DOCSLIB.ORG

This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Issues of disarmament in British defence and foreign policy 1918-1925. Silverlock, Gerard Anthony The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 ISSUES OF DISARMAMENT IN BRITISH DEFENCE AND FOREIGN POLICY 1918-1925. GERARD ANTHONY SILVERLOCK - KING'S COLLEGE LONDON. Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D., August 2000. (vt) ABSTRACT This thesis provides, for the first time, a detailed examination of the factors affecting British disarmament policy in the period 1918-25 and the inter- action of that policy with negotiations for multi-lateral disarmament at the League of Nations. It considers the issues of the arms traffic, the private manufacture of armaments, chemical warfare, naval disannament in the period 19 18-24, the problems of land and air disarmament, the Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance and the Geneva Protocol of 1924-25. Disarmament is defined as the limitation and control of armaments by international agreement. It should be understood in terms of aims and process, not simply in terms of product, of crude figures for the reduction of military, naval and air armaments. The pursuit of disarmament, therefore, would have required British Governments to reveal a commitment to the international control and limitation of armaments as a foreign policy objective. International tensions in the period following the Great War, the French obsession with security and the USA's failure to approve the Versailles Treaty were serious obstacles to disarmament. In this thesis it is argued, however, that few British decision-makers understood the disarmament problem and that there was insufficient commitment to the process of international negotiation through the League. Although there were influential personalities within the British Government who wanted to see a reduction in Britain's expenditure on the Fighting Services, successive Governments failed to integrate the national and international components of the disarmament question. It is also argued that inappropriate decisions by the League itseW played a significant part in the failure of initiatives to extend the scope of naval disarmament and to achieve land and air disarmament. CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1. Introduction S -31 2. The Arms Traffic S .5 3. The Private Manufacture of Arms £6 4. The Problem of Chemical Warfare 75 - 5. Naval Disarmament 19 18-22 - /6 6. Naval Disarmament 1922-24 1.3 - i9 # 7. The Problem of Land and Air Disarmament 19 S - 23j 8. The Draft Treaty of Mutual Guarantee 1922-24 22-23° 9. The Geneva Protocol - 10. Conclusion - 31i- Appendices: I. Draft Convention for the Extension of the Washington Naval Treaty to the Non-Signatory Powers of the League of Nations, July 1922 II. Text of the Treaty of Mutual Assistance, 1923 1111. The Draft Treaty of Mutual Guarantee, 1922 IV. Draft Convention of Mutual Assistance, 1923 V. Brief Biographical Notes Bibliography 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to the copyright holders and also to the Birmingham University Library, the British Library, the Bodleian Library, Churchill College, Cambridge, Cambridge University Library, the House of Lords Record Office, the League of Nations Archive, the Liddell Hart Archive, the National Maritime Museum and the Royal Air Force Museum, for permission to examine and, where appropriate, to quote from the papers listed in the bibliography. Documents in the Public Record Office and all other material under Crown copyright are cited by permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office. The staff at all these archives have been unfailingly helpfiul and courteous. My special thanks are due to Professor Michael Dockrill for his consistently serious and constructive advice while I was preparing this thesis: I could not have asked for a better supervisor. I also owe a particular debt of gratitude to Dr. Dick Richardson who was my second supervisor until his tragic death in 1997. He had a deep knowledge of British disarmament policy and enormous enthusiasm for its study. Gerard Anthony Silverlock. 4 Chapter 1 - Introduction Historians of British defence and foreign policy between the two world wars have identified several important themes: the relationship between disarmament and security, the differing ambitions of revisionist and non- revisionist States, the tensions between so-called idealist and realist decision- makers, and the influence of public opinion on policy making. These themes are relevant to this study which examines the factors affecting British disarmament policy in the period 19 18-25 and the inter-action of that policy with League of Nations' negotiations for multilateral disarmament. Such a study is necessary because there is a wide gap in the literature covering disarmament during these years, except for the Washington Conference of 192 1-22. Until now there has been no attempt to provide an integrated study of the arms traflic, the private manufacture of arms, chemical warfare, the attempt to extend the principles of the Washington Conference to non-signatoty Powers, and schemes initiated at the League of Nations to achieve land and air disarmament. The most significant of the older studies of disarmament which deal with this period are those by Chaput, Madariaga and Wheeler-Bennett.' Chaput and Wheeler-Bennett both provided useful surveys of the action taken to reduce armaments between 1918 and 1925 but their work was based on the very limited evidence then available and they both eschewed value judgements. These observations also apply to the study of the security problem in the period 19 17- 'Chaput, R.A. Disarmament in British Foreign Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1935); Madariaga, S. de Disarmament (Washington: Kennikat Press, 1929); Wheeler-Bennett, J.W. Information on the Reduction of Armaments (London: Allen and Unwin, 1925) 5 1926 which Wheeler-Bennett produced with Langermann. 2 Salvador de Madariaga was Director of the Disarmament Section of the League of Nations Secretariat from 1922 to 1927 and his study was infonned by his experience of the efforts made at Geneva to achieve disarmament. It combined analysis of these efforts with a passionate appeal for a re-organization of the world community on the basis of a universal League of Nations. He argued that the principal reason for the slow pace of disarmament was the USA's refusal to join the League. The negative attitude of British Governments to disarmament initiatives at Geneva also merited criticism, however, and he considered that Britain's record there would have been abysmal had it not been for the efforts of Robert Cecil, Lord Privy Seal in Baldwin's short-lived Conservative Administration of 1923. During the last twenty years there have been three important studies covering British disarmament policy in the 1920s. 4 Shomey's thesis examined the period from 1916 to 1931 and attached considerable importance to the role of public opinion. He argued that the attitudes of the British people in the inter-war years were essentially pacific and that during the period 19 19-23, the Treasuiy successfully exerted pressure in favour of arms reduction, a policy which had 'the wholehearted support of the Press, Parliament and public opinion'. 5 He concluded that in the three years following the end of the Great War of 1914-18, 2Wheeler-Bennett, J.W. and Langermann, F.E. Information on the Problem of Security (19 17-1926) (London: Allen and Unwin, 1927) 3Madariaga, op.cit.. p.304 4Shorney, D.J. 'Britain and Disarmament 1916-1931', Durham University, Ph.D., 1980; Richardson, D. The Evolution of British Disarmament Policy in the 1920s (London: Pinter, 1989); Kitching, C.J. Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament 19 19-1934 (London: Routledge, 1999) 5Shorney, op.cit., p.4 6 arms limitation was an important objective of British foreign policy but thereafter 'Britain did more to obstruct than promote international disarmament'.6 This assessment of British disarmament policy in the second half of the 1920s is largely supported by Richardson's highly critical analysis of Baldwin's second Conservative Government: With the exception of the National government of 1931-5, it is difficult to find a more incompetent handling of disarmament policy by a British government in the twentieth century.7 Kitching's study covered the period from 1919 to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83129-1 — Britain and Italy in the Era of the First World War Stefano Marcuzzi Frontmatter More Information Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War This is an important reassessment of British and Italian grand strategies during World War I. Stefano Marcuzzi sheds new light on a hitherto overlooked but central aspect of the war experiences of Britain and Italy: the uneasy and only partial overlap between Britain’s strategy for imper- ial defence and Italy’s ambition for imperial expansion. Taking Anglo- Italian bilateral relations as a special lens through which to understand the workings of the Entente Cordiale in World War I, he reveals how the ups and downs of that relationship influenced and shaped Allied grand strategy. Marcuzzi considers three main issues – war aims, war strategy and peace-making – and examines how, under the pressure of divergent interests and wartime events, the Anglo-Italian ‘traditional friendship’ turned increasingly into competition by the end of the war, casting a shadow on Anglo-Italian relations both at the Peace Conference and in the interwar period. Stefano Marcuzzi is a Marie Curie fellow at the University College Dublin, an analyst in emerging challenges at the NATO Defense College Foundation and an external fellow at Boston University. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83129-1 — Britain and Italy in the Era of the First World War Stefano Marcuzzi Frontmatter More Information Cambridge Military Histories Edited by JENNIFER D. KEENE, Chapman University HEW STRACHAN, Professor of International Relations, University of St Andrews, and Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford GEOFFREY WAWRO, Professor of Military History and Director of the Military History Center, University of North Texas The aim of this series is to publish outstanding works of research on warfare throughout the ages and throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael H. Clemmesen Version 6.10.2013
    Michael H. Clemmesen Version 6.10.2013 1 Prologue: The British 1918 path towards some help to Balts. Initial remarks to the intervention and its hesitant and half-hearted character. It mirrored the situation of governments involved in the limited interventions during the last In the conference paper “The 1918-20 International Intervention in the Baltic twenty years. Region. Revisited through the Prism of Recent Experience” published in Baltic Security and Defence Review 2:2011, I outlined a research and book project. The This intervention against Bolshevik Russia and German ambitions would never Entente intervention in the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania from late 1918 to early have been reality without the British decision to send the navy to the Baltic 1920 would be seen through the prism of the Post-Cold War Western experience Provinces. The U.S. would later play its strangely partly independent role, and the with limited interventions, from Croatia and Bosnia to Libya, motivated by the operation would not have ended as it did without a clear a convincing French wish to build peace, reduce suffering and promote just and effective effort. However, the hesitant first step originated in London. government. This first part about the background, discourse and experience of the first four months of Britain’s effort has been prepared to be read as an independent contribution. However, it is also an early version of the first chapters of the book.1 It is important to note – especially for Baltic readers – that the book is not meant to give a balanced description of what we now know happened.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Admiralty War Staff and Its Influence on the Conduct of The
    ‘The Admiralty War Staff and its influence on the conduct of the naval between 1914 and 1918.’ Nicholas Duncan Black University College University of London. Ph.D. Thesis. 2005. UMI Number: U592637 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592637 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 CONTENTS Page Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Introduction 9 Chapter 1. 23 The Admiralty War Staff, 1912-1918. An analysis of the personnel. Chapter 2. 55 The establishment of the War Staff, and its work before the outbreak of war in August 1914. Chapter 3. 78 The Churchill-Battenberg Regime, August-October 1914. Chapter 4. 103 The Churchill-Fisher Regime, October 1914 - May 1915. Chapter 5. 130 The Balfour-Jackson Regime, May 1915 - November 1916. Figure 5.1: Range of battle outcomes based on differing uses of the 5BS and 3BCS 156 Chapter 6: 167 The Jellicoe Era, November 1916 - December 1917. Chapter 7. 206 The Geddes-Wemyss Regime, December 1917 - November 1918 Conclusion 226 Appendices 236 Appendix A.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83129-1 — Britain and Italy in the Era of the First World War Stefano Marcuzzi Excerpt More Information Introduction Literature on alliance and coalition warfare has generated a tendency to consider alliances in an aggregate manner, blurring the distinction between multilateral and bilateral partnerships, and especially overlook- ing the impact of the latter within the context of the former.1 However, alliances are rarely symmetric and coherent wholes. This calls into ques- tion the capacity of traditional approaches to coalition warfare to under- stand the root dynamics of intra-alliance management in conflict. World War I offers a patent example. The conflict, which began on 28 July 1914, initially saw the Triple Entente of Great Britain, France and Russia – aligned with Serbia – facing the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Almost immediately, Belgium was forced into the western Allied block by a German invasion. In time, about twenty countries joined one side or the other – though many sustained little or no fighting, whilst some belligerents such as Russia dropped out before the war ended on 11 November 1918. Among those who joined the heaviest fighting were the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (on Germany’s side), and Italy, Romania and the United States (on the Allies’ side). Some, like Italy and Romania, did so by shifting their pre-war alliances. Each country entering the conflict brought with it its own expectations, prejudices, preferences and reservations, especially regarding allies with whom they had never previously cooperated. Inevitably this led the belli- gerent countries to form special bilateral or multilateral partnerships within their alliances which were particularly important for those countries, which sustained heavier fighting.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian Emigration of Modern Times
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2010 The Italian Emigration of Modern Times: Relations Between Italy and the United States Concerning Emigration Policy, Diplomacy, and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, 1870-1927 Patrizia Fama Stahle University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Stahle, Patrizia Fama, "The Italian Emigration of Modern Times: Relations Between Italy and the United States Concerning Emigration Policy, Diplomacy, and Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, 1870-1927" (2010). Dissertations. 934. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/934 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi THE ITALIAN EMIGRATION OF MODERN TIMES: RELATIONS BETWEENITALY AND THE UNITED STATES CONCERNING EMIGRATION POLICY,DIPLOMACY, AND ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT, 1870-1927 by Patrizia Famá Stahle Abstract of a Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2010 ABSTRACT THE ITALIAN EMIGRATION OF MODERN TIMES: RELATIONS BETWEEN ITALY AND THE UNITED STATES CONCERNING EMIGRATION POLICY, DIPLOMACY, AND ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT, 1870-1927 by Patrizia Famà Stahle May 2010 In the late 1800s, the United States was the great destination of Italian emigrants. In North America, employers considered Italians industrious individuals, but held them in low esteem.
    [Show full text]
  • RCAF Overseas
    THE R.C.A.F. OVERSEAS THE FIRST FOUR YEARS SENIOR OFFICERS, R.C.A.F. OVERSEAS: I. A/C G. V. Walsh, M.B.E. 2. G/C F. V. Heakes. 3. A/M H. Edwards, C.B. 4. A/C L. F. Stevenson. THE R.C.A.F. OVERSEAS THE FIRST FOUR YEARS With an Introduction by MAJOR THE HONOURABLE C. G. POWER P.C., K.C., M.C., LL.L., LL.D., M.P., MINISTER OF NATIONAL DEFENCE FOR AIR TORONTO OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1 9 4 4 COPYRIGHT, 1944 by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publishers. All royalties from this publication will accrue to the R.C.A.F. Benevolent Fund. Printed in Canada Their shoulders held the sky suspended; They stood, and earth’s foundations stay. A. E. HOUSMAN: Last Poems PREFACE The names of a considerable number of individuals have been included in this informal narrative, either (as in the case of squadron commanders) to distinguish units, or because of their association with the particular incidents described. They represent, of course, but a small fraction of the total number of personnel who, in the air and on the ground, have carried on staunchly, month after month, per- forming the deeds of heroism and endurance which are rou- tine among the overseas squadrons of the Royal Canadian Air Force. While the limitations of space and security do not permit the inclusion of more names, this narrative is the story of (and tribute to) all such personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Italy and Neutrality: Cultural, Political and Diplomatic Framework
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 6 No 6 S2 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy November 2015 Italy and Neutrality: Cultural, Political and Diplomatic Framework Andrea Carteny Sapienza University of Rome Email: [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s2p737 Abstract Italian history at the beginning of WWI was well harmonised with other events in the Old Continent, while the domestic picture featured a delicate set of links, between Triplicist, neutralist, and nationalist environments, parties and movements, with "nationalism" acting as a shaping factor in Italy's public scene. But different elements emerged in Italian nationalism that would grow into the interventionist policy of an aspiring “great power”, interpreted by some as a line of continuity between liberal and fascist foreign policy. The period of neutrality and the events that led to Italy's intervention were in the spotlight of historiographical analysis in the post-war years, with both focus on fascist Italy's non-belligerance at the surge of WWII and special attention to documentation and the strategies of protagonists (e.g. Giolitti, Salandra, di San Giuliano, Sonnino, D’Annunzio, etc.), as well as to careful reconstruction of events the growing consensus for intervention, the personalisation of stances for and against intervention, the many elements at play within and outside the country and the clever combination of popular mobilisation and parliamentary strategy by supporters of intervention in the weeks between the Treaty of London and war. The goal of the paper is to present the evolution of the Italian position from neutrality to the intervention in the war alongside the Entente, with a particular attention to international context, to the protagonist of the neutrality period in Italy through the memories and the main historiography on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Carlo Sforza and Diplomatic Europe 1896-1922
    Dottorato di Ricerca in Studi Politici (Scuola di dottorato Mediatrends. Storia, Politica e Società) Ciclo XXX Carlo Sforza and Diplomatic Europe 1896-1922 Tutor Co-tutor Chiar.mo Prof. Luca Micheletta Chiar.mo Prof. Massimo Bucarelli Dottoranda Viviana Bianchi matricola 1143248 All he tasted; glory growing Greater after great embroil; Flight; and victory bestowing Palace; and the sad exile; Twice in the dust a victim razed, Twice on the altar victim blazed. Alessandro Manzoni, The Fifth of May, 1821 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... 1 Foreword .......................................................................................................... 3 1. The Inception of a Diplomatic Career ...................................................... 8 1.I. A Young Amidst “Moderates” ........................................................... 9 1.II. New Diplomats at the Trailhead ..................................................... 16 1.III. Volunteer in Cairo: Watching the Moderates’ Comeback .......... 21 1. IV. Tornielli and the Parisian Practice ................................................ 27 1.V. From Paris to Algeciras: “Classes” of Method .............................. 35 2. Shifting Alliances ...................................................................................... 44 2.I. Madrid: Cut and Run with Diplomacy ........................................... 45 2.II. A New Beginning in Constantinople ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Italy's Secret War Aims and the Treaty of London (1914-15)
    Boundaries, Borders & Boats STAAR 6 The Boundaries of Discord: Italy’s Secret War Aims and the Treaty of London (1914-15) Stefano Marcuzzi Italy’s intervention in the First World War on the side of Britain, France, and Russia in May 1915 was a major achievement for the Entente’s diplomacy. As John Gooch stressed in his book The Italian Army and the First World War, this proved to be one of the decisive factors for the Allied victory.1 On his part, the German historian Holger Afflerbach claimed that, had Italy supported its former allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary, or had it at least remained neutral, the conflict would have been likely to finish in a partial, if not complete, victory of the Central Powers.2 Despite its importance, Italy’s involvement in the conflict has been commonly underestimated and misunderstood. The Italian intervention has too often been described as a trivial Giro di Valzer (“Waltz turn”). Both in Western and Austro- German scholarships, Italy has usually been seen as the country which, in true Machiavellian fashion, betrayed its allies to find itself on the winners’ side. Italian historiography, on the contrary, has rarely looked at other schools, and has simply justified, almost exclusively in Italian eyes, the actions of its country with the need to complete national unification – the Great War is frequently called The Fourth War of Independence in Italy.3 Therefore, the real reasons behind Rome’s shift in alliances have often been overlooked. It is impossible to trace here a new history of the secret talks that led to the Treaty of London and the 1915 Italian intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1 the Officers of the Royal Navy Before 1918
    Notes Introduction 1. Rasor, 1990 2. Barnett, 1963 p. 185. 3. Rodger, 2001 p. 22. 4. Rodger, 2011 pp. 272–84. 5. Marshall, 2000 p. 160. 6. Palmer, 2005 p. 82. 7. Lewis-Stempel, 2011 p. 96. 8. Potholm, 2010 p. 150. 9. von Clausewitz, 1989 Book One Ch 3. 10. For example see Shillington, 1950 (reproduced RUSI Journal 156,(2), 2011, pp. 96–98). 11. Marshall, 2000; Watson, 2008; Fennell, 2011. 12. Watson; Holloway, 2006. 13. Watson, pp.128, 194 14. Fennell, pp. 9–10. 15. 2SLPersRec. 16. Interview with author, 28 October 2008. 17. Herzberg, 2008. 18. Watson, p. 140. 19. A good review of the literature is FitzGibbon, 1995) which, while largely con- cerning the Battle of Goose Green in 1982, goes in some detail into the theory of auftragstakik, and befehlstaktik. It is somewhat inaccessible to the non-military reader. Confusingly he describes the former - mission command – as ‘directive command’, referring to the practice of issuing a single command directive and leaving to the subordinate how the directive is to be achieved. 20. Harris, 2009 p. 192. 1 The Offi cers of the Royal Navy Before 1918 1. Barnett, 1963 p. 184. 2. Epstein, 2014 p. 213. 3. Bull, 2004 p. 272, Epstein, 2014 pp. 108–9. 4. Epstein, 2014. 5. Wilson and Callo, 2004 p. 159–60. 6. Kent, 1993 p. 27. 7. BR 827 June 1943 p. 4. 8. Buxton, 1978 p. 173; Hodges, 1981 pp. 133–4; Campbell, 1985 pp. 25–8. 9. Farquharson-Roberts, 2014 pp. 97–100. 10. Lambert, 2008 pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The R.101 Story: a Review Based on Primary Source Material and First Hand Accounts
    Journal of Aeronautical History Paper No. 2015/02 The R.101 story: a review based on primary source material and first hand accounts by Peter Davison BA(hons) AMRAeS The editorial assistance of Dr Giles Camplin and Mr Crispin Rope is acknowledged. Abstract The airship R.101 was designed and built at the Royal Airship Works, Cardington, under the Imperial Airship Scheme, to shorten journey times to the Dominions. It crashed near Beauvais in northern France at 2.08am on 5th October 1930 while on a proving flight to Karachi (then in India). After hitting the ground, the airship caught fire, killing 48 of the 54 persons on board, including the Secretary of State for Air, Lord Christopher Thomson. This paper describes the development of the R.101, the background to the Imperial Airship Scheme, the accident and the subsequent Inquiry, largely through quotations from contemporary documents, both official and personal, and interviews with people involved. Preface This paper is the result of a long period of research into the circumstances relating to the Imperial Airship Scheme and the loss of the R.101 in October 1930 during a proving flight to India. Rather than subject myself to the limitations of commercial publishing and with regard to the limited market for the subject at this depth, the authors have decided to place unbound copies with the major archives in the UK for the benefit of future researchers. The paper cannot be conclusive due to uncertainty over the precise cause of the accident and the loss of all those on board with detailed knowledge of the final few minutes over France.
    [Show full text]
  • Experts of the World Economy: European Stabilization and the Reshaping of International Order, 1916-51
    Experts of the World Economy: European Stabilization and the Reshaping of International Order, 1916-51 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Martin, James R. 2016. Experts of the World Economy: European Stabilization and the Reshaping of International Order, 1916-51. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840741 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Experts of the World Economy: European Stabilization and the Reshaping of International Order, 1916- 51 A dissertation presented by James Robert Martin To The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts September 2016 © 2016 James Robert Martin All rights reserved. ! Dissertation Adviser: David R. Armitage James Robert Martin Experts of the World Economy: European Stabilization and the Reshaping of International Order, 1916-51 ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the origins of the earliest international schemes to manage the world economy between the middle of the First World War and the conclusion of the Second. It follows the emergence of a transnational network of economic experts, affiliated with the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization, who attempted to create a new form of international administration in response to the challenges of stabilizing Europe after the First World War.
    [Show full text]