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SHELTON RESEARCH, INC. 1517 Pacheco St SHELTON RESEARCH, INC. 1517 Pacheco St. P.O. Box 5235 Santa Fe, NM 87502 505-983-9457 EVALUATim OF LOW-EMISSION WOOD STOVES by I Jay W. Shelton and Larry W. Gay Shelton Research, Inc. P.O. Box 5235 ! 1517 Pacheco Street Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 [ June 23, 1986 FINAL REPORT I OON1RACT A3-122-32 Prepared for CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD P.O. Box 2815 1102 Q Street Sacramento, California 95812 Shelton Research, Ince Research Report No. 1086 I, TABLE CF CDmN.rS la PAGE 1' 1 LIST Clii' T~S••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I~ LIST OF FIGURES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii r } 1. SlM'v1ARY AND CINa.,USICNS •••••••••••••••••••• 1 ~- 2. RE~T1rns•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 ! 3. I N'IRmJCTI. rn••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 4. APPLIANCE AND FUEL SELECTirn••••••••••••••• 5 5. 'IEa-IN"I oo_, JI'IIDAOI. •••.•••••...•.•••••.•••. 14 Test cycles •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Installation••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Stove Q?eration•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Fuel Properties•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Measursnent Methods •••••••••••••••••••••• 18 Data Acquisition and Processing•••••••••• 29 r; 6. RESlJI..,TS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 J Introduction••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 Units for Fmissions •••••••••••••••••••••• 30 E:x: tra Tes ts •• ., •• "•••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 Particulate Matter ••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 Oeosote•••••• ., •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 P.AII. ••••••••••• o • •••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 l NOx •••••••••• t.10••·········· ............. 32 .Amoonia and cyanide•••••••••••••••••••••• 36 Elsnental Olrbon ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36 ) I'. TABLE CF <INIENrS (CI'NfINUED) 7. DISUJSSICN' ••••••••••••••..•••••••.•.••••••• 37 Introduction••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 Fuel and .Appliance Effects ••••••••••••••• 38 Energy Efficiencies •••••••••••••••••••••• 50 0-eosote••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55 Burn-Phase Dependence•••••••••••••••••••• 58 Cbrrelations Aoong Emissions ••••••••••••• 63 Test Methods Cbmparisons ••••••••••••••••• 71 Efficiencies ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71 Particulate Matter ••••••••••••••••••••• 76 Interlaboratory Reproducibility••••••••••• 83 ~CES••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 a..,oo.s~ • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 92 .APPm:) IX (rn'fA.) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• 94 LI ST CF TABLES TAILE ID. AND TI1LE 1-1 Range of Fmissions..................... 1 4-1 Oilifornia Survey•••••••••••••••••••••• '1 4-2 Appliance and Fuel Matrix•••••••••••••• 13 5-1 Matrix of Primary MeasurE!llents and Results............................ 15 5-2 Stmnary of Fuel Load Properties ••••••••••••••••••• 16 r 5-3 PAH Detection Limits ••••••••••••••••••• 22 5-4 Estimated Maximun Errors for Flue Glses ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 5-5 Heating Values Used in Efficiency Oxnputations •••••• ~ ••••••••• 27 6-1 PAH Distributions •••••••••••••••••••••• 33 6-2 .Amoonia and cyanide•••••••••••••••••••• 36 '1-1 Stove/Fuel Identification Labels •••••••••••••••••• 38 '1-2 Cbrrposition of Fuel •••••••••••••••••••• 77 '1-3 Interlaboratory Reproducibility•••••••• 87 r \ t LIST CF FICllU!.S FI GIBE NJ. AND TI1LE P/GE 4-1 Cbnventional Airtight Stove•••••••••••••• 8 4-2 Lopi Fireplace Insert •••••••••••••••••••• 9 4-3 Blaze King Catalytic ••••••••••••••••••••• 10 4-4 Gas Flow in the Kent Tile Fire••••••••••• 11 4-5 Pellefier Pellet Burner •••••••••••••••••• 12 5-1 Test Installation•••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 5-2 Benzene Lossin Tedlar •••••••••••••••••••• 24 7-1 Elenental 03.rbon Factors ••••••••••••••••• 39 7-2 N)x Emission Rate•••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 7-3 PAR Factors•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 7-4 CD Emission Rate••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 7-5 OCBnission RB.te ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 7-6 O:mbustibles ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44 7-7 ™Erni ss ion Rate ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 7-8 Benzene Factors•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46 7-9 Overall Efficiency••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 7-10 Cbmbustion Efficiency•••••••••••••••••••• 48 7-11 Heat Transfer Efficiency••••••••••••••••• 49 7-12 Cbmbustion Efficiency vs. Burn Rate•••••• 51 7-13 Air-to-Fuel Ratio •••••••••••••••••••••••• 52 7-14 Heat Transfer vs. Burn Rate•••••••••••••• 53 7-15 Overall Efficiency vs. Burn Rate ••••••••• 54 7-16 0-eosote vs. Burn Rate••••••••••••••••••• 56 7-17 Creosote Factors ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 57 7-18 Phase Dependence of Particulate Matter ••• 59 7-19 Burn Phase Dependence of CD •••••••••••••• 60 7-20 Burn Phase Dependence of OC.~············ 61 7-21 Burn Phase Dependence of NOx••••••••••••• 62 7-22 CD Rate vs. ™Rate...................... 64 7-23 HCRate vs. CDRate •••••••• co••~ ......... 7-24 0-eosote vs. HVl ........... "., ... ,.. •• ., • ., •••••• 7-25 P.Al-l vs e ™· e e • e e e e e e e e .. e f\ 81 C1 f'I O O ~ .:, -, t, e SI • Cl e e e 7-26 PAR vs. H\1 Burn Rate Rank~ • ., ••••••••••••• 68 7-27 Benzene vs. ™•····~••·"~•~oe••··•"···•·• 69 7-28 Benzene vs. PAH••••• e •• e .. •0•••··•·•·••··• 'lO 7-29 Heat Qitput Cbrrparisonococ,0000,., ... .,., .. 0,, .... 72 7-30 Over al 1 Efficiency••• .," .. ..,"'"._,...,~ .... ., ". o., • .,, o ·,?;J · 7-31 Heat Transfer Efficiency"'"•"oco0c•"'""" .. ~• 74 7-32 O::xnbus tion Ef f i c i ency., o .. o .. ,, ., ,, " .. ,.. " .j • ,, .,, "' • o .. 75 7-33 Cb:nbus tion Ef f i Ci ency• a <> e c, ,, () o, " e 11 "' '> ,- e c, e O e <t 78 7-34 Over al1 Efficiency o ..... " ., --, ., o " .... " ,. ,~ ~ : , ., " , " ~9 7-35 ClVI7 R'I vs. Tonne 1 B\11 •• "" .J ...... __ ~ .. , ·a o - ,. =" ... 80 7-36 ™Ra. t i O e e e e e e e e e e e e e • e C ,. Q 4111 J J ' _, L ~ C '? • ) l 1J 1' ) 81 7-37 Ratio IC/™ vs. ffi'! • •••• ,., .. _,. ~ .j r: • a .. , ... -- ....., •• 7-38 IC/CD Vs • CI) • .......... "' • '"' ti., C, c; ~ ~ • Cl () f" '2 • t.' ••• C: B5 ii r Section 1 1 I SlDDllry and Cl>nclusions Emissions and efficiencies of five residential woodburning heaters were measured. Measured emissions included particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CD), hydrocarbons (HC) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), total combustibles, elemental carbon, cyanide (CW-), ammonia (NH3) and creosote. Three fuels were used, althou~h not in all appliances -- dimensional Douglas fir lumber (as specified rn the Oregon and Colorado emissions standards), seasoned oak logs and green oak logs. The appliances consisted of a conventional airtight stove, a catalytic stove, two non-catalytic advanced technology stoves, and a wood pellet stove. The observed range of emission factors (dry basis) are given in Table 1-1. 'Iable 1-1: Ranges for Bnissions Minimum Mean Maximum (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) Phase ™ .10 8.8 61 Main loads co 1.6 86 307 Main loads IC .23 14 47 Main loads (as methane) PAH •004 .. 24 .55 Cbld-to-cold NOc (as NO) .22 .51 Ll Main loads Benzene < .02 • 7 0 2.2 Cbld-to-cold b: Elsnental < • 08 ..•67 ... ,. t • 2.2 O:>ld-to-cold carbon ·>··' L •; cyanide Main loads t: '• <· •,•-: \•..,,.. r '• 'f/1"" •>-,..it•.,,."' , ..,, ltnnonia .001 •I • I , ) ., ••026 . ... • ,, , ,, .10 Main loads .. ... :, .... .. ,, " - "' I(), ~ J, • ,. • ... -~,- !.'. ·. 0-eosote .2 I • ., ; • • 2. , • , •• • . , , .• O ~ 0 _. Cbld-to-cold .Appliance effects ,were s.trong., ~ All. ,p.r.od.uc.ts ,of incomplete combustion (PM, CO, IC, benzene;: PAH,, ,elemental. c,arboJl, creosote and combustibles) were lowest for the pell.et burner,,next. low.es.t for the catalytic stove, and highest for the conventional. air.tight .stpve. NOx emissions had the opposite trend, being highest for..the pellet burner. 1 Fuel effects were largest for Nae and elemental carbon. Both these emittants were highest for the green oak and lowest for the Douglas fir. Some emittants were measured during each of the major burn phases kindling, main load, and charcoal. Generally, the contribution to total emissions from the kindling and charcoal phases was no larger than from the main loads. However, the one prominent exception was PM for the catalytic stove, wherein the kindling phase contributed up to five times more PM to the atmosphere than a main load. This is of possible significance since current wood stove emissions regulations are based on main load performance only, although the complexity of including the kindling phase in a test protocol may dictate against changing current protocols. Burn rate had a dramatic effect on emissions. The catalytic stove's advantage in combustion efficiency was very pronounced at medium to low burn rates -- the burn rates most utilized in the field. However, at high burn rates the non-catalytic stoves performed nearly as well as the catalytic. The pellet burner's combustion efficiency remained high at all of its burn rates, but the burn rate range was relatively narrow. Overall energy efficiencies generally correlated with clean combustion; the cleaner stoves generally consumed less fuel to produce the same amount of useful heat. However, an exception to this is the pellet burner. Al though it had the highest combustion efficiency, its overall efficiency was not the highest. The system uses a relatively large amount of combustion air. This tends to carry more heat up the flue. Creosote correlates well with particulate matter. Thus cresote will be reduced with stoves certified to have low PM emissions. By this mechanism regulation of emissions can improve safety of heating with wood. The two most conuron test methods for wood stove PM correlate with each other but do not give the same result. Oregon Method 7 always yields a higher emission rate because it includes material which would be in vapor phase in the atmosphere.
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