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General Sir William Birdwood and the AIF,L914-1918
A study in the limitations of command: General Sir William Birdwood and the A.I.F.,l914-1918 Prepared and submitted by JOHN DERMOT MILLAR for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales 31 January 1993 I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of advanced learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. John Dermot Millar 31 January 1993 ABSTRACT Military command is the single most important factor in the conduct of warfare. To understand war and military success and failure, historians need to explore command structures and the relationships between commanders. In World War I, a new level of higher command had emerged: the corps commander. Between 1914 and 1918, the role of corps commanders and the demands placed upon them constantly changed as experience brought illumination and insight. Yet the men who occupied these positions were sometimes unable to cope with the changing circumstances and the many significant limitations which were imposed upon them. Of the World War I corps commanders, William Bird wood was one of the longest serving. From the time of his appointment in December 1914 until May 1918, Bird wood acquired an experience of corps command which was perhaps more diverse than his contemporaries during this time. -
From the Archives
FROM THE ARCHIVES ANZAC DAY, LONE PINE AND PAST GRAMMARIANS One year from the centenary of the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April, 1915 much is being written about the importance of the landing and its influence on Australian culture and history. Opinions are divided on the issue but one thing that is certain is that many young Australians gave their lives for what was, in the long run, a futile military exercise. Six young men associated with the Grammar School were to die on the Gallipoli Peninsula and it is important that their sacrifice, as with others, be remembered. D.N.MacGregor [25 April], J.F.Walsh [28 April] and H.D.Foot [1 May] were all killed within six days of the conflict breaking out. A.M.Foot , brother of H.D.Foot was killed on 22 November. This From the Archives, however would like to concentrate on two Past Grammarians in J.I.Smith [8 August, 1915] and H.W.Tillidge [7 August, 1915] who were killed during the battle now known as the Battle of Lone Pine. The battle was fought from 6-10 August on a heavily fortified plateau of the Gallipoli Peninsula, upon which stood a solitary lone pine. It was from this pine tree that the legend of the Battle of Lone Pine is derived. There are various stories of the origin in Australia of the lone pine but it seems certain that Private Thomas McDowell and Lance-Corporal Benjamin Smith were the two soldiers who brought back to Australia a pine cone from where the pine tree had stood before the battle. -
100 YEAR COMMEMORATION of the GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN Go To
HOME / FRONT 100 YEAR COMMEMORATION OF THE GALLIPOLI CAMPAIGN Go to www.penrithregionalgallery.org to download a copy of this Digital Catalogue HOME / FRONT INTRODUCTION The 100 year anniversary of the 25 April 1915 landing As the basis for her drawings, the artist researched and commencement of battle at ANZAC Cove, Gallipoli, and chose historical photographs from the collection of presents a very special opportunity for Australians to reflect the Australian War Memorial. Additional research saw upon conflict, sacrifice and service across the intervening O’Donnell travel to Turkey in March of 2014 to meet with years. historians, visit war museums ,ANZAC battle sites and to survey the terrain and imagine herself and others upon the As a public gallery, concerned to present exhibitions peninsula’s rocky landscape of hell in1915. Imagining what relevant to its community, Penrith Regional Gallery & happened to Australian countrymen and women so far from The Lewers Bequest was keen to make a meaningful home, fighting Turkish soldiers in defence of their homeland contribution to this anniversary. Albeit, so much had been as a consequence of old world geopolitical arrangements, said and written of the Campaign, of its failures, of the old was a difficult and melancholic task. men who led from a safe distance, and of the bravery of the young who fought, the question hovered - “What was left to As the artist walked the scarred earth she found scattered say?” relics of war - pieces of spent shrapnel, fragments of barbed wire, bone protruding from the earth, trenches, now After much consideration we have chosen to devote our worn and gentle furrows, the rusting, hulking, detritus of the Main Gallery Autumn exhibition to an examination of the world’s first modern war. -
A Study Guide by Robert Lewis
© ATOM 2014 A STUDY GUIDE BY ROBERT LEWIS http://www.metromagazine.com.au ISBN: 978-1-74295-490-5 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au OVERVIEW The War That Changed Us (Electric Pictures 2014) is a 4 x 57 minute dramatized documentary that tells the story of Australia’s war effort from 1914-1918 through the focus or filter of six key historical characters: • General Harold ‘Pompey’ Elliott • Sergeant Archie Barwick • Nurse Kit McNaughton • Peace campaigner Vida Goldstein • War supporter Eva Hughes • Radical socialist Tom Barker. The series follows these six characters through their stories as told in their vivid and evocative personal testimonies — revealed in letters, diaries, speeches and newspaper articles written in the heat of the moment as the events of the war unfold at home and on the frontline. This study guide is in four parts, one for Driven by human stories, rather than the detail of military each episode. The introductory activities history, the series offers an opportunity to get close to the and summary activities are repeated each actual experience of war, and to learn how it changed the time, so if students have already seen any lives of those involved. As a result the political becomes episode of The War That Changed Us they personal and the epic everyday. We watch the series pro- can skip these and concentrate on the tagonists struggle with the opposing influences of imperial- questions and activities that are specific ism and independence, militarism and pacifism, Old World for that episode. enmities and New World utopian ideals. The War That Changed Us uses dramatic reconstruction, location filming, expert analysis and colourised black and The places where Australians fought and the nature of war- white archive to tell a gripping tale spanning three conti- fare during World War I, including the Gallipoli campaign. -
A Study Guide by Robert Lewis
© ATOM 2014 A STUDY GUIDE BY ROBERT LEWIS http://www.metromagazine.com.au ISBN: 978-1-74295-490-5 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au OVERVIEW The War That Changed Us (Electric Pictures 2014) is a 4 x 57 minute dramatized documentary that tells the story of Australia’s war effort from 1914-1918 through the focus or filter of six key historical characters: • General Harold ‘Pompey’ Elliott • Sergeant Archie Barwick • Nurse Kit McNaughton • Peace campaigner Vida Goldstein • War supporter Eva Hughes • Radical socialist Tom Barker. The series follows these six characters through their stories as told in their vivid and evocative personal testimonies — revealed in letters, diaries, speeches and newspaper articles written in the heat of the moment as the events of the war unfold at home and on the frontline. This study guide is in four parts, one for Driven by human stories, rather than the detail of military each episode. The introductory activities history, the series offers an opportunity to get close to the and summary activities are repeated each actual experience of war, and to learn how it changed the time, so if students have already seen any lives of those involved. As a result the political becomes episode of The War That Changed Us they personal and the epic everyday. We watch the series pro- can skip these and concentrate on the tagonists struggle with the opposing influences of imperial- questions and activities that are specific ism and independence, militarism and pacifism, Old World for that episode. enmities and New World utopian ideals. The War That Changed Us uses dramatic reconstruction, location filming, expert analysis and colourised black and The places where Australians fought and the nature of war- white archive to tell a gripping tale spanning three conti- fare during World War I, including the Gallipoli campaign. -
Avenues of Honour, Memorial and Other Avenues, Lone Pines – Around Australia and in New Zealand Background
Avenues of Honour, Memorial and other avenues, Lone Pines – around Australia and in New Zealand Background: Avenues of Honour or Honour Avenues (commemorating WW1) AGHS member Sarah Wood (who has toured a photographic exhibition of Victoria’s avenues) notes 60,000 Australian servicemen and women did not return from World War 1. This was from a population then of just 3 million, leaving lasting scars. Avenues of Honour were a living way of remembering and honouring these lives and sacrifices. Australia vigorously embraced them. As just one tangent, in 1916 the Anzac troops’ landing at Gallipoli, Turkey led the Victorian Department of Education to encourage all Victorian schools to use Arbor Day that year (and subsequent years, including after 1918) to plant native tree species such as gums and wattles to celebrate the Anzac landing. A number of these early plantings, some of which were avenues, others groves, groups, scattered and single trees, remain. More research is needed to confirm which survive. Treenet, a not-for-profit organisation based in Adelaide launched ‘The Avenues of Honour 1915-2015 Project’ in 9/2004 as part of the 5th National Street Tree Symposium. It is a national initiative aiming to honour with a tree the memory of every individual who has made the supreme sacrifice on behalf of all Australians, by documenting, preserving and reinstating the original and establishing new Avenues of Honour by the 2015 Gallipoli Centenary. Treenet combines under the name ‘Avenues of Honour’ Boer War memorial, WW1 and WW2 memorial avenues. This is a different to the approach AGHS has taken, distinguishing: a) Avenue of Honour = WW1; b) Memorial Avenue =WW2 (and sometimes subsequent wars); c) Other memorial avenue (other wars, e.g. -
In Two Armies: the Experiences of Two Salvationists in the First AIF 1914-1918
Avondale College ResearchOnline@Avondale Arts Papers and Journal Articles School of Humanities and Creative Arts 8-2019 In Two Armies: The Experiences of Two Salvationists in the First AIF 1914-1918 Daniel Reynaud Avondale College of Higher Education, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://research.avondale.edu.au/arts_papers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Reynaud, D. (2019). In two armies: The experiences of two salvationists in the first AIF 1914-1918. The Australasian Journal of Salvation Army History, 4(2), 27-40. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Humanities and Creative Arts at ResearchOnline@Avondale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts Papers and Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@Avondale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IN TWO ARMIES: THE EXPERIENCES OF TWO SALVATIONISTS IN THE FIRST AIF 1914-1918 Daniel Reynaud Commissioner William McKenzie’s work as a chaplain in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) is fairly well known in Salvationist circles, his work achieving legendary status both during and after the Great War.1 Lesser known is the contribution of his fellow Salvationist, Chaplain Benjamin Orames, who gave distinguished service for much of the war. The work of The Salvation Army in supporting the war effort in various wars, through its huts and canteens bearing the iconic Red Shield logo, has also been recognized.2 However, Salvationists not only served in the support services during World War One but also as enlisted men in the AIF itself. -
Media Release
Media Release -FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE- 14th September 2018 Lone Pine remembered The planting of an Aleppo Pine in the War Memorial Teardrop section of Cootamundra’s Albert Park was held today. Members of the Cootamundra RSL Sub Branch, and staff from Cootamundra-Gundagai Regional Council planted the tree to commemorate all who have fallen the First World War and marking the end of the four year commemoration period – 1914-1918. The Aleppo Pine is a direct descendant from the Turkish Pines that stood on the World War 1 battlefield near Anzac Cove on the Turkish Peninsular. The Lone Pine battlefield was named for a solitary Turkish Pine that stood there at the start of the fighting. The Battle of Lone Pine was fought between Australian and Turkish forces during the Gallipoli Campaign, between 6 and 10 August 1915. The "original" Lone Pine, a "Turkish Pine", was the sole survivor of a group of trees that had been cut down by Turkish soldiers who had used the timber and branches to cover their trenches during the battle. The tree was obliterated during the battle; however, pine cones that had remained attached to the cut branches over the trenches were retrieved by various Australian soldiers and seeds made their way to Australia. The seeds were propagated and many Turkish Pines, have been planted across the country over generations to honour the Lone Pine Battle, Gallipoli campaign and ANZAC soldiers who lost their lives during World War 1. CGRC applied to the Australian War Memorial for two trees, one which has been planted in another section of Albert Park and is part of Councils commitment to succession planting of significant trees within the council area. -
Queensland at War
ANZAC LEGACY GALLERY Large Print Book Queensland at War PROPERTY OF QUEENSLAND MUSEUM Contents 5 ...... Gallery Map 6 ...... Gallery introduction 7 ...... Queensland at War introduction 9 ...... Queensland at War - hats 10 .... Together 23 .... Loss 33 .... Wounded 44 ... Machine 63 .... World 78 .... Honour 92 .... Memories 4 Gallery Map 5 Entry Introductory panels Lift Interactives Gallery introduction 6 Queensland at War introduction 7 QUEENSLAND AT WAR People ... Queenslanders ... nearly 58,000 of them, left our shores for the war to end all wars. There are so many stories of the First World War – of people, experiences, and places far away – that changed our State forever. A small thing – like a medal crafted from bronze and silk – can tell an epic story of bravery, fear, and adventure; of politics, religion, and war. It represents the hardship and sacrifice of the men and women who went away, and the more than 10,000 Queenslanders who gave their lives for their country. Queensland at War introduction 8 First group of soldiers from Stanthorpe going to the war, seen off at Stanthorpe Station, 1914 Queensland Museum collection Queensland at War - hats 9 Military cap belonging to Percy Adsett, who served at Gallipoli in 1915 and was wounded at Pozieres in September 1916 Prussian infantryman’s pickelhaube acquired as a trophy on the Western Front in 1917 Nurses cap used by Miss Evelyn Drury when she was in the Voluntary Aid Detachment working at Kangaroo Point Military Hospital during World War 1 British Mark 1 Brodie Helmet, developed in the First World War as protection against the perils of artillery Together 10 Together CHARITY AND FUNDRAISING Charities like the Red Cross and ‘Patriotic’ and ‘Comfort Funds’ aided soldiers at the front and maintained morale at home. -
Wonthaggi-Lone Pine Connection
Wonthaggi-Lone Pine Connection side could be caught by the other side and On a plateau overlooking much of the thrown back. Many Australians were killed or Gallipoli peninsula stood a hill topped by a lost hands or eyesight in this dangerous game. solitary pine tree. To Australian soldiers at During the ferocious battle, the Diggers won the Gallipoli in August 1915 it was known as the position but had to defend it on a daily basis. Lone Pine or the Lonesome Pine, and where it The 7th Battalion was finally relieved on 6 grew became known as Lone Pine Ridge. The September when the 23rd and 24th Battalions, led tree was distinctive in that most of the trees in then by Capt. Stan Savige (later Lt General Sir the forest originally surrounding it were of a Stanley Savige the founder of Legacy), took it different species and were felled to provide in turns to defend it. shoring or roofing for the trenches and tunnels Ultimately, the Lone Pine fell, blown to of the Turks in anticipation of pieces by the constant artillery, but it wasn’t lost English/Australian invasion. The lone tree was forever. left standing as it was not good for use in the Before the battle in Gallipoli and the fame of enemy trenches. Standing alone as it was the lonely tree on the ridge had spread far and provided both sides of the opposing forces with wide, the species was known as the Calabrian a distinctive marker from which measurements pine so named after a naturalised population of could be made that enabled artillery to range the tree in Calabria, where it was first collected, guns. -
Business Paper
Camden Council Business Paper Ordinary Council Meeting _____________________________________________________________________________________ ORDINARY COUNCIL SUBJECT: APOLOGIES Leave of absence tendered on behalf of Councillors from this meeting. RECOMMENDED That leave of absence be granted. RESOLUTION Moved Councillor Funnell, Seconded Councillor Dewbery that Councillor Symkowiak be granted a leave of absence. THE MOTION ON BEING PUT WAS CARRIED. ORD64/11 _________________________________________________________________________________ This is the report submitted to the Ordinary Council Meeting held on 05 April 2011 - Page 1 _____________________________________________________________________________________ ORDINARY COUNCIL SUBJECT: DECLARATION OF INTEREST NSW legislation provides strict guidelines for the disclosure of pecuniary and non-pecuniary Conflicts of Interest and Political Donations. Council’s Code of Conduct also deals with pecuniary and non-pecuniary conflict of interest and Political Donations and how to manage these issues (Clauses 7.5 -7.27). Councillors should be familiar with the disclosure provisions contained in the Local Government Act 1993, Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979 and the Council’s Code of Conduct. This report provides an opportunity for Councillors to disclose any interest that they may have or Political Donation they may have received relating to a Report contained in the Council Business Paper and to declare the nature of that interest. RECOMMENDED That the declarations be noted. RESOLUTION -
On Four Fronts with the Royal Naval Division by Surgeons Geoffrey
On Four Fronts with the Royal Naval Division by Surgeons Geoffrey Sparrow, MC And J N Macbean-Ross, MC, Royal Navy Major-General Sir Archibald Paris, KCB, RMA To the Officers, Non-commissioned 0fficers, and Men of the Royal Naval Division This is dedicated as a token of deep admiration and affectionate regard by their sincere friends The Authors 1 Foreword By Surgeon-General Sir James Porter, KCB, KCMG, RN The Authors have given us at first hand in fascinating form an absorbing and realistic narrative of stirring times in the annals of the Royal Naval Division. They have seen with their own observant eyes, and been themselves a part of all they describe in many lands. Accuracy is the dominant note through all their graphic pen and pencil pictures. It was my privilege to see this wonderful Division in the making when the raw material was composed of an assortment of men strangely varied, but of a high physical standard. They were all keen to learn, the war being urgent and dispatch necessary. Hence in a marvellously short time they became transformed by their Marine and Naval Instructors into the wonderful fighting men portrayed in these pages. Of good physique to start with, their training imbued them with the ready resource of the sailor and the precision of the soldier. The Authors take us pleasantly and with light touch through ever changing scenes from the Antwerp expedition, through the Homeric combats of Gallipoli, to Salonika and the Isles of Greece with their poisonous, malarial climate, to the muddy, blood- stained trenches of the Western Front.