Partnership for Endowments Public Integrity Pittsburgh, PA by Mary S. Booth, PhD The Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania study was conducted by Mary S. Booth, PhD, of the Partnership for TABLE OF CONTENTS Policy Integrity. It was funded by the Heinz 4 Executive Summary Endowments. 4 Central findings 8 Recommendations 10 Chapter 1: Biomass Energy — The National Context 11 The emerging biomass power industry 11 Cumulative demand for “energy wood” nationally 14 Chapter 2: Carbon Emissions from Biomass Power 15 The Manomet Study 18 Chapter 3: Pollutant Emissions from Biomass Combustion 19 Particulate matter 20 Particulate matter emissions from small boilers 20 Use of pellets to reduce emissions and the carbon dilemma 22 Particulate matter controls for large boilers 22 Controls for other pollutants 24 Chapter 4: Biomass Combustion Impacts on Human Health 25 Special characteristics of biomass emissions 26 Diesel emissions from biomass harvesting and transport 27 Chapter 5: Policy Drivers for Biomass Power in Pennsylvania 28 Bioenergy in Pennsylvania’s Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard 29 Pennsylvania’s Climate Action Plan 30 Blue Ribbon Task Force on the low-use wood resource 31 Financial incentives for biomass and pellet facilities 31 Pennsylvania’s “Fuels for Schools and Beyond” program 32 Penn State University’s Biomass Energy Center 33 Chapter 6: Biomass Supply and Harvesting in Pennsylvania
    [Show full text]
  • Pellet Stoves – the Hygge Solutation to Space Heating Emma Hanson
    Pellet Stoves – The Hygge Solutation to Space Heating Emma Hanson • Wood Energy Coordinator • Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Recreation What is advanced wood heat? • Highly efficient wood burning appliances • New wood stoves all the way to wood chip boilers • Automated wood heat is programmable with a thermostat It’s about the forest. • Vermont is 76% forested, 80% of which is privately owned • Currently harvesting less than half the net growth • Markets for low grade wood are evolving • Vermont is losing 2,123 acres of forest each year to rural and suburban development Photo Credit: UVM Support Our Local Economy • 78 cents of every fossil fuel heating dollar leaves Vermont • Most wood fuel in Vermont is grown within 50 miles of where it is used • Energy dollars support loggers, truckers & landowners in Vermont • An estimated 350 jobs in Vermont are directly attributed to wood energy Goals • 90% Renewable Energy by 2050 – State Clean Energy Plan • Obtain 35% of Vermont’s thermal energy needs from wood heat by 2030 Why 35%? • Based on the 2010 Vermont Wood Fuel Supply Study • A conservative estimate of net available low-grade wood (NALG) that could be used for fuel without compromising forest health • 2019 update calculated that there’s 5% more NALG now than reported in 2010 If we reach our goal… • Displace 40 millions gallons of fossil of fuel annually • Vermonters save $120,000,000.00/year Where are we now? • 21% of thermal energy needs comes from wood • 43% of Vermonters heat in full or in part with wood What does 35% look like?
    [Show full text]
  • Product Manual for Pellet Stove
    Owner’s Manual MODEL: AP5710 Report No. 0215PS052S Certified for installations in the USA and Canada. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Certified to comply with 2015 particulate emissions standards. French version is available for download from the U.S. Stove website: http://www.usstove.com/ Version française est disponible pour téléchargement à partir du site U.S. Stove: http://www.usstove.com This unit is not intended to be used as a primary source of heat. • PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE MANUAL BEFORE INSTALLATION AND USE OF THIS APPLIANCE. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS COULD RESULT IN PROPERTY DAMAGE, BODILY INJURY, OR EVEN DEATH. • CONTACT YOUR LOCAL BUILDING OR FIRE OFFICIALS ABOUT OBTAINING PERMITS, RESTRICTIONS AND INSTALLATION INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS IN YOUR AREA. • SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS. U.S. Stove Company 227 Industrial Park Road, South Pittsburg, TN 37380 FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE: Phone 800-750-2723 www.usstove.com 852523-1401F Safety Precautions This manual describes the installation and operation of the U.S. Stove, AP5710 wood heater. This heater meets the 2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s crib wood emission limits for wood heaters sold after May 15, 2015. Under specific test conditions this heater has been shown to deliver heat at rates ranging from 8,606 to 20,076 Btu/hr. This heater achieved a particulate emissions rate of 1.03 g/hr when tested to method ASTM E2779-10 (*and an efficiency of 68.53 %). • IMPORTANT: Read this entire manual before installing • Allow the stove to cool before performing any and operating this product. Failure to do so may maintenance or cleaning.
    [Show full text]