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Water Quality of Groundwater and Stream Base Flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011–12

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Water Quality of Groundwater and Stream Base Flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011–12 Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management Water Quality of Groundwater and Stream Base Flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011–12 Monongahela River Basin Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5233 Version 1.1, June 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. The extent of the Marcellus Shale in West Virginia and the location of the Monongahela River Basin and its major streams. See figure 1 for an explanation of the extent of the Marcellus Shale. Marcellus Shale thickness from Schwietering and Bocan (2011). Water Quality of Groundwater and Stream Base Flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, 2011–12 By Douglas B. Chambers, Mark D. Kozar, Terence Messinger, Michon L. Mulder, Adam J. Pelak, and Jeremy S. White Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5233 Version 1.1, June 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: First release: 2015, online and in print Revised: June 2015 (ver. 1.1), online and in print For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Chambers, D.B., Kozar, M.D., Messinger, Terence, Mulder, M.L., Pelak, A.J., and White, J.S., 2015, Water quality of groundwater and stream base flow in the Marcellus Shale Gas Field of the Monongahela River Basin, West Vir- ginia, 2011–12 (ver. 1.1, June 25, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5233, 75 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145233. ISSN 2328-031X (printed) ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii Acknowledgments The authors thank Katherine S. Paybins, Jessica L. Wood, and Hugh E. Bevans of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for helping with the collection of samples during the groundwater survey and base-flow survey. Thanks also go to Jeffrey E. Bailey, West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management, for assistance in understanding land-use patterns in the study area and in surface-water site selection. Lisa Senior and Michael Bradley of the USGS are thanked for their thoughtful reviews that have improved this report. iv Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................6 Description of Study Area ...................................................................................................................6 Physiography and Climate ..........................................................................................................6 Geologic Setting ...........................................................................................................................7 Land Use ........................................................................................................................................9 Methods of Study ................................................................................................................................11 Site Selection .............................................................................................................................11 Groundwater .....................................................................................................................11 Surface Water ..................................................................................................................11 Sampling Methods .....................................................................................................................15 Groundwater Sampling ...................................................................................................15 Base-Flow Sampling .......................................................................................................15 Methods of Analysis ..................................................................................................................18 Geospatial Analyses .........................................................................................................18 Statistical Analyses ..........................................................................................................18 Quality Assurance......................................................................................................................18 Blank Samples ...................................................................................................................18 Replicate Samples ............................................................................................................18 Quality-Assurance Results .........................................................................................................................19 Groundwater Samples .............................................................................................................19 Base-Flow Samples ...................................................................................................................19 Water Quality in the Monongahela River Basin ....................................................................................19 Specific Conductance, Total Dissolved Solids, and pH ...............................................................19 Specific Conductance ...............................................................................................................20 Total Dissolved Solids ...............................................................................................................22 pH..................................................................................................................................................22 Major Ions ............................................................................................................................................22 Trace Elements ....................................................................................................................................32 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials ...................................................................................40 Isotopes ................................................................................................................................................41 Groundwater Survey .................................................................................................................42 Base-Flow Survey ......................................................................................................................42 Dissolved Gases ..................................................................................................................................45 Water-Quality Patterns .....................................................................................................................47 Summary........................................................................................................................................................52 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................53 Appendix 1. Data for groundwater samples collected as part of the Marcellus Shale baseline survey, Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, June–September 2011. ..........................62 Appendix 2. Data for base-flow samples collected as part of the Marcellus Shale baseline survey, Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, July–October 2012 .................................70 v Figures 1. Map showing extent of the Marcellus Shale in the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia .............................................................................................................................3 2. Maps showing A, thickness of the Marcellus Shale, wells completed in the Marcellus Shale, and horizontal wells, and B, locations of all gas wells, including abandoned wells, Monongahela River Basin and vicinity, West Virginia, 2012 .................4 3. Geologic map of the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia ........................................8 4. Map showing coal mines in the Monongahela River Basin and adjacent areas in West Virginia ...........................................................................................................................10
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