Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 ii India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 South Asian History and Culture Series Editors: David Washbrook, University of Cambridge, UK Boria Majumdar, University of Central Lancashire, UK Sharmistha Gooptu, South Asia Research Foundation, India Nalin Mehta, Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore This series brings together research on South Asia in the humanities and social sciences, and provides scholars with a platform covering, but not restricted to, their particular fi elds of interest and specialization. A signifi cant concern for the series is to focus across the whole of the region known as South Asia, and not simply on India, as is often the case. We are most conscious of this gap in South Asian studies and work to bring into focus more scholarship on and from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal and other parts of South Asia. At the same time, there will be a conscious attempt to publish regional studies, which will open up new aspects of scholarly inquiry going into the future. This series will consciously initiate synergy between research from within academia and that from outside the formal academy. A focus will be to bring into the mainstream more recently developed disciplines in South Asian studies which have till date remained in the nature of specialized fi elds: for instance, research on fi lm, media, photography, sport, medicine, environment, to mention a few. The series will address this gap and generate more comprehensive knowledge fi elds. Also in this Series ‘How Best Do We Survive?’ A Modern Political History of the Tamil Muslims Kenneth McPherson 978-0-415-58913-0 Health, Culture and Religion: Critical Perspectives Editors: Assa Doron and Alex Broom 978-81-89643-16-4 Gujarat beyond Gandhi: Politics, Confl ict and Society Editors: Nalin Mehta and Mona G. Mehta 978-81-89643-17-1 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 FORTHCOMING: Land, Water, Language and Politics Escaping the World: Chastity, Power, and in Andhra: Evolution in India Women’s Renunciation among Jains Since 1850 Manisha Sethi Brian Stoddart South Asian Transnationalisms: Cultural Scoring off the Field Exchange in the Twentieth Century Kausik Bandyopadhyay Editor: Babli Sinha India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 Jayanta Kumar Ray Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 LONDON NEW YORK NEW DELHI First published 2011 in India by Routledge 912 Tolstoy House, 15–17 Tolstoy Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi 110 001 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Transferred to Digital Printing 2011 © 2011 Jayanta Kumar Ray Typeset by Star Compugraphics Private Limited D–156, Second Floor Sector 7, Noida 201 301 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 ISBN 978-0-415-59742-5 For my granddaughter ANUMEGHA Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 vi India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 Contents List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xv 1. Introduction 1 2. Non-alignment: Pronouncements and Practices 18 3. Relations with the United Kingdom 52 4. Relations with Pakistan 113 5. Relations with China 197 6. Relations with Bangladesh 324 7. Relations with Nepal 410 8. Relations with Sri Lanka 487 9. Relations with the Former Soviet Union/Russia 533 10. Relations with the United States 579 11. Nuclear Policy 692 12. Epilogue 761 Bibliography 780 About the Author 804 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 Index 805 viii India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AICC All India Congress Committee AJTs Advanced Jet Trainers APC All Parties Conference AWACS Airborne Early Warning Command and Control System BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BRC Border Restoration Committee BRO Border Roads Organisation BSF Border Security Force CAG Comptroller and Auditor General CAVTS Combined Acceleration Vibration Climatic Test System CBMs Confi dence Building Measures CCPA Committee of Political Affairs CENTO Central Treaty Organisation CEPA Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement CFL ceasefi re line CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts CIA Central Intelligence Agency CICA Conference on Interaction and Confi dence Building Measures in Asia CIR Canada–India Reactor CISS China Institute of Strategic Studies Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 CPA comprehensive peace agreement CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal–United Marxist- Leninist CPT Calcutta Port Trust CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CWC Congress Working Committee CWC Central Water Commission DC developed country x India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 DCG [India–UK] Defence Consultative Group DDP Department of Defence Production DGFI Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (Bangladesh) DIB Dubai Islamic Bank DPG Defence Policy Group DRDO Defence Research and Development Organisation EEC European Economic Community EPRLF Eelam People’s Revolutionary Front EROS Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students EU European Union FDI foreign direct investments FERA Foreign Exchange Regulation Act FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry FII Foreign Institutional Investors FMCT Fissile Materials Cutoff Treaty FSU Former Soviet Union FTA Free Trade Agreement GATT Geneva Agreement of Trade and Tariff GHG greenhouse gas GNLF Gorkha National Liberation Front GSOMIA General Security of Military Information Agreement HSMP Highly Skilled Migrants Programme HUJI Harkatul-e-Jihad-e-Islam HuM Harkat-ul-Mujahideen IAC Interim Administrative Council IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAF Indian Air Force IAS Indian Administrative Service Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 IB Intelligence Bureau IBBL Islamic Bank of Bangladesh Ltd. IBPI Indo-British Partnership Initiative ICT Information and Communications Technology IDA International Development Agency IDP internally displaced person IDSA Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses IFS Indian Foreign Service IIG Indian Insurgent Group List of Abbreviations xi ILO International Labour Organisation IMDT Act Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunals Act IMF International Monetary Fund IMLG Indian Military Liaison Group IMM Indian Military Mission INA Indian National Army IOC Indian Oil Corporation IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Force IPR intellectual property rights ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation ISI Inter-Services Intelligence JCWR Joint Committee on Water Resources JDPSA Jaguar Deep Penetration Strike Aircraft JeI Jamaat-e-Islami JeM Jaish-e-Mohammed JeMB Jaish-e-Muhammad Bangladesh JGE Joint Group of Experts JHU Jathika Hela Urumaya JRWA Jumma Refugee Welfare Association JSS Jathika Sevaka Samghamaya JuD Jamat-ud-Dawa JuMB Jamat-ul Mujahideen Bangladesh JTE Joint Team of Experts JVP Janatha Vimukti Peramuna JVS Jathika Sevaka Sanghamaya JWG Joint Working Group LAC Line of Actual Control LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi LCA Light Combat Aircraft LDC less developed country LeT Lashkar-e-Taiyaba LIOC Lanka Indian Oil Corporation Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 LPG Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam MCC Maoist Coordination Centre MCND Minimum Credible Nuclear Deterrent MEA Ministry of External Affairs MECON Metallurgical and Engineering Counsultants (India) Ltd MIRVs Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicles xii India’s Foreign Relations, 1947–2007 MNNA Major Non-NATO Ally MoD Ministry of Defence MoU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament MRTP Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCAER National Council of Applied Economic Research NDA National Democratic Alliance NEFA North East Frontier Agency NGO Non-government organisation NIDC National Industrial Development Corporation NIEO New International Economic Order NMD National Missile Defence NNPA Nuclear Non-proliferation Act NNWS Non-Nuclear Weapon States NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group NSD National Security Decision NSI National Security Intelligence (Bangladesh) NWFP North West Frontier Province NWFW Nuclear Weapon Free World NWS Nuclear Weapon States NNWS Non-Nuclear Weapon States NZOP Nepal as a Zone of Peace OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR Offi ce of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OFNS Observer Foreign News Service Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:22 24 May 2016 OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries OSS Offi ce of Strategic Services OVL ONGC Videsh Ltd PCJSS Parbattya Chattagram