Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D. Consulting Geologist, Tucson

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com • Complex geologic history

• Mineralization related to orogenic episodes • Precambrian = orogenies added to fringes • of continent

• Paleozoic = AZ on trailing edge - Eastern orogenies

• Mesozoic-Cenozoic = AZ on leading edge – Cordilleran • Latest Cenozoic = subduction cutoff by San Andreas

• AZ has rich mineral specimens and ore deposits Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com

Plate Tectonics

Paleozoic = West-dipping subduction, Volcanoes, Appalachian Mountains

Continent- continent Sea floor spreading collision and and mid-ocean ridge very tall volcanism mountains

Mesozoic- Cenozoic east-dipping subduction, Volcanoes, Mountains

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Hieroglyphic Mountains (Pikes Peak) Hematite-Magnetite Taconite, north-central Maricopa County - Iron Age, Pig Iron, and Bessemer

BIF (Jerome Historical museum) Paul Lindberg sample Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jerome VMS

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jerome Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide

3D model of Bornite, chalcopyrite Verde deposit by Copper iron sulfides Paul Lindberg, United Verde mine, Jerome, AZ Jerome Historical AzMMM sample museum

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Deposition of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide ore

Black smoker, modern seafloor Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Chalcopyrite, copper iron Tennantite, chalcopyrite sulfide, United Verde mine, - Copper iron sulfides - Jerome, AZ, AzMMM specimen United Verde mine, Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 Jerome, www.janrasmussen.com AZ, AzMMM sample Gold from Big Bug mine - Sugar White photo, Ed Huskinson sample

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com The Old Dick (Bruce) mine is a Hillside mine, Eureka dist., • former underground Zn-Cu- Yav. Co.; source: Baird, Ag-Au-Pb-As-Co-Cd mine mindat.org • located 2¾ miles SSW of Bagdad. • volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit • stratiform ore bodies hosted in the Brindle Formation and the Dick Rhyolite The Old ore lenses consist of resinous yellowish-brown and black sphalerite • pyrite concentrated in irregularly spaced, narrow bands • chalcopyrite in minute stringers and wide • galena in local pods • disseminated tiny euhedral arsenopyrite crystals • sphalerite veinlets • some gold and silver JanInformation C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., source: R.G. MinDat.org January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com

Euxenite, White Picacho pegmatites

Oracle Granite, Santa Catalina Mts.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Amethyst, Four Peaks mine, Mazatzal Mts., Maricopa Co., AZ Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Grand Canyon supergroup (Unkar Gp. (incl. Cardenas basalt - 1070 Ma Rb-Sr), Nankoweap Fm., Chuar Gp.)

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Apache Group

Chrysotile Apache Gp. ,Tohono asbestos, Salt Chul Park, Tucson River Canyon

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Apache Gp., serpentine Asbestos, Salt R. Canyon

Diabase in Apache Gp. ,Tohono Chul Park, Tucson

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Laramide orogeny

Unconformity bounded Nevadan orogeny Continental assembly

Alleghenian orogeny

Caledonian orogeny

Taconic orogeny

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Tonto Group, Grand Canyon (Tapeats Ss. Ledge, overlain by Bright Angel Shale slope, and Muav Ls. Ledge) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Bolsa Quartzite on skyline, Rosemont Copper, Santa Rita Mts.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com All paleogeographic paintings from Blakey & Ranney

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Rillito Cement plant

Redwall Limestone Escabrosa Limestone

Clarkdale Cement plant Sahuarita Marble Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Sedona – Supai Group

Government Butte, S. of Tombstone

Jan on Permian Colina Ls. 1967 Goosenecks of the San Juan R., Hermosa Fm. Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Arizona’s position w.r.t. plate tectonics in Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic

Mesozoic – Arizona was on leading edge of N. American continent = mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, igneous intrusions

Paleozoic – Arizona was on trailing edge of N. American continent = calm seaways

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Fm., Petrified Forest National Park

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Breccia pipe in Grand Canyon Source: Wenrich Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com South North

Source: Wenrich

Source: Wenrich Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Grandview mine; cyanotrichite on antlerite AzMMM specimen

Ridenour mine; Carnotite in tyuyamunite, petrified Wenrich photo wood, Coconino Co. AzMMM

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.comspecimen All paleogeographic paintings from Blakey & Ranney

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Santa Rita Mts., Mt. Wrightson

South end of Mustang Mts., East of Sonoita, AZ

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Lavender Pit, Bisbee

chalcopyrite bornite sphalerite Pyrite - gangue

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Primary - sulfides Secondary Enrichment – carbonates “oxides” Weathering leaches copper from top, leaving reddish iron oxides -iron hat

Hematite – limonite, Bisbee Copper is precipitated at the water table, enriching deposit with chalcocite, copper, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Bisbee azurite Copper carbonate

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com malachite malachite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com chalcotrichite

cuprite

calcite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com turquoise

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com chalcocite

cuprite covelite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com copper

copper

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Early and Middle Jurassic age dates

Defiance mine, wulfenite, Donor: Les Presmyk Silver Bill mine, wulfenite

Courtland area = possible Quartz Alkalic; Gleeson Ridge = possible Alkali-calcic

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Constant dip subduction – Magmatism mostly in California

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mural Ls. (Bisbee Group) E. of Bisbee

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com N Arizona – coal in Wepo Fm. at Black Mesa

Photo from Peabody Coal (Freeport-McMoran) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Tombstone Hills – Uncle Sam Tuff

Tucson Mts. - Cat Mountain Rhyolite – 74 Ma ignimbrite (rhyolite ash flows) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Alabandite MnS

Silver, Lucky Cuss m. Emmonsite, Empire m.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Dugganite – Empire mine. Emmonsite, Peter Megaw specimen and Megaw Sugar White photograph specimen, Sugar White photo

Megaw specimen, Sugar White photo

Chlorargyrite – John Betts photo & specimen MinDat.org

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com  Argentiferous galena, sphalerite, small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite & quartz  Deposited in permeable zones at the intersection of a bedding plane fault and favorable beds in Permian Naco Limestone  Extensive solution of the limestone and deep oxidation concentrated cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, & smithsonite in the leached caverns as sand carbonate ore

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Miami-Globe Ajo San Manuel

Bagdad Morenci Ray Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Ray mine

Ray shovel, haul truck Dave Briggs photos Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Silver Bell mine Mission mine Photos courtesy of ASARCO (Grupo) Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Bornite – peacock copper – copper iron sulfide

Chalcopyrite – copper fools gold Copper-iron-sulfide Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com pyrite stromeyerite

bornite tennantite

hematite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com San Manuel mine 1998

San Manuel tailings Covered, regraded 2006 Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. Quartz on JanuaryChrysocolla 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Copper

Malachite Quartz on Chrysocolla

Pyrite Azurite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com 79 mine

hemimorphite

Hemimorphite, zinc silicate

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com 79 mine

aurichalcite cerussite

tsumebite

smithsonite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 wulfenite www.janrasmussen.com Christmas mine

rosasite Copper on apophyllite

kinoite

dioptase

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Flat subduction

W. Santa Catalina Mts. from El Conquistador Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Gold, Gold Basin, Mohave Co., AZ

Copperstone Gold mine, La Paz Co. Gold, Las Guijas, Pima Co. AZ Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com N. Tucson Mts.

Chiricahua Mts. Ash flow tuffs Organ Pipe volcanics Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Pantano Clay, East Tucson - 1987

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com South Mountain, south Phoenix

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Superstition Volcanics

Galiuro Volcanics

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com  Alkali-calcic, mid- Tertiary  Irregular masses and vug linings of  argentiferous lead and zinc carbonates  with pyrolusite,  vanadinite,  wulfenite &  minor malachite,  partly altered argentiferous galena,  disseminated masses of silver chloride & bromide  in a gangue of iron oxides, quartz, fluorite, calcite, gouge & brecciated wall rock  Vein occurs in an irregular fault zone between Tertiary andesite breccia, dacite porphyry, rhyolite to dacitic tuffs & lapilli tuffs & Laramide granodiorite to quartz diorite intrusive

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Wulfenite

Mimetite

Vanadinite

cerussite

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Fluorite, Harquahala Mts.

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mohawk shaft - Tiger

Wulfenite, mimetite

Aerial photo courtesy of BHP Billiton, 2006

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com • Wulfenite, vanadinite, gold in quartz, galena, sphalerite, anglesite, cerussite, and many oxidized minerals • In west-northwest shear zones intruded by mid- Tertiary (22 Ma) rhyolite, with widest fissure veins occurring in quartz monzonite (Precambrian) most intensely shattered and brecciated • Deposit was oxidized and faulted, then wulfenite and vanadinite were deposited with later oxidation

Wulfenite, Donor: Leaverites

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mid-Tertiary – Santa Catalinas - Tiger – Mammoth-St. Anthony mine

diaboleite

vanadinite cerussite boleite

dioptase hemimorphite caledonite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mid-Tertiary – Santa Catalinas - Tiger – Mammoth-St. Anthony mine

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com  Quartz Alkalic - mid-Tertiary – 25-15 Ma

Donor: Floyd & Alice Getsinger Donor: James Horner • Barite, wulfenite, cerussite, base-metal sulfides, with secondary minerals of cerussite- anglesite suite, wulfenite suite, caledonite suite, and vanadinite suite. • In northwest fissure veins in mid-Tertiary andesite and rhyolite flows and dikes

Wulfenite and mimetite Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Basin & Range Disturbance (13-0 Ma)

Valleys filled with sand, gravel, clay, gypsum, & salt

Willcox Playa Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com San Andreas fault cuts off eastward-subducting plate

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Industrial minerals - Late Cenozoic

Gypsum rose

Sand & gravel Kalamazoo Clay - 1987

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Olivine in basalt, San Carlos

cinders

San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com Mesozoic

Precambrian

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com • Complex geologic history

• Mineralization related to orogenic episodes • Precambrian = orogenies added to fringes • of continent

• Paleozoic = AZ on trailing edge - Eastern orogenies • Mesozoic-Cenozoic = AZ on leading edge – Cordilleran • Latest Cenozoic = subduction cutoff by San Andreas

• AZ has rich mineral specimens and ore deposits

Jan C. Rasmussen, Ph.D., R.G. January 16, 2014 www.janrasmussen.com