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Role of Nuclear Power in Europe

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World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe JANUARY 2007 The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe Copyright © 2007 World Energy Council All rights reserved. All or part of this publication may be used or reproduced as long as the following citation is included on each copy or transmission: “Used by permission of the World Energy Council, London, www.worldenergy.org”. Published January 2007 by: World Energy Council 5th Floor, Regency House 1-4 Warwick Street London W1B 5LT United Kingdom ISBN 0 946121 23 0 World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe OFFICERS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL André Caillé Norberto Franco de Medeiros Johannes Teyssen Chair Vice Chair, Vice Chair, Europe World Energy Council Latin America/Caribbean Majid Al-Moneef C.P. Jain Elias Velasco Garcia Vice Chair, Chair, Studies Committee Vice Chair, Special Responsibility for Special Responsibility for Gulf States & Central Asia Younghoon David Kim Investment in Infrastructure Vice Chair, Francisco Barnés de Castro AsiaPacific & South Asia Ron Wood Vice Chair, North America Chair, Programme Marie-Jose Nadeau Committee Asger Bundgaard-Jensen Vice Chair, Communications Vice Chair, Finance & Outreach Committee Zhang Guobao Vice Chair, Asia Alioune Fall Chicco Testa Vice Chair, Africa Vice Chair, Rome Congress Gerald Doucet 2007 Secretary General MEMBER COMMITTEES OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL Algeria Indonesia Philippines Argentina Iran (Islamic Rep.) Poland Australia Iraq Portugal Austria Ireland Qatar Bangladesh Israel Romania Belgium Italy Russian Federation Botswana Japan Saudi Arabia Brazil Jordan Senegal Bulgaria Kenya Serbia & Montenegro Cameroon Korea (Rep.) Slovakia Canada Kuwait Slovenia China Latvia South Africa Congo (Dem. Rep.) Lebanon Spain Côte d’Ivoire Libya/GSPLAJ Sri Lanka Croatia Lithuania Swaziland Czech Republic Luxembourg Sweden Denmark Macedonia (Rep.) Switzerland Egypt (Arab Rep.) Mali Syria (Arab Rep.) Estonia Mexico Taiwan, China Ethiopia Monaco Tanzania Finland Mongolia Thailand France Morocco Trinidad & Tobago Gabon Namibia Tunisia Georgia Nepal Turkey Germany Netherlands Ukraine Ghana New Zealand United Kingdom Greece Niger United States Guinea Nigeria Uruguay Hong Kong, China Norway Venezuela Hungary Pakistan Yemen Iceland Paraguay India Peru I World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe STUDY GROUP MEMBERS Chairman: Italy: Mr. Alessandro Clerici, ABB Spa Secretary: France: Ms. Eglantine Verdy, EdF Members: Belgium: Mr. Fernando Naredo, Westinghouse Energy Systems Europe S.A. Mr. Philipp van Scherpenzeel, Westinghouse Energy Systems Europe S.A Bulgaria: Mr. Vladimir Dichev, CEZ Bulgaria Croatia: Dr. Mladen Zeljko, Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar (EIHP) Czech Republic: Mr. Ales John, Czech Electricity Company (CEZ) Finland: Mr. Veijo Ryhanen, Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO) France: Mr. Didier Beutier, AREVA Mr. Michel Benard, EdF Mr. Frank Carré, CEA Germany: Dr. Manfred Möller, EnBW AG Italy: Mr. Francesco Marasco, EdF Trading Ltd Mr. Flavio Parozzi, CESI Research Poland: Prof. Stefan Chwaszczewski, Institute for Nuclear Energy Mr. Antonio Leite Garcia, Regulatory Entity to the Electricity Sector (ERSE) Portugal: Mr. Antonio Leite Garcia, Electricity Regulatory Office (ERSE) Romania: Dr. Ioan Rotaru, National Company Nuclearelectrica S.A. Russian Federation: Dr. Evgeni Muraviev, Research & Design Institute for Power Engineering Slovenia: Mr. Joze Spiler, Nuklearna Elektrarna Krsko Mr. Stane Rozman, Nuclear Power Plant of Krsko Spain: Mr. Santiago San Antonio, FORO NUCLEAR Mr. Antonio Gonzalez Jimenez, FORO NUCLEAR Sweden: Mr. Hakan Wingren, E.ON Kärnkraft Sverige AB Switzerland: Dr. Philipp Haenggi, Swissnuclear United Kingdom: Mr. Simon James, Nuclear Industry Association II World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe FOREWORD Energy in general, and electricity in particular, is essential for economic and social development, prosperity, health and security of citizens: GDP is also closely related to energy consumption/cost/quality of supply. The world population over the last 10 years has increased by more than 12%, and today, East & South East Asia together with South Asia (E-SE&S Asia) account for more than 55% of the global population; while Europe has seen a 1.4% increase in population and is now home to 13.6% of the 6.4 billion people in the world. At the same time, the world primary energy consumption, currently around 11,000 Mtoe, has seen an increase of 20% again led by E-SE&S Asia with an increase of around 35% compared to 7.3% in Europe. The world electricity consumption, currently at about 18,000 TWh, has increased by 31.5% with E-SE&S Asia increasing by 60% compared to 16% in Europe. Considering the dramatic increase in demand for electricity driven by E- SE&S Asia (e.g. China and India) and by the fact that around 1.7 billion people in the world today do not have access to electricity, there are widely spread expectations of impending high and volatile fossil fuel prices, compounded by security of supply concerns for the leading primary energy resources and environmental impacts due to the extremely high growth of coal plants in E-S&SE Asia and gas CCGT plants in liberalised markets. Given these developments, nuclear power is again becoming the subject for analysis and discussions, at political, scientific and technical levels. A potential recourse to nuclear power basically depends on environmental concerns, public acceptance and on nuclear’s economic competitiveness compared to other energy sources both renewable and fossil fuels. Considering: Europe’s (excluding Russia) heavy dependency on external energy supplies (50% today and more than 70% in 2030) the key role of Russia and other CSI countries in the European energy scene the necessary investments to meet growth in demand and to replace aging power plants the European commitment to CO2 emissions reduction Europe’s competitiveness in the global economy In 2005, the European Regional Group of the World Energy Council (WEC) decided to launch a study to define the conditions nuclear energy should meet, to be re-integrated into the European electricity market. The Study was included in the WEC Regional Action Plan, as a priority issue. The study group was created in March 2005 and included 25 members from 17 of the 36 European countries. The group has also benefited from contacts with international organisations such as the IAEA, Foratom and the NEA, to get external points of view on the project. The results of the study group’s work are presented in this study. III World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe The first study group meeting was held in Bucharest in May 2005, and the fifth and final meeting in Helsinki in November 2006. The study work was organised around four major topics: • Electricity in Europe (coordinated by Santiago San Antonio & Antonio Gonzalez Jimenez) • Overview of existing nuclear power plants (coordinated by Fernando Naredo) • Developing of new nuclear power plants with existing technologies (coordinated by Didier Beutier and Michel Benard) • New nuclear power technologies (coordinated by Frank Carré) Both on behalf of WEC and personally, I would like to thank all study group members for their valuable and much appreciated contributions. Special thanks are due to the chapter coordinators for their efforts in putting together numerous drafts. Thanks also go to IAEA, Foratom and NEA for their contribution to the study and to all companies and organisations that made their staff available for this unique effort. I would also like to thank WEC Director of Programmes, Elena Nekhaev, for her guidance and support in finalising the study and WEC Regional Coordinator for Europe, Slav Slavov, who has supported and encouraged activities of the study group and organised all meetings. Finally, it was a new and stimulating experience to work together with all members of the study group who represented a diverse range of experience and backgrounds. The commitment of individual members and the team spirit of the group have greatly facilitated our work. Dr. Alessandro Clerici Study Chair IV World Energy Council The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe TABLE OF CONTENTS WEC OFFICERS AND MEMBER COMMITTEES ....................................................I OFICERS OF THE WORLD ENERGY COUNICL.....................................................I STUDY GROUP MEMBERS ........................................................................................ II FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ V CHAPTER 1: ELECTRICITY IN EUROPE.............................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Overview of the Current Electricity Production in Europe..................................... 4 1.3 The Age Factor............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Key Issues Raised by the Current Energy Mix ......................................................... 6 1.4.1 Carbon Emissions and the Growth in Demand ..................................................................7 1.4.2 Security of Supply..............................................................................................................7
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