Project Report on Telemedicine: What We Learned About the Administration and Development of a Binational Digital Infrastructure Project

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Project Report on Telemedicine: What We Learned About the Administration and Development of a Binational Digital Infrastructure Project healthcare Project Report Project Report on Telemedicine: What We Learned about the Administration and Development of a Binational Digital Infrastructure Project Norbert Hosten 1, Britta Rosenberg 1,* and Andrzej Kram 2 1 Department of Radiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstraße 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; [email protected] 2 Department of Pathology, Westpomeranian Oncology Center, Strzałowska 22, 71-730 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article describes the development of a German–Polish cross-border telemedicine project. Funded by the European Union Interreg Program, a cooperation between several German and Polish hospitals was developed over the course of 16 years, starting in 2002. Subprojects, governance and outcomes are described, and facilitators and barriers are identified. These points are reviewed with regard to their influence on medical, technical, administrative and medico-legal realisation. Keywords: telemedicine; telediagnostic; project management; funding; IT infrastructure; cross- border multiprofessional team; European Union; Interreg 1. Introduction Citation: Hosten, N.; Rosenberg, B.; This report explores the lessons learnt from a German–Polish telemedicine network Kram, A. Project Report on funded by the European Union (EU) in Pomerania. Telemedicine: What We Learned Pomerania is a historic region on the southern shore of the Baltic sea, with a western about the Administration and Development of a Binational Digital part located in Germany and an eastern part located in Poland. The area of historic Pomera- Infrastructure Project. Healthcare 2021, nia was used to create a co-operation structure between Germany and Poland in 1995 9, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ (“Euroregion Pomerania”). Ten German cities and districts and 98 Polish municipalities are healthcare9040400 members of the Euroregion. The purpose of all Euroregions is the promotion of common interests. Euroregions are eligible for funding in the Interreg programs of the European Received: 1 February 2021 Union. Interreg I started in 1989. The present phase of the program, Interreg V, funded Accepted: 25 March 2021 projects until 2020. Interreg was created to promote cross-border cooperation in the EU, Published: 1 April 2021 thus diminishing the influence of national borders. The council of the Pomeranian Euroregion is located in (Polish) Szczecin, the historic Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral capital of ancient Pomerania. The council is constituted in equal parts by German and with regard to jurisdictional claims in Polish members. Polish members of the Euroregion are members of a Polish association, published maps and institutional affil- while German members belong to a “Kommunalgemeinschaft”—an association according iations. to German law. Eligible projects may apply for funding from current Interreg programs. Only groups that are constituted by both German and Polish members are suitable for application. A lead partner may be either from Germany or Poland. The agency in the lead partner’s Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. country of origin will then process the request, aiming to achieve harmonisation between Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the Polish and the German side. This article is an open access article A complete review of Interreg is beyond the scope of this paper. Perkmann [1] gives distributed under the terms and an overview of the concept and existing cross-border regions, following Schmitt-Egner’s [2] conditions of the Creative Commons definition of ‘cross-border cooperation’ as ‘cross-border interaction between neighbouring Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// regions for the preservation, governance and development of their common living space, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ without the involvement of their central authorities” (Perkmann’s translation). 4.0/). Healthcare 2021, 9, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040400 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare Healthcare 2021, 9, x 2 of 20 [2] definition of ‘cross-border cooperation’ as ‘cross-border interaction between neigh- bouring regions for the preservation, governance and development of their common liv- ing space, without the involvement of their central authorities” (Perkmann’s translation). The rationale for implementing telemedicine in the Euroregion of Pomerania was Healthcare 2021, 9, 400 2 of 21 twofold: (1) The regions on both sides of the German/Polish border are very thinly popu- lated. The German federal state of “Vorpommern” (Western Pomerania) has a population density of 69 inhabitants/squareThe rationale kilometre, for implementing while telemedicine the Polish in the Euroregion voivodeship’s of Pomerania (province) was twofold: (1) The regions on both sides of the German/Polish border are very thinly popu- “województwo zachodniopomorskie”(Voivodeslated. The German federal state of “Vorpommern”hip Western (Western Pomerani Pomerania)a) has has a population 75 inhabit- ants/square kilometredensity (mean of 69population inhabitants/square densit kilometre,y: Germany, while the 137 Polish inha voivodeship’sbitants/square (province) kilo- metre; Poland, 132 inhabitants/square“województwo zachodniopomorskie”(Voivodeship kilometre). (2) The border Western in Pomerania) the Pomerania has 75 inhabi- region tants/square kilometre (mean population density: Germany, 137 inhabitants/square kilo- between Poland andmetre; Germany Poland, 132leaves inhabitants/square several German kilometre). and (2) The Polish border inhospitals the Pomerania with region small catchment areas (Figurebetween 1). PolandTelemedicine and Germany is an leaves accepted several German means and of Polish delivering hospitals withmedical small ser- catchment areas (Figure1). Telemedicine is an accepted means of delivering medical vices to people in suchservices areas to peopleby enlarging in such areas catchment by enlarging catchmentareas [3,4]. areas [3,4]. FigureFigure 1. 1. InfluenceInfluence of of the the boundary boundary between between Germany and Germany Poland on and the catchment Poland areas on the of hospitals catchment in the cities areas of of hos- pitalsSzczecin, in the Pasewalk, cities Prenzlauof Szczecin, and Schwedt. Pasewalk, It is apparent Prenzlau that the hospitalsand Schwedt. close to the It border is apparent have small that catchment the areashospitals and that there are areas without easily accessible hospitals. close to the border have small catchment areas and that there are areas without easily accessible hospitals. Accordingly, people living in these regions may have reduced access to hospitals. To improve access to specialised medicine, a joint telemedicine project was initiated starting in 2002. With Interreg IVA funding, the most recent phase of this project was initiated Accordingly, peoplewith 11 living German in and these 11 Polish regions hospitals. may Specialities have takingreduced part were access radiology, to hospitals. pathology, To improve access to specialisedophthalmology, medicine, urology and a otorhinolaryngology joint telemedicine (ear–nose–throat project was medicine, initiated ENT) as wellstarting as radiation therapy, oncology and thoracic surgery in tumour boards. On the German side, in 2002. With Interregan extensiveIVA funding, videoconferencing the most network recent was laid phase out, which of this allowed project for the simultaneous was initiated with 11 German andtransport 11 Polish of x-ray hospitals. studies, pathology Specialities slides, endoscopy taking imagespart were and documents. radiology, pathol- ogy, ophthalmology, urology and otorhinolaryngology (ear–nose–throat medicine, ENT) as well as radiation therapy, oncology and thoracic surgery in tumour boards. On the German side, an extensive videoconferencing network was laid out, which allowed for the simultaneous transport of x-ray studies, pathology slides, endoscopy images and doc- uments. As medicine is generally organised nationally, telemedicine tends also to be national. The project described here originated in radiology and pathology, with both of them deal- ing with physician-to-physician interaction; another focus was videoconferencing. On the German side, an expensive infrastructure had to be bought and installed to support these Healthcare 2021, 9, 400 3 of 21 As medicine is generally organised nationally, telemedicine tends also to be national. The project described here originated in radiology and pathology, with both of them dealing with physician-to-physician interaction; another focus was videoconferencing. On the German side, an expensive infrastructure had to be bought and installed to support these applications. Management, facilitators and barriers for these parts of the project are described below. We report here on the lessons learned from the implementation of this Interreg IV project. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Previous Phases of the Project The project described here was implemented over the course of four funding periods since 2002. The first author (a university radiologist, chairman of the project’s board) has been involved from the beginning; the other two authors (in-house counsel and pathologist) have been involved since 2010. Documentation from the different project phases was used for analysis. Because public funds were used, the written documentation was comprehensive. The work presented here aims to describe facilitators and barriers and thus to provide guidance for colleagues wishing to implement
Recommended publications
  • Language Contact in Pomerania: the Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian
    P a g e | 1 Language Contact in Pomerania: The Case of German, Polish, and Kashubian Nick Znajkowski, New York University Purpose The effects of language contact and language shift are well documented. Lexical items and phonological features are very easily transferred from one language to another and once transferred, rather easily documented. Syntactic features can be less so in both respects, but shifts obviously do occur. The various qualities of these shifts, such as whether they are calques, extensions of a structure present in the modifying language, or the collapsing of some structure in favor the apparent simplicity found in analogous foreign structures, all are indicative of the intensity and the duration of the contact. Additionally, and perhaps this is the most interesting aspect of language shift, they show what is possible in the evolution of language over time, but also what individual speakers in a single generation are capable of concocting. This paper seeks to explore an extremely fascinating and long-standing language contact situation that persists to this day in Northern Poland—that of the Kashubian language with its dominating neighbors: Polish and German. The Kashubians are a Slavic minority group who have historically occupied the area in Northern Poland known today as Pomerania, bordering the Baltic Sea. Their language, Kashubian, is a member of the Slavic branch of Indo-European languages and further belongs to the Pomeranian branch of Lechitic languages, which includes Polish, Silesian, and the extinct Polabian and Slovincian. The situation to be found among the Kashubian people, a people at one point variably bi-, or as is sometimes the case among older folk, even trilingual in Kashubian, P a g e | 2 Polish, and German is a particularly exciting one because of the current vitality of the Kashubian minority culture.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
    A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term
    [Show full text]
  • On Some Similarities in the Status of Kashubian and Irish
    US-China Foreign Language, July 2016, Vol. 14, No. 7, 465-473 doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2016.07.001 D DAVID PUBLISHING On Some Similarities in the Status of Kashubian and Irish Alina Szwajczuk University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland The objective of the paper is to delineate apparent similarities in the status of Kashubian and the Irish language. History-wise, both languages experienced a significant language loss, a struggle for survival, and the legal attempt to keep the languages alive. In fact, both constitute minority languages while this is solely the former one that enjoys the official status of a regional language. The latter is an official language within the Republic of Ireland and the European Union. Apart from a short historical overview of the two languages, the Kashubian language will be analyzed on the basis of the Polish legislation and the reports compiled by the Council of Europe with reference to the commitments made by Poland pertaining to the implementation of provisions stipulated in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The Irish language will be viewed, within the national scope, from the perspective of the 2003 Official Languages Act, the 20-year strategy for the Irish language 2010–2030, and the 2012 Gaeltacht Act. The aspects considered herein will include mainly: the application of the languages within the judicial and administrative context, the presence of the said languages in education, as well as within the national context. The following analysis shall not be deemed as exhaustive and is solely supposed to present some similarities in history and language preservation mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • 13 Cassubian
    DEMO13 : Purchase Cassubian from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark Gerald Stone 1 Introduction Cassubian (or Kashubian) is today spoken in an elongated band of territory to the west, north-west and south-west of Gdańsk (German Danzig) (see map 13.1). Since the Second World War the entire Cassubian speech area has been situated inside the Polish state. From the official point of view Cassubian is a Polish dialect; but its individuality is such that it is usually regarded by both laymen and linguists as an entity, separate from all other Polish dialects. Genetically, Cassubian is the last surviving link in a chain of dialects which once stretched across what is now north Poland and north Germany, linking Polabian to Polish. The Lechitic group consists of Polabian (west Lechitic), Polish (east Lechitic) and a chain of central Lechitic dialects (including Cassubian). The term Pomeranian is narrower: East Pomeranian is Cassubian; West Pomeranian refers to those extinct varieties of central Lechitic which were once spoken to the west of Cassubian. Toponymical evidence indicates that Cassubian was once spoken as far west as the River Parsęta (German Persante), which flows into the Baltic at Kołobrzeg (German Kolberg). The question has been frequently asked whether Cassubian is not really a separate Slavonic language rather than just a dialect of Polish. If the answer to this is yes, it implies a further question as to the existence of a separate Cassubian nationality. There are no known linguistic criteria for the resolution of such questions, but it is, in any case, clear that the question is not purely linguistic.
    [Show full text]
  • Stakeholder Engagement Plan – Germany
    Stakeholder Engagement Plan – Germany Nord Stream 2 AG | Mar-19 W-PE-EMS-PGE-PLA-800-SEPGEREN-06 Page 2 of 44 Table of Contents Abbreviations and Definitions ............................................................................................................... 4 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Brief description of the Project ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Project Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 The Nord Stream 2 Project in Germany ............................................................................... 7 1.3 Relevant Non-Project Activities and Facilities ...................................................................... 9 1.4 Stages of Project Implementation......................................................................................... 10 2 Applicable Stakeholder Engagement Requirements .................................................................. 10 2.1 German Regulatory Requirements for Community Engagement ......................................... 10 2.2 Requirements of International Conventions ......................................................................... 11 2.3 Performance Standards of International Financial Institutions ............................................. 11 2.4 Internal Policies and
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Geography and Historical Material. an Example of Inventory Ledgers from the Second Half of the 18Th Century Kept in Wielkopolska1
    Gwary Dziś – vol. 13 – 2020, pp. 111–134 DOI 10.14746/gd.2020.13.5 ISSN 1898-9276 Błażej Osowski Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Institute of Polish Philology ORCID: 0000-0002-4226-1378; e-mail: [email protected] Linguistic geography and historical material. An example of inventory ledgers from the second half of the 18th century kept in Wielkopolska1 Abstract: This work connects with the dialectological aspect of linguistic geography. The analysed material consists of inventory ledgers kept in Wielkopolska in the second half of the 18th century for nobility possessions. It is assumed that the then regional variety of the Polish language spoken in Wielkopolska was geographically diverse and this diversity was anything but accidental. It was affected by the education of the communication actors (including the writers) and their command of the literary Polish language, dialectal influences, impact of foreign languages, presence of archaic and innovative elements. This diversity is reflected in inventory ledgers; an analysis thereof was aimed at excerpting examples of lexical variants. This work contains 4 selected examples: ‘bogaty chłop’ [a wealthy farmer], ‘ziemniaki’ [potatoes], ‘mała izba’[a small room], ‘niebieski’ [blue]. Maps have been created for them. The analytical part is followed by generalisation of the variability in the surveyed sources (types of variability, its sources, levels, types of variants). Keywords: linguistic geography, historical dialectology, 18th century, inventory ledgers, variability, a linguistic map. Abstract: Geografia lingwistyczna a materiał historyczny. Na przykładzie wielkopolskich inwen - tarzy z drugiej połowy XVIII wieku. Niniejsza praca wpisuje się w nurt dialektologiczny geografii językowej. Analizowany materiał to wielkopolskie inwentarze dóbr szlacheckich z 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Bison Rewilding Plan 2014–2024 Rewilding Europe’S Contribution to the Comeback of the European Bison
    Bison Rewilding Plan 2014–2024 Rewilding Europe’s contribution to the comeback of the European bison Advised by the Zoological Society of London Rewilding Europe This report was made possible by generous grants Bison Rewilding Plan, 2014–2024 by the Swedish Postcode Lottery (Sweden) and the Liberty Wildlife Fund (The Netherlands). Author Joep van de Vlasakker, Rewilding Europe Advised by Dr Jennifer Crees, Zoological Society of London Dr Monika Böhm, Zoological Society of London Peer-reviewed by Prof Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Denmark Dr Rafal Kowalczyk, Director Mammal Research Institute / Polish Academy of Sciences / Bialowieza A report by Rewilding Europe Toernooiveld 1 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands www.rewildingeurope.com About Rewilding Europe Founded in 2011, Rewilding Europe (RE) wants to make Europe a wilder place, with much more space for wildlife, wilderness and natural processes, by bringing back a variety of wildlife for all to enjoy and exploring new ways for people to earn a fair living from the wild. RE aims to rewild one million hectares of land by 2022, creating 10 magnificent wildlife and wilderness areas, which together reflect a wide selection of European regions and ecosystems, flora and fauna. Further information: www.rewildingeurope.com About ZSL Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an international scientific, conservation and educational charity whose vision is a world where animals are valued, and their conservation assured. Our mission, to promote and achieve the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats, is realised through our groundbreaking science, our active conservation projects in more than 50 countries and our two Zoos, ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo.
    [Show full text]
  • An Experiment in Labelling Draw-A-Map Maps
    Studies in Polish Linguistics vol. 12, 2017, issue 4, pp. 221–240 doi:10.4467/23005920SPL.17.011.8243 www.ejournals.eu/SPL Kamil Stachowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków An Experiment in Labelling Draw-a-Map Maps Abstract Apart from offering a contribution to perceptual dialectology of Poland, the paper discuss- es an experiment in which two groups were set a map drawing task. One group was given a map on which major cities were marked while the other a map with the main regions. The two maps combined from their answers have proven to be nothing alike, suggesting that this one detail in the design of the study can dramatically influence its results, and as such it needs to be paid particular attention and further investigated. Keywords perceptual dialectology, draw-a-map, methodology, Polish language Streszczenie Artykuł jest przyczynkiem do dialektologii percepcyjnej Polski, ale przede wszystkim dyskusją wyników eksperymentu, w którym dwie grupy poproszono o wypełnienie map. Jednej przedstawiono mapy z zaznaczonymi głównymi miastami, drugiej – z głównymi regionami geograficznymi. Mapy powstałe przez scalenie ich odpowiedzi okazały się dia- metralnie różne, co sugeruje, że ten jeden szczegół w sposobie przygotowania kwestiona- riusza może bardzo istotnie wpłynąć na wyniki badania, i jako taki winien być starannie przemyślany i dokładniej przebadany. Słowa kluczowe dialektologia percepcyjna, draw-a-map, metodologia, język polski 1. Introduction The field of perceptual dialectology concerns itself with how non-linguists per- ceive dialects and dialectal variation. It began in 1930s in the Netherlands but only gained greater impetus in 1980s and 1990s, owing to the works of D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • New World Mennonite Low German an Investigating of Changes in Progress
    New World Mennonite Low German An Investigating of Changes in Progress By Roslyn Cherie Burns A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Gary B. Holland Keith Johnson Thomas F. Shannon Spring 2016 1 Abstract This dissertation explores dialect diversification in the long-distance New World Plautdietsch speech community. Plautdietsch dialects are traditionally classified as belonging to one of two types: either Chortitza or Molotschna. The traditional dialect classification has recently come under scrutiny because speakers rarely use features exclusive to either type. I propose that variation in vowel production is an alternative way of classifying dialect affiliation. In this project, I analyze both the production of vowels and the production of traditional dialect features used by native Plautdietsch speakers living in North America. This work finds that both the traditional dialect features and the innovations in the vowel system are linked to information about a community's migration history, but the two systems represent different aspects of a community's history. i Table of Contents Chapter 1: Problem and Definition 1 1.1 Plautdietsch Background 2 1.1.1 The History of Low German 2 Plautdietsch as a Written Language 10 1.1.2 Plautdietsch Speaking Populations in North America 11 1.2 Defining Mennonites 13 1.2.1 Prussian Mennonites 14 1.3 North America Data Collection
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH-WEST E-Book
    NORTH-WESTERN POLAND: STAYPOLAND E-BOOK NORTH-WESTERN POLAND (StayPoland regional e-book) For each Polish region we have prepared a special regional e-book. It is a short guide that enables you to quickly familiarize yourself with a new territory. The best of each region is listed in order of importance. There are five regional e-books and each of them has five sections: 1. introduction to region and sights, 2. map, 3. “must-see” tourist sights (10 featured locations in North-Western Poland e-book), 4. “explore!: tourist sights (28 places in North-Western) + special feature: 2008 POLISH BEACH RANKING, 5. information on what STAYPOLAND travel agency & reservation system can do for you in selected places. Two important points: • A great number of the place & activity recommendations are made based on our customers’ experiences. Your comments are welcome. We are looking forward to your feedback at [email protected] (best comments will be published). • You will find the guide very practical. It enables the independent traveler to make the most of their trip to Poland. At the end of this guide we post information on what STAYPOLAND travel agency can do for you in every destination. For more details check: www.staypoland.com. 1. INTRODUCTION TO NORTH-WESTERN POLAND provinces: 3 voivodeships: zachodniopomorskie (Western Pomerania), pomorskie (Pomerania) and kujawsko-pomorskie (Kuyavia- Pomerania) area / population: 59,164 sq km / 5.9 million people featured must-see places: 4 Polish must-see: Gdańsk, Malbork, Słowiński National Park, Toruń 6 regional must-see: Biskupin + Gąsawa-Żnin railway, Chełmno, Gdynia, Hel Peninsula, Sopot, Szczecin Do you have any comments or suggestions? Send your feedback at: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Reformation Versus Nationality Problems in the Great Poland Province Before the Partitions of Poland
    Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce PL ISSN 0029‑8514 Special Issue Jolanta Dworzaczkowa (Poznań) Reformation Versus Nationality Problems in the Great Poland Province Before the Partitions of Poland The relationship between nationality and religion is a major problem in all areas where various languages are spoken. Religious awareness was a very important sphere of social awareness, and it is thought today that to the populace it was the only form of reflective bond. The role played by the Reformation in that regard in Central and Eastern Europe, in areas of the German settlement penetration, was both significant and complex.1 Its substantial contribution to the development of national cultures and literary activity in many languages is well known. On the other hand, the exogenous German population was everywhere more susceptible to the Reformation than indigenes and consequently in some specific conditions Lutheranism undoubtedly played a Germanizing role. In Poland there is a clear connection between the Reformation and the rise of the Renaissance culture in its early stages, but what emerged in time was a polarity between nationality and religion, and a stereotype which occupies a very important place in our mentality today: Pole = Catholic, German = Protestant. On the other hand, it was a specificity of the Great Poland region that with the release of relatively accurate statistical data in the nineteenth century, which registered not only religion but also language, that stereotype turned out to be very close 1 This article relies on the results of a work by Z. Kaczmarczyk, Kolonizacja niemiecka na wschód od Odry, Poznań, 1945; and on the chapters devoted to the Reformation in a collective work titled Dzieje Wielkopolski, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovered Territories', 1945-1956
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title The Sovietisation of Poland's Baltic 'Recovered Territories', 1945-1956. Author(s) McNamara, Paul Martin Publication Date 2013-09-05 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/3972 Downloaded 2021-09-25T05:32:58Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. The Sovietisation of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, 1945-1956 Paul Martin McNamara Ph.D. Dissertation 2013 1 The Sovietisation of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, 1945-1956 Paul Martin McNamara Ph.D. Dissertation Department of History, National University of Ireland, Galway September 2013 Chair of History: Prof. Steven Ellis Director of Graduate Studies in History: Dr. Alison Forrestal Research Supervisor: Dr. Róisín Healy 2 Table of Contents Page Map of Poland’s Post-war Border Changes ................................................ 7 Map of Poland’s Baltic ‘Recovered Territories’, Border Changes and Administrative Boundaries ................................................................................................. 8 Introduction ............................................................................................... 9 Chapter One – 1945 1.1 Allied Discussions regarding Poland’s Post-war Borders ..................... 30 1.2 The First Wave of Polish Settlement and ‘Degermanisation’ – February-July 1945 ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]