DOCSLIB.ORG

Exochorda: Fivespecie So Rone ? Cip-Datakoninklijk Ebibliotheek ,De Nhaa G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exochorda: Fivespecie So Rone ? Cip-Datakoninklijk Ebibliotheek ,De Nhaa G EXOCHORDA: FIVESPECIE SO RONE ? CIP-DATAKONINKLIJK EBIBLIOTHEEK ,DE NHAA G GaoFangyo u (F.Y.Gao ) Exochorda: five species or one? A biosystematic study of the Rosaceous genus Exochorda. Thesis,Wageninge n Agricultural University In English, with summaries in Dutch and Chinese. With references. 111.: W. Wessel- brand, author. ISBN 90-5485-825-7 Key words: Anatomy, biosystematics, cytology, distribution, embryology, Exochorda, morphology, multivariate analysis, pollination biology, populations, Rosaceae, taxonomy. Cover: author. Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.)Rehde rsubsp .racemosa, population 01 in QixiaSha n Mountain,Nanjing ,Jiangs u province,China . Printed by:Cop y Master, Netherlands B.V. Copyright © 1998b yWageninge n Agricultural University,th eNetherlands . II ,JNOF2OI,23<KS GaoFangyo u Exochorda:five specie so rone ? Abiosystemati c study of theRosaceou s genus Exochorda Proefschrift ter verkrijging vand egraa dva ndocto r opgeza gva nd erecto r magnificus vand eLandbouwuniversitei tWageninge n dr.C.M .Karsse n inhe t openbaart everdedige n op2 8januar i 1998 desnamiddag st e vieruu ri nd eAul a ra ^v) ^S^1°l Promotor: Prof.Dr . ir.L.J.G . van derMaese n Hoogleraar ind e plantentaxonomie BIBLIOTHEEK IV LANDBOUWUNIVERSITEIT WAGENINGEN pjy^zo», 23£ 5 Propositions 1. Exochorda populations aremorphologicall y very similar, and appear tobelon g toth e same species,althoug h theirdistribution s areclearl y disjunct. this thesis 2. Thepheneti c study doesno t supportfive distinc t taxa(i.e .five species ) inth e Exochordacomplex .Instead ,thre ebroadl ydefine d subspecific taxaca nb e recognized.Thes ecoincid e inpar t withth e geographical distribution inth egenus . thisthesi s (page: 83) 3. Exochorda originated before theemergenc e of theTaklamaka n Desert. Itprobabl y onceoccupie d alarg eare a inth enorther n hemisphere of Asia.Th e disjunct distribution pattern represents therelic t of aforme r widean d continuous distribution pattern, the intervening areas havingbee n depopulated. thisthesi s (page: 106) 4. Thegenu sExochorda hasbee n neglected for quite alon gtim eespeciall y in China. Itsmerit s shouldbecom e more and more appreciated for gardening. author Chinai son eo f therichest region s of plant diversity contributing manyimportan t crops,particularl y fruit trees.Othe r important crops areBrassica campestris and related species,Camellia sinensis, Colocasia esculenta, Corchorussinensis, Glycine max,Panicum milaceum, Raphanus sativus, Setariaitalica etc . A.C.Zeve n &P.M .Zhukovsky . 1975.Dictionar yo f cultivated plantsan dthei rcentre so fdiversity :27 . 6. Knowledge andexperienc ed ono tnecessaril y speakth esam elanguage . Taoistphilosoph y 7. Education isa lifelon g process,a proces stha tstart s longbefor e theforma l starto f schooleducation , andon etha t should bea nintegra lpar to fone' sentir e life. 8. Learning without thinkingi suseless ;thinkin g without learningi sperilous . Confucius (551-479 B.C.) 9.Fait h isth ebir d thatfeel s theligh twhe nth edaw n isstil l dark. Rabindranath Tagore (1816-1941) 10.Wha teveryon e wants from life iscontinuou s andgenuin e happiness.Happines s is therationa l understanding of life andth e world. Baruch Spinoza (1631-1677) Stellingen, horend bij hetproefschrif t van GaoFangyou : Exochorda: five specieso rone ? Abiosystemati c study ofth eRosaceou sgenu s Exochorda Wageningen, 28januar i 1997 Naturebring sm esunshin eanckmusi c inm ylife . Author ToProf .Dr .L.J.G . van derMaese n Tom yparent s Tom yhusban d Contents Page Preface X Summaries (inEnglish ,Dutc h and Chinese) XI 1.Introductio n and history of thegenu sExochorda 1 2.Lea f morphology, anatomy andseedlin g morphology 6 2.1. Introduction 6 2.2.Material s andmethod s 6 2.3. Results 7 2.3.1.Lea f morphology 7 2.3.2.Epidermi s morphology andstomata l type 8 2.3.3.Transvers e section of thelea fblad e 8 2.3.4.Petiol eanatom y 9 2.3.5.Seedlin g morphology 9 2.4.Discussio n 9 3.Woo d anatomy 14 3.1. Introduction 14 3.2.Material s andmethod s 14 3.3.Result s 16 3.4.Discussio n andconclusion s 20 3.4.1. Speciesdelimitatio n andrelationshi p withothe rgener a in 20 Rosaceae 3.4.2.Ecologica l trendsi n wood ofExochorda inChin a 20 3.4.2.1. Mutual relationshipbetwee n macroclimate and 23 moistureavailabilit y 3.4.2.2.Woo d anatomical characters inrelationshi p to 23 ecology 4. Pollen morphology 28 4.1. Introduction 28 4.2.Material s andmethod s 28 4.2.1. LM 29 4.2.2. SEM 30 4.2.3. TEM 30 4.2.4.Measurement s 30 4.3. Results 30 4.3.1. General morphology 30 4.3.2. Apertures 31 4.3.3. P/Evalu ean d shapeo f grain 33 4.3.4. A/Evalu e andlengt h ofcolp i 33 4.3.5. Exinearchitectur e 34 VII 4.3.5.1. Stratification 34 4.3.5.2. Ornamentation 34 4.4. Discussion and conclusions 34 5. Cytotaxonomy 39 5.1. Introduction 39 5.2. Materials andmethod s 39 5.3. Results anddiscussio n 40 6.Embryolog y ofExochorda 43 6.1. Introduction 43 6.2.Material san dmethod s 43 6.3. Results 43 6.3.1. Pistil 43 6.3.2.Microsporangiu m and microsporogenesis 44 6.3.3.Megasporogenesi s and megagametogenesis 45 6.4. Discussion 45 7.Pollinatio n ofExochorda 51 7.1. Introduction 51 7.2. Materials and methods 52 7.2.1. Site 52 7.2.2. Plant species andflora l biology 52 7.2.3. Pollinators 53 7.2.4. Fruit set 54 7.3. Results 54 7.3.1. Plant-animal interaction 54 7.3.2.Pollinator s andthei r behaviour 56 7.3.3.Frui t set 60 7.4.Discussio n andconclusion s 60 8.Geneti c segregation ofrando mamplifie d polymorphic DNAi n 63 somegener ao f Rosaceae 8.1. Introduction 64 8.2. Materials andmethod s 64 8.2.1. Plantmaterial s 64 8.2.2.DN Aisolatio n 65 8.2.3.Primer s 66 8.2.4.PC R analysisan d electrophoresis 66 8.2.5. Dataanalysi s 66 8.3. Results anddiscussio n 67 9. Multivariate analysis ofmorphologica l variation inth eExochorda 70 complex 9.1. Introduction 70 9.2.Material s andmethod s 70 VIII 9.3. Results 73 9.3.1. Character analysis 73 9.3.2. Principal component analysis(PCA ) 79 9.3.3. Pheneticanalysi s 81 9.4. Discussion 83 10.Revisio n 85 10.1.Descriptio n of the genus 85 10.2. Description of the species 86 11.Geographica l distribution andevolutionar y trends 98 11.1. Introduction 98 11.2.Presen tgeographica l distribution of the genus 98 11.2.1.Th etype so f distribution 99 11.2.2.Centr eo f diversity 101 11.3.Tim ean dplac eo f origin 101 11.4.Dispersa l andevolutionar y trends 103 11.5.Discussio n andconclusion s 106 References 108 Acknowledgments 116 Curriculum vitae 119 Appendix 120 Indexo f plant names 132 IX Preface The present dissertation has three objectives: first, to solve the question: how many species exist in the Rosaceous genusExochorda: five o r one?;t o describe and analyze the kinds of adaptive radiations that could have given rise to morphological and anatomical differences to distinguish species in Exochorda; second: to compare Exochorda with other genera in Rosaceae, with respect to leaves, wood, pollen and chromosome, these data give us a record of taxonomie information; third: to explore the origin, dispersal and present geographical distribution of the genus and ecological factors thatinfluenc e diversification. Chapter 2 to 5provid e information for thetaxonom y of thegenus .I n chapter 6, the embryology of Exochorda istreated . Chapter 7 discusses thepollinatio n of thespecies . In chapter 8, molecular methods were used to attempt to detect differences between populations. In chapter 9, numerical taxonomy of Exochorda isperformed . In chapter 10, the taxonomie revision is given. Chapter 11present s the postulates of the origin, dispersal andpresen t geographical distribution of thegenus . GaoFangyo u Wageningen, theNetherland s December, 1997 X Summary The Rosaceous genus Exochorda consisted sofar of five accepted species and is distributed in East Asia and Central Asia. Morphologically the taxa in theExochorda complex have similar characters, hence the classification in the complex was questionable. A further problem is the relationship between the genus Exochordaan d other generai nRosaceae .I nthi sdissertation , based onwil d material of 22 populations in China, cultivated accessions in the botanical gardens of Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands, and herbarium material, a biosystematic study of this genusi sreported .Th eresult s aresummarize d asfollows : Leaf anatomy: The epidermis consists of one layer of cells and the shape of epidermis cells is irregular in outline as seen on both surface. Epidermal cell shape in surface view isquit e uniform inExochorda. Stomata are always confined to the lower leaf surface. An anomocyticpatter n isfoun d inal lsamples . Wood anatomy: growth rings are distinct, boundaries are marked by differences in vessel diameter between earlywood and latewood, andb y rows of flattened late wood fibres. The wood is ring-porous to semi-porous. Quantitative anatomical characters express continuous variation within the "species", wood of Exochorda shows a single wood structural type similar totha to f thePrunoidea e than toth e Spiraeoideae. Pollen morphology and exine structure show little variation in this genus. Exochorda pollen grains are isopolar, three-colporate, small or medium-sized, grain shape isspheroidal .P = 20.9-30. 5 (19.6-36.9) urn,E = 22.1-30.7 (17.9-35.7) um, A= 5.2-9.5 (3.6-15.5) um, P/E = 0.88-1.36 (0.81-1.73). Ornamentation is striate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA)
    SMITHSONIAN OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND STUDY 2020 Office of Fellowships and Internships Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC The Smithsonian Opportunities for Research and Study Guide Can be Found Online at http://www.smithsonianofi.com/sors-introduction/ Version 2.0 (Updated January 2020) Copyright © 2020 by Smithsonian Institution Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 How to Use This Book .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Anacostia Community Museum (ACM) ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Archives of American Art (AAA) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Asian Pacific American Center (APAC) .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (CFCH) ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Cooper-Hewitt,
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Host Plant, Nectar Plant and Vegetation Types on Butterfly Communities
    Original article KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 한국응용곤충학회지 ⓒ The Korean Society of Applied Entomology Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 51(4): 331-342 (2012) pISSN 1225-0171, eISSN 2287-545 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2012.08.0.023 먹이식물 ․ 흡밀식물 ․ 식생이 나비 군집에 미치는 영향 김도성*ㆍ조영복1ㆍ정종철2 한국나비보전센터, 1한남대학교 자연사박물관, 2국립공원연구원 Effects of Host plant, Nectar plant and Vegetation types on Butterfly Communities 1 2 Do Sung Kim*, Young Bok Cho and Jong Chul Jeong Butterfly Conservation Center of Korea, Geumsan 312-802, Korea 1Natural History Museum, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Korea 2National Park Research Institute, Korea National Park Service, Namwon 590-811, korea ABSTRACT: The effects of number of host plants and nectar plants on the number and diversity of butterflies were monitored and analyzed by simple and multiple regression from May 2008 to Sep 2009 in the Bubjusa region (Mt. Sokri, Boeun-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do), which was divided into four regions. The results demonstrate that the number of butterflies has a positive correlation with the number of host plant species, the number of nectar plant species, and the number of host plants multiple regression analysis. The number of butterflies also increased habitat area. However, the butterfly species number and diversity index showed lower correlation with the number of host plants and the area size of the divided region, respectively, when analyzed by simple regression. In addition, increased species diversity in a region with more diverse plant flora. These results suggest that the composite distribution of host and nectar plants with diverse plant flora is required for butterfly diversity and population preservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Monarda Didyma ‘Coral Reef’ North American Native Cultivar
    www.whatsnative.com Monarda didyma ‘Coral Reef’ North American Native Cultivar Monarda (mo-nard-a) Named after Dr. Nicholas Monardas (1493-1588). didyma (di-di-ma) meaning twin or in pairs; two-fold (the stamens or the leaves). Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: Salmon-pink Height: 3 – 4’ Spacing: 18” ‘Coral Reef’ is a bright salmon pink, taller than parent ‘Marshall’s Delight’, at 3-4’ with good mildew resistance. About the Species: Common Name: Bee Balm, Oswego Tea Family: Lamiaceae Monardas can be 15-18” tall or 5’ tall, depending on the cultivar. As part of the Mint Family, Monarda has square stems and gray-green leaves, with a slightly ‘minty’ scent. The whorled clusters of petals are in a variety of colors. Monarda didyma is known to have a calming effect on bees and yields a high amount of nectar, hence the name Bee Balm. Monarda will also attract butterflies and hummingbirds. Habitat: Native to moist open woods, bottomlands, meadows and stream banks in eastern North America. In the Garden: This plant likes to grow in average to well- drained soil in full sun. Good air circulation surrounding the plant is essential to avoiding powdery mildew. Very tolerant of heat and humidity, this plant is excellent in the mixed border in the Mid-Atlantic States. Truth or Folklore White Fawn, a young Oswego Indian maiden, was mixing a poultice of crushed leaves to soothe insect bites she obtained while walkingwith her beau, Running Wolf. Running Wolf had used Monarda to scent his pomade that was made out of (hopefully fresh) bear grease.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Celebration SHOPPING GUIDE Photo
    Spring Celebration SHOPPING GUIDE Thursday, May 19, 2011 Saturday, May 21, 2011 12 noon to 6 pm 8 am to 2 pm Ogden Botanical Utah State University Gardens Botanical Center Where Utah’s Future Grows. Photo UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL CENTER 725 South Sego Lily Drive Kaysville, Utah 84037 Phone: 801-593-8969 Fax: 801-593-5330 www.utahbotanicalcenter.org OGDEN BOTANICAL GARDENS 1750 Monroe Blvd. Ogden, Utah 84401 http://extension.usu.edu/weber/htm/ horticulture/ www.ogdenbotanicalgardens.blogspot.com Lawrence Flatman Geranium www.utahbotanicalcenter.org www.ogdenbotanicalgardens.blogspot.com Spring Celebration Shopping Tips Improve your Landscape ~ Support the Gardens Welcome, plant-lovers to our 2011 Spring Celebration Shopper’s Guide. In the following pages you will find both new plants as well as classic favorites, including pictures and descriptions. If you have been to a Utah State University Botanical Center (USUBC) or Ogden Botanical Gardens (OBG) plant sale before you know what a great opportunity it is to find the best plants and horticulture advice for gardens in this area. If this is your first time we hope that you enjoy yourself and we invite you to stroll through the gardens to learn about numerous plants that will beautify your garden from spring until fall. Spring Celebration is your oppor- tunity to speak with knowledgeable horticulturists regarding plant selection, landscape placement, and general care of your plants; just look for individuals wearing either a USUBC or OBG hat or shirt. This year’s sale features trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals, and vegetables which are ideally suited for landscapes along the Wasatch Front.
    [Show full text]
  • Of 3 Exochorda Simplified Standard Protocol
    Exochorda Simplified standard protocol: SSP/EXH/4.rev ___________________________________________________________________ Botanical taxon: Exochorda racemosa (Lindl.) Rehder Common Name (when known): Pearl-bush Date of preparation of SSP: 2008 Date of revision of SSP: 17-10-2021 SSP revised by: W.A. Wietsma Sample to be examined: VEGETATIVE Number of growing cycles: 1 year Closing date for applications: 1/12 Submission date/period: 1/3 - 31/3 Seed/Plant Quantity: 10 young plants Able to show all their characteristics in the first year of examination Special conditions sample: None Test station address: Naktuinbouw, Sotaweg 22, 2371 AA, Roelofarendsveen Name: Team Support Variety Testing Department E-mail: [email protected] List of grouping characteristics: NO, (if yes put as annex) Minimum number of plants in trial: Vegetative: 8 Seed: not appl. Minimum number of plants observed by measuring or counting: Vegetative: 1 Seed: not appl. Give description of when observations on the flower should take place: At full flowering Give description of when/where observations on the leaf should take place: At full flowering Give description of when/where the other observations should take place: At full flowering Test will take place: OUTDOORS Uniformity: A population standard of 1% with an acceptance probability of at least 95%. Number of Off-types allowed: one off-type allowed in a sample size of 10 Table of characteristics: PRESENT (see annex) (if present, please annex the table of characteristics and explanations) Literature: PRESENT (when
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Článku "Rod Scilla V České Republice 2"
    ZprávyÈes.Bot.Spoleè.,Praha,45:137–153,2010 137 Ladoòky(rod Scilla s.lat.)vÈeskérepublice.II. Taxonypìstovanéazplaòující Squills(Scilla s.lat.)intheCzechRepublic.II.Cultivatedand escapedtaxa Bohumil T r á v n í è e k Katedra botaniky Pøírodovìdecké fakulty Univerzity Palackého, Šlechtitelù 11, 783 71 Olomouc;e-mail:[email protected] Abstract Cultivated species of the genera Hyacinthoides Medik., Fessia Speta, Nectaroscilla Parl., Oncostema Raf., Othocallis Salisb., Prospero Salisb. and Scilla L. in the Czech Republic (and Central Europe) are reviewed. Data on the occurrence of escaped species [Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm., Othocallis amoena (L.) Trávníèek, O. siberica (Haw.) Speta, Scilla sardensis (Barr et Sugden) Speta and S. forbesii (Baker) Speta] from the Czech Republic are summarised. The paper includes a morphological description of the species and a list of their localities. Map of the adventive distribution of Othocallis siberica in the Czech Republicisalsoadded. K e y w o r d s : cultivated and escaped plants, Czech Republic, identification, Fessia, Hyacinthoides, Ne- ctaroscilla,occurrence, Oncostema, Othocallis, Prospero, Scilla Úvod V první èásti pojednání o ladoòkách v kvìtenì Èeské republiky (Trávníèek 2010) byly probrány taxony pùvodní a bylo charakterizováno jejich rozšíøení u nás. Tato druhá èást je vìnována druhùm v ÈR nepùvodním, pìstovaným a v nìkterých pøípadech i zplaòujícím. Vedle druhù na území ÈR èastìji pìstovaných jsou zde krátce zmínìny i taxony, jejich pìstování je vzácné nebo je pøedpokládané v blízké budoucnosti (napø. taxony pìstované v okolních zemích støední Evropy jako je Rakousko èi Nìmecko). Zatímco druhy ladonìk, které jsou v ÈR pùvodní, všechny náleejí do úzce pojatého rodu Scilla (s.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Plant Patent (10) Patent No.: US PP23,329 P3 Ranney (45) Date of Patent: Jan
    USOOPP23329P3 (12) United States Plant Patent (10) Patent No.: US PP23,329 P3 Ranney (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 15, 2013 (54) PEARLBUSH PLANT NAMED “BLIZZARD (51) Int. Cl. (50) Latin Name: Exochorda serratifoliaxmacrantha AOIH 5/00 (2006.01) (racemosaxkorolkowi) (52) U.S. Cl. ....................................................... Pt./226 Varietal Denomination: Blizzard (58) Field of Classification Search ................... Plt./226, (75) Inventor: Thomas G. Ranney, Arden, NC (US) PtF263.1 See application file for complete search history. (73) Assignee: North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (US) Primary Examiner — Kent L Bell (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Michael Best & Friedrich patent is extended or adjusted under 35 LLP U.S.C. 154(b) by 110 days. (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 12/927.738 Blizzard is a new pearlbush plant particularly distinguished (22) Filed: Nov. 22, 2010 by its compact habit, Smaller plant height and width, larger (65) Prior Publication Data flower diameter, and larger genome size. US 2012/O13171OP1 May 24, 2012 2 Drawing Sheets 1. 2 Genus and species: Exochorda Serratifoliaxmacrantha 4. A polyploid cytotype with a relative 2C genome size of (racemosaxkorolkowii). approximately 2.2 pg. Variety denomination: Blizzard. DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS BACKGROUND OF THE NEW PLANT 5 This new pearlbush variety is illustrated by the accompa The present invention comprises a new and distinct variety nying photographs which show the plants form, foliage and of Exochorda, botanically known as Exochorda, and herein flowers. The colors shown are as true as can be reasonably after referred to by the variety name Blizzard.
    [Show full text]
  • Frutales Palmáceas Árboles De Sombra Trepadoras Arbustos-Aromáticas-Coníferas 2019-2020
    Arbustos-Aromáticas-Coníferas 2019-2020 Trepadoras Árboles de Sombra Palmáceas 2019-2020 Frutales Índice • Index • Indice 1. Presentación Introduction Presentatión 2. Nuestro personal / Cómo llegar Our staff / How to get Notre personnel / Comment arriver 3. Colaboraciones Collaborations Des collaborations 4. Segorbe Segorbe Segorbe 6. Instalaciones Facilities Aménagement 10. Luxe & Silver Plant Collection Luxe & Silver Plant Collection Luxe & Silver Plant Collection 11. Novedades 2019-2020 New Nouveautes 12. Producto estrella OLIVOS Featured product: OLIVE TREE Produit vedette: OLIVIER 24. Producto estrella TRACHYCARPUS Featured product: TRACHYCARPUS Produit vedette: TRACHYCARPUS 30. Arbustos, Aromáticas y Coníferas Shrubs, Aromatic and Conifers Arbustes, Aromatiques et Conifères 56. Trepadoras Climbers Grimpeurs 64. Árboles de sombra Shade Trees Arbres d’ombrage 76. Palmáceas Palms Palmiers 84. Frutales Fruit Fruits 92. Índice alfabético Alphabetical index Index alphabétique Índice • Index • Indice Presentación • Introduction • Présentación viveros Mas de Valero 1 CONDICIONES CONDITIONS GENERAL CONDITIONS GENERALES DE VENTA GENERALES DE VENTE OF SELLING 1. Los precios se entienden al 1. Les prix sont valables pour tout 1. Goods are all paid in cash. For contado, y en un primer pedido la paiement comptant. Pour la premiè- the first order goods must be paid totalidad de la factura se abonará re commande, la facture sera réglée under this mode. mediante esta modalidad. sous cette forme. 2. The merchandise always travels 2. La mercancía viaja siempre por 2. Les végétaux sont transportés à on buyer’s account and risk. cuenta y riesgo del comprador. la charge de l’acheteur. 3. The IVA tax and cost of transport 3. Al precio se habrá de añadir el 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Bgci's Plant Conservation Programme in China
    SAFEGUARDING A NATION’S BOTANICAL HERITAGE – BGCI’S PLANT CONSERVATION PROGRAMME IN CHINA Images: Front cover: Rhododendron yunnanense , Jian Chuan, Yunnan province (Image: Joachim Gratzfeld) Inside front cover: Shibao, Jian Chuan, Yunnan province (Image: Joachim Gratzfeld) Title page: Davidia involucrata , Daxiangling Nature Reserve, Yingjing, Sichuan province (Image: Xiangying Wen) Inside back cover: Bretschneidera sinensis , Shimen National Forest Park, Guangdong province (Image: Xie Zuozhang) SAFEGUARDING A NATION’S BOTANICAL HERITAGE – BGCI’S PLANT CONSERVATION PROGRAMME IN CHINA Joachim Gratzfeld and Xiangying Wen June 2010 Botanic Gardens Conservation International One in every five people on the planet is a resident of China But China is not only the world’s most populous country – it is also a nation of superlatives when it comes to floral diversity: with more than 33,000 native, higher plant species, China is thought to be home to about 10% of our planet’s known vascular flora. This botanical treasure trove is under growing pressure from a complex chain of cause and effect of unprecedented magnitude: demographic, socio-economic and climatic changes, habitat conversion and loss, unsustainable use of native species and introduction of exotic ones, together with environmental contamination are rapidly transforming China’s ecosystems. There is a steady rise in the number of plant species that are on the verge of extinction. Great Wall, Badaling, Beijing (Image: Zhang Qingyuan) Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) therefore seeks to assist China in its endeavours to maintain and conserve the country’s extraordinary botanical heritage and the benefits that this biological diversity provides for human well-being. It is a challenging venture and represents one of BGCI’s core practical conservation programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Oil of Monarda Didyma L. (Lamiaceae) Exerts Phytotoxic Activity in Vitro Against Various Weed Seeds
    Article The Essential Oil of Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) Exerts Phytotoxic Activity in Vitro against Various Weed Seeds Donata Ricci 1, Francesco Epifano 2 and Daniele Fraternale 1,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, sez. Biologia Vegetale, via Bramante 28 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; [email protected] 2 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara G. d’Annunzio, via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0722-303774 Academic Editor: Olga Tzakou Received: 3 January 2017; Accepted: 27 January 2017; Published: 2 February 2017 Abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of Monarda didyma L. cultivated in central Italy was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds of the oil were thymol (59.3%), p-cymene (10.3%), terpinolene (9.2%), δ-3-carene (4.4%), myrcene (3.7%), and camphene (3.4%). The essential oil was tested in vitro for its anti-germination activity against Papaver rhoeas L., Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Avena fatua L., Raphanus sativus L. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds, demonstrating good inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent way. The exposure of the employed weed seeds to M. didyma essential oil and thymol solution (59.3%) increased the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers of oxidative stress, in emerging 5-day-old rootlets. Keywords: essential oil; anti-germination; Monarda didyma L.; hydrogen peroxide; malondialdehyde; phytotoxic activity 1. Introduction Monarda didyma L. (golden balm or honey balm) grows spontaneously in North America and belongs to the Lamiaceae family; it is also cultivated in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • P020110307527551165137.Pdf
    CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Gardening for Native Bees
    spread pesticide use, and climate change all have an impact, but gardeners can help. AppreciAting Diversity American bee species “come in a jewel box gardening for of different colors—from metallic green to bottle blue, gold, brown, and glossy black,” says scott Hoffman black, the executive director of the Xerces society, an organiza- tion dedicated to invertebrate conservation. sizes vary from the enormous one-inch val- Native Bees ley carpenter bee (Xylocopa varipuncta) to one of the world’s smallest bees, Perdita minima, which is under two millimeters North America’s native bees long. Throw in different shapes, hair types, tongue lengths, and other characteristics, are under threat from habitat and their diversity is staggering. When it comes to nesting, about loss, pesticides, and climate 90 percent of these species are solitary, change. Here’s what gardeners can do to help. BY JESSIE KEITH Left: Fall-blooming plants such as this aster (Symphyotrichum sp.) provide nectar to many species of native bees as they prepare to hibernate over the winter. Above: Specialized hairs on the underside of this female leafcutter bee’s (Megachile sp.) abdomen hold the pollen she collects for feeding her young. oney bees (Apis mellifera) (Osmia lignaria) are far more effective while the rest are social and hive-form- may garner more of the lime- pollinators of cherry orchards, resulting ing. nests may be underground or above Hlight, but north America is al- in over twice the fruit yields of honey bee ground in cavities; depending on the so home to approximately 4,000 known pollinated orchards.
    [Show full text]