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The Policy of the Church Missionary Society Concerning The The Policy of the Church Missionary Society Concerning the Development of Self-Governing Indigenous Churches.1900-1942 Kenneth John Trace Farrimond Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. The University of Leeds Department of Theology and Religious Studies August 2003 The candidate confIrms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ABSTRACT This study examines the leadership and administration of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) between 1900 and 1942. It concentrates on the particular policy issue of' self-governing, indigenous Churches', building on the work done by Peter Williams on this policy in the CMS during the 19th century. It begins with an analysis of the way the CMS worked as an organisation in Britain throughout the period. This includes the contribution to the leadership ofthe CMS from both supporters and staff, along with a discussion of the change in the role of women with the society. The main voices heard in this study are those of the leadership of the CMS in Britain, particularly the full time 'Secretaries'. The tension between being an 'evangelical' society and being an 'Anglican' society runs through the whole period, but was particularly marked in 1922 when a split occurred within the CMS. The policy at the start of the period is examined through a detailed discussion of a Memorandum on 'native' Churches produced in 1901, which committed the CMS to work exclusively to produce Churches that would be part of the Anglican Communion. A study of the way the CMS Missions around the world were governed, and how they related to the Churches they had helped found, reveals that until 1922 very little progress was made in producing Churches that were not governed by the CMS. A study of another Memorandum in 1909 shows that the Secretaries at this time were trying to keep a significant degree of control over CMS, rather than being proactive in developing the leadership structures for the new Churches. In the 1920s and 193 Os much more rapid progress was made in India and China, but not in Africa. This caused significant concern within the CMS leadership in Britain, that in the process' evangelical principles' were not being safeguarded. From 1926-1942 the CMS was led by W.W. Cash. IDs background, theology and attitudes are examined in some detail. During the whole period, very little progress was made in producing indigenous bishops, in any of the areas in which CMS worked. The CMS had some influence over the appointment ofbishops in its Mission areas. The actual degree of influence is examined. The CMS only started encouraging the appointment ofloca1 people as diocesan bishops in the late 1930s, in India and China, and always opposed their appointment in Africa. The reasons behind this policy, and how it changed over time, are also explored. By the end ofthe period some significant steps had been made, towards a 'self-governing, indigenous Church', particularly in India, but the CMS had still not realised its goal. 1 Contents Tables and Figures . .. v Abbreviations ....................................................... vi Acknowledgements .................................................. vii Chapter 1 - Introduction ...... .. 1 1.1 Introduction and Rationale ........................................... 1 1.2 Key Books on the CMS ..... .. 5 1.3 The Scope of this Study . .. 7 1.4 What is a Self-Governing Indigenous Church? ................. .. 11 Chapter 2 - The Administrative Structure of the CMS 1900-1942 ........•... 16 2.1 The Church Missionary Society and the Anglican Communion . .. 16 2.1.1 The Foundation and Aims of the CMS .......................... 16 2.1.2 The Relationship with the Developing Anglican Communion ...... " 17 2.2 Overview of Policy Development in the 19th Century ..................... 21 2.3 CMS Missions and Missionaries in 1900 ............................... 24 2.4 The Management Structure of the CMS 1900-1942 ....................... 28 2.4.1 The Committee Structure .................................... 28 2.4.2 The CMS Secretaries ....................................... 32 2.4.3 The Honorary Clerical Secretary ............................. " 35 2.4.4 H.E. Fox (1841-1926) ..................................... " 37 2.4.5 The Group Secretaries ...................................... 38 2.4.6 Salisbury Square .......................................... 40 2.4.7 The Role of Women in the CMS .............................. 42 2.4.8 Assessment of the CMS Administration ........................ 46 Chapter 3 - The Background to Policy Development . • . .. 50 3.1 The Major Policy Documents of the CMS 1900-1942 ..................... 50 3.2 The Centenary Review ............................................. 51 3.2.1 The Rise and Fall of the Section V Committee ................... 53 3.2.2 The Section IV Committee and its Report ....................... 55 3.3 The Writing of the 1901 Memorandum ................................. 57 3.3.1 The Special Sub-committee on the Native Church ................. 57 3.3.2 E. Stock (1836-1928) ....................................... 60 3.3.3 The First Draft of the 1901 Memorandum ....................... 61 3.4 Assessment of the 1901 Memorandum ................................. 66 3.4.1 What did Independence within Anglicanism mean? .............. " 67 3.4.2 The Issue of Race .......................................... 70 3.4.3 Methodology Proposed in the Memorandum ..................... 73 3.4.4 The CMS, Evangelicalism and the Anglican Church .............. 74 3.5 Conclusion ....................................................... 75 Chapter 4 - The First Two Decades ..................................... 79 4.1 The Main Contributions to CMS Policy Development 1900-1918 .. .. 79 11 4.1.1 The 1905 Regulations ....................................... 80 4.1.2 The Review Committee of 1906-1907 .......................... 80 4.1.3 The 1908 Special Committee on Mission Administration in the Field . 81 4.1.4 The 1914 Minute on 'Support of Native Agency in the Mission Field' . 81 4.1.5 Other External Influences on CMS Policy ....................... 82 4.2 The Governance of CMS Missions .................................... 84 4.2.1 The Native Church Councils .................................. 84 4.2.2 The Role of the Mission Secretary ............................. 87 4.2.3 The Local Governing Body ................................. " 88 4.2.4 Local Governing Body Powers ................................ 91 4.3 The Development ofLGBs and the Church Councils ...................... 91 4.3.1 The Section IV Approach ................................... 94 4.3.2 The 1906 Review Approach ................................. 94 4.3.3 The Punjab Approach ....................................... 97 4.3.4 Stock and the Punjab Approach ............................... 98 4.3.5 Frederick Baylis ........................................... 99 4.3.6 The Debate in the Special Sub-Committee ...................... 102 4.4 The 1909 Memorandum ............................................ 104 4.4.1 Missions Still in an Early Stage .............................. 105 4.4.2 Missions where a Synod had Already Been Formed .............. 105 4.4.3 Missions where the Church was the Result of CMS Missions only. .. 105 4.4.4 Missions in India. .. 106 4.4.5 Changes in India as a Result of the 1909 Memorandum ........... 107 4.4.6 The 1909 Memorandum and the Uganda Diocese Constitution ..... 108 4.5 CMS Response to the Development of Diocesan Constitutions ............. 111 4.5.1 In China. .. 111 4.5.2 In India ................................................. 113 4.6 The Links Between the CMS PC and the Church Authorities ............... 115 4.6.1Bardsley ................................................ 116 4.6.3 The Appointment of Bishops ................................ 120 4.6.3.1 Procedure for Appointing Bishops ..................... 122 4.6.3.2 The Question of Right of Nomination .................. 124 4.6.3.3 The Issue of Funding Bishoprics ...................... 125 4.6.4 Bishop Azariah ................................. : ......... 126 4.6.5 The Delay in the Appointment of Native Bishops ................ 129 4.7 Analysis ........................................................ 130 Chapter 5 - The Post War Situation, 1918-1925 .......................... 133 5.1 Lambeth 1920 ................................................... 134 5.2 Changes in the Church of England ................................... 136 5.2.1 The National Assembly of the Church of England ................ 136 5.2.2 The Missionary Council of the Church of England ............... 137 5.3 The Split within the CMS and the Formation of the BCMS ................ 140 5.3.1 The Conflict ............................................. 142 5.3.2 Effects of the Split ........................................ 145 5.4 Bardsley's Resignation and Replacement by Lankester ................... 146 5.5 India Post War, and the CMS Delegation .............................. 148 5.6 Report of the India Delegation ....................................... 151 5.7 Implementation of the India Report ................................... 156 111 5.7.1 The 1923 Minute .......................................... 158 5.7.2 The Committee of Reference ................................ 159 5.7.3 The
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