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Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Paekche and the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty History/ Wontack Hong

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Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Paekche and the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty History/ Wontack Hong 2 3 ANCIENT KOREA-JAPAN RELATIONS PAEKCHE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE YAMATO DYNASTY WONTACK HONG 4 Copyright 2010 by Wontack Hong The right of Wontack Hong to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the International Copyright, Designs and Patents Act. Limited preview edition published in 2006. Final version published in 2010. Kudara International Seoul, Korea Free downloading of updated version (in PDF format) at: Web Site: http://www.WontackHong.com Web Site: http://www.HongWontack.pe.kr Mailing Address of Author 330-272 Sungbuk-dong, Sungbuk-ku Seoul 136-823, Korea Tel: 82-2-743-1838 Fax: 82-2-3673-3066 e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Seoul, Korea. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hong, Wontack, 1940- Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Paekche and the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty History/ Wontack Hong. – Seoul: Kudara International, 2010 p.; cm Includes bibliographies and index ISBN 978-89-85567-06-0 93910 1. History--Korea-Japan Relations. 2. Ethnology—Korean and Japanese. 3. Yamato Dynasty—Origin. 4. Paekche-Yamato— 300-700 CE. I. Title. 910-KDC4 950-DDC21 CIP2005000006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced without permission from the author. 5 6 CONTENTS Foreword Ancient Korea-Japan Relations: Building a More Realistic Model 11 1. Paekche and the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty: Summary and Conclusion 19 2. Paekche in the Korean Peninsula: Historical Stage for the Birth of the Yamato Kingdom 39 1. The Yemaek in Central Manchuria and the Northern Peninsula 2. The Yemaek Cousins in the Southern Peninsula 3. Paekche: An Offshoot of the Puyeo-Koguryeo in Ma-han Land 4. Dating the Foundation of the Paekche Kingdom 5. Historical Stage for the Birth of the Yamato Dynasty Appendix 2.1. The Territorial Sphere of Paekche: the Paekche’s Colonization of a Liaoxi Area 3. Model Building for the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty: Evolution of the Egami-Ledyard-Hong Models 69 1. Building a Model for the Origin of the Yamato Dynasty 2. Evolution of the Egami-Ledyard-Hong Models 3. Event or Process: The Evolutionary Thesis 4. The Linguistic Aspect of My Model Appendix 3.1. Silence and Distortions in the Dynastic Chronicles 7 4. Homuda (Ōjin) from the Korean Peninsula: Founder of the Yamato Dynasty in the Japanese Islands 85 1. The Yamato Dynasty Commencing with King Homuda 2. The Official Title of Jimmu: Kami Yamato I-ha-re 3. Dating the Foundation of the Yamato Kingdom Appendix 4.1. King Homuda (Ōjin) in the Harima Fudoki 5. Myth, Legends, and Inscriptions: Trinity of Jimmu (Ihare), Ōjin (Homuda) and Ninigi 105 1. The Foundation Myth 2. The Biryu Line and the Onjo Line 3. The Jin Family Queens in Paekche and the Ma-hito Clan of the Yamato Royal Family 4. King Kwang-gae-to’s Epitaph 5. Five Kings of Yamato in Chinese Dynastic Chronicles 6. Tracing the Sequence of Conquest and Dating the Events: Interpreting the Historical Facts within My Model 125 1. Reconstructing the Possible Sequence of Conquest 2. The Starting Point: At the Paekche Court in Han-seong 3. Sending Scouts to the Upper Nak-tong River Valley 4. The Paekche Armies Advance toward the South in 369 5. Embarking on the Expedition to the Japanese Islands 6. Eastern Conquest Commencing from the Hyūga Base 7. Pacifying the Yamato Region and Founding a New Kingdom 8. Paekche Congratulating the Birth of a New Kingdom in the Japanese Islands Appendix 6.1. The Seven-Branched Sword Appendix 6.2. The Mima-na [Imna] Story 8 7. Massive Influx of the Paekche People from the Korean Peninsula 149 1. Influx of the Paekche People from the Korean Peninsula 2. Close Kinship between the Paekche and the Yamato Royal Families 3. The Uji-Kabane (Shi-sei) and Be System Appendix 7.1. The New Compilation of the Clan Register Appendix 7.2. Continued Inflows from Paekche in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries Appendix 7.3. Yamato People Wearing Paekche Costumes 8. Formation of the Proto-Japanese People: the Yayoi Wave 171 1. Jōmon Culture of the Ainu and Malayo-Polynesian People 2. Timing of the “Yayoi Wave”: Why Did They Move circa 300 BCE? 3. The Bronze-Iron Yayoi Culture 4. Formation of the Proto-Japanese People and the Proto-Japanese Language 5. Queen Pimihu of Wa in the Dongyi-zhuan 9. Formation of the Modern Japanese People: the Kofun Wave 189 1. The Archeological Break: Event or Process 2. Ōjin-Nintoku Tombs and Horse Trappings 3. Kaya (Karak) vs. Paekche 4. Timing of the “Kofun Wave”: Why the Fourth Century? 5. Genetic Affinity with Linguistic Distance 6. Evolution vs. Creation Appendix 9.1. Total Reliance on Korean Iron in the Japanese Islands 9 10. Fall of Paekche in the Korean Peninsula: Macro Tungusic Koguryeo and Unified Mainland China 221 1. A Proto Macro-Tungusic State, Unified Mainland China, and Diastrophism 2. Fall of the Paekche Kingdom in the Korean Peninsula 3. Unification of the Korean Peninsula: Silla Expels the Tang Army 4. Second Round of Massive Influx of the Paekche People 5. Creating a New History of the Yamato Dynasty 6. Birth of the Macro-Tungusic States in Manchuria: Confining the “Pure-blooded” Yemaek-Tungus to the Korean Peninsula 7. The Silla and the Yamato Court Make a Strategic Alliance Appendix 10.1. The Great Minister Sa-taek Ji-zeok 11. The Samurai-Shogunate Period and the Meiji Restoration: Revival of Emperor-Worship Ideology 243 1. Dynasties Collapsing Everywhere 2. Fall of the Yamato Dynasty and Era of the Samurai and Shogunate 3. Revival of the Emperor-Worship Ideology in Japan Appendix 11.1. The Japanese Archeological Community REFERENCES 267 GLOSSARY-INDEX 281 10 Paekche and Origin of Yamato Dynasty 11 YÉÜxãÉÜw Ancient Korea-Japan Relations Building a More Realistic Model 12 The Ancient Korea-Japan Relations An-ak Tomb No.3, Hwang-hae-do 安岳 3號墳 黃海道 安岳郡 五菊里 A Koguryeo Royal Mausoleum (likely of King Koguk-won 故國原王 r.331-71, who was killed at Pyung-yang fighting Paekche King Keun Chogo 近肖古王 r.346-75) with a 68-letter inscription over the head of an aide-de-camp named Tong Shu (冬壽 288-357, 西 側室入口 南側 帳下督 頭上墨書), reporting that he had held various high- ranking positions and died incumbent in 357 at the age of 69. The tomb was surveyed in 1949. See Ancient Epigraph of Korea 1 (1992: 54-71). 帳下督 頭上墨書 永和十三年[357] 十月戊子朔卄六日 癸[丑] 使持節都督諸軍事平東將軍 護撫夷校尉 樂浪[相]昌黎玄菟帶方 太守 都鄕侯 幽州 遼東 平郭 都鄕 敬上里 冬壽 字□安 年六十九薨官 When Murong Huang succeeded his father in 333, his younger brother, Ren, rebelled in the Liaodong area. According to the Zizhi Tongjian, one of Huang’s officers named Tong Shu, a Han Chinese from Liaodong, sided with Ren after Huang’s initial defeat, and then, when Ren was crushed by Huang in 336, fled to Koguryeo. He appears as one of the two aides-de-camp on the wall in the An-ak Mural Tomb No. 3. 資治通鑑 卷九十五 晉紀十七 慕容 廆卒…仁擧兵…皝…遣軍…與庶弟… 司馬遼東佟壽 共討仁…皝兵大敗… 壽…遂降於仁…慕容皝討遼東…咸康 二年…慕容皝將討慕容仁…佟壽…皆 東走 (left bottom) Cow-shed/Stable on south/ west wall in eastern side-chamber. Model-Building for Birth of Yamato Kingdom 13 1 三國志 卷三十 魏書三十 烏丸鮮 FOREWORD 卑東夷傳 第三十 倭 倭人在帶方東 ANCIENT KOREA-JAPAN RELATIONS 南大海之中 依山島爲國邑 舊百餘 BUILDING A MORE REALISTIC MODEL 國. 漢時有朝見者 今使譯所通三十 國...南至邪馬壹國 女王之所都…其 南有狗奴國 男子爲王…其國本亦以 男子爲王 住七八十年 倭國亂 相攻 伐歷年 乃共立一女子爲王名曰卑彌 呼 事鬼道能惑衆...景初二年 倭女 王遣大夫…等詣郡 求詣天子朝獻… 太守劉夏遣吏將送詣京都… 制詔親 魏倭王卑彌呼...正始八年..倭女王卑 彌呼與狗奴國男王卑彌弓呼素不和.. 相攻擊...卑彌呼以死更立男王 國中 不服 更相誅殺...復立卑彌呼宗女壹 與年十三爲王 國中遂定 The Weishu (Record of Wei, 220-65) forms part of the Sanguozhi (History of Three Kingdoms, 220-80) compiled by Chen 2 晉書 卷九十七 列傳第六十七 倭 Shou (陳壽 233-97) of Western Jin (265-316). The record on the 人泰始[265-74]初 遣使重譯入貢 Japanese Islands in the Dongyi-zhuan (Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians) was apparently based on the reports made by Chinese 3 攝政六十六年 晉起居注云 武帝 envoys to the northern part of Kyūshū around the nine-year 泰初二年 [266] 倭女王遣重譯貢獻 period of 239-48. It begins with the following statement: “The people of Wo (Wa in Japanese) dwell in the middle of the ocean 4 晉書 卷十 帝紀第十 安帝義熙九 southeast of Daifang [commandery]. Around the mountains and 年 [413]是歲高句麗倭國...並獻方物 islands, they form town-states, formerly comprising more than one hundred states. During the Han dynasty [Wo] envoys appeared 5 宋書 卷九十七 列傳 夷蠻 倭國… at the court. Today, thirty of their town-states maintain 世修貢職…永初二年[421] 詔曰倭讚 intercourse with us through envoys and interpreters.” There also 萬里修貢…可賜除授..元嘉二年[425] appears the record on Queen “Pimihu of the Yama-ich town- 讚又遣…獻方物 讚死弟珍立 遣使 state” (called “Himiko of the Yama-tai State” by the Japanese 貢獻 自稱使持節都督倭百濟新羅任 historians) from 238-47, and her relative Iyo who became queen 那秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事 安東大將軍 after Pimihu passed away.1 According to the Jinshu (compiled 倭國王 表求除正 詔除安東將軍倭 during 646-8), an envoy and interpreters from the Wo people 國王…二十年[443] 倭國王濟遣使奉 came to the court of Western Jin with a tribute sometime early in 獻 復以爲安東將軍倭國王 二十八 the period of 265-74.2 According to the Nihongi (that quotes a Jin 年[451]...濟死 世子興遣使貢獻...大 person), it most likely was the year 266.3 The “Wo Queen” 明六年[462]…興死弟武立 recorded in the quotation of Nihongi as having sent interpreters 梁書 卷五十四 列傳 東夷 晉安帝 bearing tribute to the Jin court in 266 mostly likely was Iyo.
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