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" $ %&*(@* $ CREATING THE REVOLUTIONARY HEROINES Nadezda Petrusenko Creating the Revolutionary Heroines The Case of Female Terrorists of the PSR (Russia, Beginning of the 20th Century) Nadezda Petrusenko ©Nadezda Petrusenko, Stockholm University 2017 ISBN print 978-91-7797-081-1 ISBN PDF 978-91-7797-082-8 ,6%1 ISSN 1652-7399 Cover Photo: A postcard of the PSR (from the author's private collection) Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2017 Distributor: Department of History To Vadim Arman Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 5 1.1 Definition of the Problem ......................................................................................... 5 1.2 Aim ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 10 1.4 Previous Research ................................................................................................ 11 1.4.1 Research on Construction of Revolutionary Lives ......................................... 12 1.4.2 Research on Construction of the Lives of Political Terrorists ........................ 19 1.4.3 Research on the Construction of Revolutionary Lives of Russian Terrorists . 21 1.5 Choice of the Case: The Female Terrorists of the PSR ......................................... 25 1.6 Theories and Concepts ......................................................................................... 26 1.6.1 CDA on Discourse and Text.......................................................................... 26 1.6.2 Gender History .............................................................................................. 29 1.6.3 Intersectionality ............................................................................................. 32 1.6.4 Representation ............................................................................................. 36 1.6.5 Terrorism ...................................................................................................... 38 1.6.6 Autobiographies, Biographies and Auto/biographies ..................................... 40 1.7 Sources ................................................................................................................. 43 1.7.1 About Choosing the Sources ........................................................................ 44 1.7.2 Materials of the PSR ..................................................................................... 45 1.7.3 The Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiles .................................... 51 1.7.4 Liberal Authors .............................................................................................. 55 1.7.5 Bolshevik Authors ......................................................................................... 57 1.8 Method .................................................................................................................. 59 1.8.1 Content Analysis ........................................................................................... 59 1.8.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................................ 60 1.9 Structure of the Research ..................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................................... 65 2.1 History of Terrorism in pre-revolutionary Russia.................................................... 65 2.2 Female Participation in Political Terrorism of the PSR .......................................... 72 2.3 Female Political Assassins .................................................................................... 82 2.4 Female Terrorists in Siberia .................................................................................. 90 CHAPTER 3. SUBCULTURE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY UNDERGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 95 3.1 General Features .................................................................................................. 95 3.2 Revolutionary family .............................................................................................. 98 3.3 Ethics .................................................................................................................. 104 3.4 Mythology ............................................................................................................ 110 3.4.1 The Revolutionary Hero .............................................................................. 112 3.4.2 The Revolutionary Heroine ......................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 4. AWAKENING ........................................................................ 127 4.1 Birth Family ......................................................................................................... 128 4.2 Formal Education ................................................................................................ 137 4.3 Self-Education ..................................................................................................... 144 4.4 Professional Life.................................................................................................. 155 4.5 Historical Events ................................................................................................. 160 4.6 Religion ............................................................................................................... 161 4.7 Private Life .......................................................................................................... 163 4.9 Summary: Class-Bound Narratives ..................................................................... 165 CHAPTER 5. ACTIVISM ............................................................................. 173 5.1 Mothers and Sisters ............................................................................................ 174 5.2 Revolutionary Activism Prior to Participation in Political Terrorism ...................... 182 5.2.1 Revolutionary Reputation ............................................................................ 182 5.2.2 Devotion to the PSR ................................................................................... 184 5.3 Participation in Political Terrorism ....................................................................... 191 5.3.1 Reasons to Become a Terrorist .................................................................. 191 5.3.2 Ambitions and Opportunities ....................................................................... 201 5.3.3 Assassinations ............................................................................................ 216 5.4 Self-sacrifice ....................................................................................................... 226 5.4.1 At the Hands of the Authorities ................................................................... 226 5.4.2 Behaviour during the Trial ........................................................................... 230 5.4.3 Heroic Death ............................................................................................... 237 5.5 Summary: Transgender Narratives ..................................................................... 245 CHAPTER 6. FAR AND AWAY .................................................................. 255 6.1 On Sources and their Authors ............................................................................. 256 6.2 In the Commune: Relationships .......................................................................... 260 6.2.1 “Mothers” and “Sisters” Re-Defined ............................................................ 260 6.2.2 A Female Terrorist as a Leader? ................................................................ 266 6.3 In the Commune: Everyday Life .......................................................................... 271 6.3.1 Heroism of Everyday Life ............................................................................ 271 6.3.2 Education .................................................................................................... 275 6.3.3 Meeting the “People”................................................................................... 281 6.4 Political Activism in Prison and Exile ................................................................... 283 6.4.1 Propaganda ................................................................................................ 284
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