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Journal of Environmental Biology Alpine Marmot Populations After « Journal Home page : www.jeb.co.in E-mail : [email protected] OriginalTM Research Journal of Environmental Biology TM PDlagiarism etector JEB ISSN: 0254-8704 (Print) DOI : http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/38/5/MRN-381 ISSN: 2394-0379 (Online) CODEN: JEBIDP Alpine marmot populations after four decades of living in the glacial areas of the Făgăraş, Rodna and Retezat Mountains, Romania Abstract Authors Info Aim : To highlight the situation of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) after four decades of colonisation S. Geacu and M. Dumitraşcu* in three mountain ranges of Romania: the Făgăraş, Rodna and Retezat. Department of Physical Geography, Institute of Geography, Methodology : To reach this target, summer field investigations have been conducted in various areas of Romanian Academy, 12 Dimitrie the three mountain ranges, and in the archives of central and local forest and hunting administrative units, Racoviţă Street, 023993, Sector 2, with a view to identify the data needed to establish the dynamics of these populations. Bucharest, Romania Results : A synthesis study has been made to point out the population dynamics of this rodent (Sciuridae Family), the connection between populationsCopy and the geographical conditions in the glacial areas of the three mountain groups of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians. Interpretation : A typical rodent of the Alpine regions, the alpine marmot s are perfectly integrated in thair new habitats with several colonies of these populations in each mountain group. At the same time, the species has extended its areas by up to 20 km. *Corresponding Author Email : [email protected] Key words Alpine marmot, Făgăraş mountain, Retezat mountain, Rodna mountain Online Publication Info Paper received : 10.06.2016 Revised received : 29.09.2016 Re-revised received : 13.02.2017 Accepted : 28.03.2017 © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India) Journal of Environmental Biology September 2017 Vol. 38 703-711 704 S. Geacu and M. Dumitraşcu Introduction The current paper focuses on the analysis of the spatial and temporal dynamics of Marmota marmota in the three A rodent mammal, Marmota marmota lives in the alpine aforementioned areas in close connection with their habitat habitats of the highest mountains in Europe (Pyrenees, Alps and requirements and the conservation regime. The study was carried Carpathians). The mammal belongs to Order : Rodentia Bodwich, out for the past four decades, a period which followed species' 1821; Family : Sciuridae Gray, 1821 and Genus : Marmota introduction or re-introduction in the fauna of the Romanian Blumenbach, 1779 (Wilson and Reeder, 1993). Carpathians using the data provided by the Romanian Forest Divisions which overlapped Rodna, Făgăraş and Retezat Mountains. Studies performed in the Tatra Mountains (Bačkor 2009), Rodna Mountains (Szabo, 2010), the French and Italian Alps Study area : The present study was carried out in three of the (Allainé et al., 1994; Borgo, 2003) and the Pyrenees (Herrero et highest Romanian Carpathians Mountains: the Făgăraş and al., 1994) revealed significant information on species current Retezat in the Southern Carpathians and the Rodna Mountains distribution, dynamics and habitat requirements in the in the Eastern Carpathians (Fig. 1B), all being built mountaineous areas of Europe. predominantly of crystalline schists (Niculescu and Badea, 2006). They have the most impressive glacial relief (glacial In Romania, Marmota marmota was introduced to the cirques and valleys) of all mountain ranges in this country tallest Romanian Carpathians, which is, Făgăraş and Retezat (Niculescu et al., 1973). Springs on slopes and glacial lakes (Southern Carpathians) and Rodna (Eastern Carpathians) represent water sources for the alpine marmot. (Almăşan, 1981; Geacu, 2006). Materials and Methods As herbaceous species, the alpine marmot feeds on the short plants (Carex curvula, Juncus trifidus, Agrostis rupestris, At the time the first alpine marmots were brought into Festuca airoides, Nardus stricta, Sesleria tenuifolia and Poa Romania, the researches were focused primarily on identifying alpina) that grow in alpine meadows and are well-adapted to the first documents issued by various forestry and cynegetic cold and strong winds. It also eats the lickhens that gnaw on institutions. Later on, studies performed in the selected case- rocks, e.g. Cetraria islandica or Cladonia rangiferina, and grows studies aimed at establishing the population dynamics and at the bark of dwarf bushes such as Loiseleuria procumbens of species Copyhabitat characteristics. The assessment of long-term the alpine zone. The alpine marmot also eat the fruits of some dynamics relied on the data recorded by the rangers of the Forest species like Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Divisions in the analysed mountain areas. Thereby, in 2011 and Alpine marmots are fond of sunny slopes and if nothing disturbs 2012 the authors carried out direct field observations in the areas them, they may bathe in the sun for hours on end. Between where alpine marmots used to live during summertime. Based on October to April, the animal hibernates, the entrance to the the visual observations (using binoculars) conducted during the galleries being closed with stones, grass and earth (Năidăşan, field surveys, the authors were able to map several alpine marmot 2000). Moreover, some studies refer to the impact of global habitats and movement routes. climate changes on the shortening of the hibernation period (Inouye et al., 2000, Dolenec and Dolenec, 2011). Results and Discussion It has been considered that the alpine marmot inhabited The Făgăraş Mountains : The Făgăraş Mountains covers the highest areas of Rodna, Făgăraş and Retezat Mountains 2 during the 19th century (Bielz, 1888; Csato, 1867), whereto it has approximately 1,500 km with a dominant altitude of 2,400- been disappeared between 1890 and 1900 (Călinescu, 1931; 2,500 m a.s.l., favouring the development of alpine and Filipaşcu, 1969). Species' existence in Romania was contested subalpine levels. Likewise, the massif features a significant by Rosetti-Bălănescu, (1973) by arguing the absence of any glacial relief inherited also from periglacial processes of reference to this species in the Romanian folklore or the toponimy extensive spatial dynamic (Voiculescu, 2002; Voiculescu and of this space (Benedek, 2014). However, a proposal for having the Ardelean, 2012). It also preserves the widest glacial area in species reintroduced in Romania dates back to 1949, but it was Romania, especially on the main summit which is about 70 km only in 1965, when Almăşan stressed upon the Online« need to begin long from west to east, with maximum elevation in the country: acting to this end as soon as possible » (p. 12), that their future the Moldoveanu (2,544 m a.s.l.) and the Negoiu (2,535 m a.s.l.) habitat (Făgăraş and Retezat Mountains) was being designated peaks. Here, one may see complex glacial cirques, up to 8 km- (Almăşan, 1965). The first 50 alpine marmot individuals were long glacial valleys and 25 glacial lakes (e.g. Lacul Doamnei – brought into Romania in 1973, having been captured in the Alps. Lake of the Lady 0.5 ha and Podrăgel Lake – 0.7 ha lie at 1,860 Out of the 33 animals caught in the Vanoise National Park m a.s.l. and 2,030 m a.s.l., respectively) (Niculescu, 1973; (France), 21 were released in the Făgăraş Mountains and 12 in Velcea and Popova, 1987) (Fig. 2). the Rodna Mountains. A number of 17 individuals came from Salzburg region (Austria) and were released in the Retezat At Bâlea Lac weather station (2,038 m a.s.l.), the mean Mountains (Fig. 1A, Fig. 1B). annual air temperature is only 0.2°C, with a maximum of 8.8°C) in Journal of Environmental Biology, September 2017 Alpine marmot in Romanian Carpathians 705 August and a minimum of -8.4°C in February (Fig. 3A) ; the mean Outstanding among the 58 glacial lakes are Bucura (10 annual rainfall reaches 1215 mm (Sandu et al., 2008). The ha), Zănoaga (29 m, the deepest glacial lake in Romania) and dominant winds blow from the north (21.1%) (Voiculescu, 2002). Gemenele (2.5 ha) (Pişota, 1971; Gâştescu, 1971; Popovici, The annual number of days with snow cover is 150, except for the 1993). At Ţarcu weather station (2,180 m a.s.l), situated in the summer and the first half of winter when no such days are neighbouring mountain sector, the mean annual air temperature registered (Fig. 3B). is negative (-0.6°C), with a maximum value in August (7.7°C) and a minimum in February (-8.6°C) (Fig. 5A). The mean annual The habitat conditions of the upper Făgăraş Mountains precipitation sums up to 939.4 mm. The dominant wind blows are favourable to the alpine marmot. The species was introduced from the north (21.5%) and the snow cover may appear in the first in the area in July 1973, when 21 alpine marmots were brought decade of September and it lasts until July or August (Fig. 5B). from the French Alps and were released in the glacial cirque at the The annual number of days with snow cover was 190 days on sources of the Arpăşel Valley (northern slope of Făgăraş average (Dragne et al., 2004). Mountains, Sibiu County). Here, the staff of the Arpaş Forest Range built man-made galleries in order to host them and The upper part of the Retezat Mountains was established prohibited the grazing of farm animals. This action enjoyed the in 1935 as the first national park in Romania (10,000 ha). support of the Inspection for the Economy of Hunting of the Currently, the surface of this protected area has been extended to Ministry of Forest Economy and Building Materials (Almășan, 38,047 ha, of which 1,630 ha is covered by Gemenele Scientific 1981). At the beginning, the alpine marmots settled at 1,900- Reserve.
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