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Combined Solar and Pellet Heating Systems for Single-Family Houses

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Combined Solar and Pellet Heating Systems for Single-Family Houses Combined solar and pellet heating systems for single-family houses -How to achieve decreased electricity usage, increased system efficiency and increased solar gains Tomas Persson Doctoral Thesis in Energy Technology Department of Energy and Environmental Technology KTH - Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden 2006 i Trita REFR Report No. 06/56 ISSN 1102-0245 ISRN KTH/REFR/R-06/56-SE ISBN 91-7178-538-8 978-91-7178-538-1 Doctoral Thesis by Tomas Persson Department of Energy and Environmental Technology KTH - Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Printed by Universitetsservice US AB Stockholm, Sweden 2006 © Tomas Persson ii ABSTRACT In Sweden, there are about 0.5 million single-family houses that are heated by electricity alone, and rising electricity costs force the conversion to other heating sources such as heat pumps and wood pellet heating systems. Pellet heating systems for single-family houses are currently a strongly growing market. Future lack of wood fuels is possible even in Sweden, and combining wood pellet heating with solar heating will help to save the bio-fuel resources. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate how the electrically heated single-family houses can be converted to pellet and solar heating systems, and how the annual efficiency and solar gains can be increased in such systems. The possible reduction of CO-emissions by combining pellet heating with solar heating has also been investigated. Systems with pellet stoves (both with and without a water jacket), pellet boilers and solar heating have been simulated. Different system concepts have been compared in order to investigate the most promising solutions. Modifications in system design and control strategies have been car- ried out in order to increase the system efficiency and the solar gains. Possibilities for increasing the solar gains have been limited to investigation of DHW-units for hot water production and the use of hot water for heating of dishwashers and washing machines via a heat exchanger instead of electricity (heat-fed appliances). Computer models of pellet stoves, boilers, DHW-units and heat-fed appliances have been devel- oped and the parameters for the models have been identified from measurements on real com- ponents. The conformity between the models and the measurements has been checked. The sys- tems with wood pellet stoves have been simulated in three different multi-zone buildings, simu- lated in detail with heat distribution through door openings between the zones. For the other simulations, either a single-zone house model or a load file has been used. Simulations were car- ried out for Stockholm, Sweden, but for the simulations with heat-fed machines also for Miami, USA. The foremost result of this thesis is the increased understanding of the dynamic operation of combined pellet and solar heating systems for single-family houses. The results show that elec- tricity savings and annual system efficiency is strongly affected by the system design and the con- trol strategy. Large reductions in pellet consumption are possible by combining pellet boilers with solar heating (a reduction larger than the solar gains if the system is properly designed). In addition, large reductions in carbon monoxide emissions are possible. To achieve these reduc- tions it is required that the hot water production and the connection of the radiator circuit is moved to a well insulated, solar heated buffer store so that the boiler can be turned off during the periods when the solar collectors cover the heating demand. The amount of electricity replaced using systems with pellet stoves is very dependant on the house plan, the system design, if inter- nal doors are open or closed and the comfort requirements. Proper system design and control strategies are crucial to obtain high electricity savings and high comfort with pellet stove systems. The investigated technologies for increasing the solar gains (DHW-units and heat-fed appliances) significantly increase the solar gains, but for the heat-fed appliances the market introduction is difficult due to the limited financial savings and the need for a new heat distribution system. The applications closest to market introduction could be for communal laundries and for use in sunny climates where the dominating part of the heat can be covered by solar heating. The DHW-unit is economical but competes with the internal finned-tube heat exchanger which is the totally dominating technology for hot water preparation in solar combisystems for single-family houses. Keywords: Pellets, stove, boiler, solar heating, DHW preparation, system design, single-family house, electricity savings, efficiency, emissions, flue gas losses, leakage losses; dishwasher, washing machine. iii SAMMANFATTNING I Sverige finns omkring 0.5 miljoner småhus som enbart värms med direktverkande el och sti- gande elpriser framtvingar konvertering till andra energikällor som värmepumpar och pelleteld- ning. Pelleteldning i småhus ökar nu mycket kraftigt men en framtida biobränslebrist är möjlig även i Sverige. Kombinering av pelleteldning med solvärme hjälper till att spara på biobränslere- surserna. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur elvärmda småhus kan konverteras med pellet- och solvärmesystem och hur systemverkningsgrad och solvärmebidrag kan bli så högt som möj- ligt. Även möjlig reduktion av kolmonoxid emissioner genom att kombinera pelleteldning med solvärme undersöks. Olika systemkoncept med pelletkaminer, pellet pannor samt solvärme har simulerats och jämförts för att finna de mest lovande systemlösningarna. Modifieringar i systemlösningar och reglerstra- tegier har genomförts för att undersöka hur systemverkningsgrad och solvärmetillskott kan ökas. Två teknologier för att öka solvärmetillskottet som har simulerats är varmvattenberedning med tappvattenautomat (extern plattvärmeväxlare) istället för interna kamflänsrör och användning av cirkulerande varmvatten för uppvärmning av diskmaskin och tvättmaskin via en inbyggd värme- växlare istället för elvärme (värmedrivna vitvaror). Datormodeller av pelletkaminer (både med och utan vattenmantel), pelletpannor, tappvattenau- tomater och värmedrivna vitvaror har utvecklats. Parametervärden till modellerna har identifie- rats från mätningar på riktiga komponenter och överensstämmelsen mellan mätdata och modell har undersökts. Systemen med pelletkaminer har simulerats i tre olika hustyper där värmeöverfö- ring i dörröppningar mellan olika zoner simulerats i detalj. För övriga simuleringar har en värme- lastfil eller en husmodell med en zon använts. Simuleringarna är genomförda för Stockholm och för undersökningen med värmedrivna vitvaror även för Miami, USA. De viktigaste resultaten från studien är den ökade förståelsen av systemdesignens betydelse för funktion och prestanda. Elbesparing och systemverkningsgrad är kraftigt beroende av systemde- sign och reglerstrategi. Stora besparingar i pellet är möjliga genom att kombinera pelleteldning med solvärme. Detta kräver att varmvattenberedning och radiatorkrets är kopplad till den sol- värmda ackumulatortanken. Pannan stängs sedan av då solvärmen ensamt täcker energibehovet. Besparingen av elvärme med pelletkaminer är kraftigt beroende av planlösning, system design och reglerstrategi samt brukarnas komfortkrav och beteende. Väl fungerande systemlösningar och reglerstrategier är avgörande för att uppnå hög elbesparing och god komfort med pelletka- miner. De undersökta teknikerna för att öka solvärmetillskottet (tappvattenautomater och värmedrivna vitvaror) ökar solvärmetillskottet men marknadsintroduktionen för värmedrivna vitvaror i små- hus är problematisk på grund av relativt dåliga ekonomiska förutsättningar. En marknadsintro- duktion i gemensamma tvättstugor eller i varma och soliga klimat är troligare. Tappvattenautoma- ter är ekonomiska, men det är svårt att bryta den för småhus dominerande tekniken med interna kamflänsrörvärmeväxlare. Nyckelord: Pellet , pelleteldning, kamin, panna, solvärmesystem, varmvattenberedning, systemutformning , småhus, elbesparing, verkningsgrad, emissioner, rökgasförluster, skorstensförlust, diskmaskin, tvättmaskin. iv This thesis refers to work carried out at SERC, Högskolan Dalarna within multidisciplinary re- search projects financed by Formas (the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricul- tural Sciences and Spatial Planning) and Högskolan Dalarna. v LIST OF APPENDED PAPERS This thesis is based on the following publications, appended to the thesis and referred to in the text by their roman numerals: I Nordlander, S., Persson, T., Fiedler, F., Rönnelid, M., Bales, C., (2006). Computer model- ling of wood pellet stoves and boilers connected to solar heating systems. Proc on USB of Pellets 2006 , 30 May - 1 June, Jönköping, Sweden, pp. 207-211. <www.pellets2006.com>. II Persson, T., Nordlander, S., Rönnelid, M., (2005). Electrical savings by use of wood pellet stoves and solar heating systems in electrically heated single-family houses. Energy and Buildings 37 (2005). pp. 920-929. Available from: <www.sciencedirect.com>. III Fiedler, F., Nordlander, S., Persson, T., Bales, C., (2006). Thermal performance of com- bined solar and pellet heating systems. Renewable Energy 31 (2006). pp. 73-88. Available from: <www.sciencedirect.com>. IV Persson, T., Fiedler, F., Rönnelid, M., Bales, C., (2006). Increasing efficiency and decreas- ing CO-emissions for a combined solar and wood pellet heating system for single-family houses. Proc on USB of Pellets 2006
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