ISSN 2348–2370 Vol.08,Issue.22, December-2016, Pages:4298-4305

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Design and Analysis of Four Wheeler Airless Tire 1 2 3 S. SHASHAVALI , C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY , GANESH KUMAR YADIKI 1PG Scholar, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Tadipatri Engineering College, AP, India. 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Tadipatri Engineering College, AP, India. 3Managing Partner, Southern Geometrics, Anantapuram, AP, India.

Abstract: The airless tire is a single unit replacing the airless tires will not have to be thrown away and replaced pneumatic tire, wheel and tire assembly. It replaces all the nearly as often as pneumatic tires. This will cut down landfill components of a typical radial tire and is comprised of a mass significantly. Because of the benefits, I believe that it is rigid hub, connected to a shear band by means of flexible, extremely important that research and production of airless deformable polyurethane spokes and a tread band, all tires is continued and increased. This type of innovation functioning as a single unit. The Tweel, a kind of airless tire, works well in conjunction with several engineering codes of though finds its generic application in military and earth ethics, and thus should be embraced by engineers moving applications due to its flat proof design can also everywhere. Cars are things that people use every day, so render the pneumatic tire obsolete in domestic cars. Our any improvements over existing designs would affect the project involves design and analysis of an airless tire for lives of the majority of people. Learning about such a topic, domestic cars; this will be followed by a stress analysis therefore, I believe holds extreme value especially for us study. The model will be do in Pro E and analysis will do in freshmen engineering students. In doing research into these Ansys. kinds of topics that hold significant meaning, I can see that what we will do can make a difference. Keywords: Tire Parameters, Pro/E and Ansys. II. LITERATURE SURVEY I. INTRODUCTION Sadok Sassi, Mohamed Ebrahemi, Musab Al Mozien and The Tweel (a portmanteau of tire and wheel) is an Yousef El Hadary [1], modern pneumatic tires (PT) are the airless tire design concept developed by the French tire results of enormous progress in science, technology, and company Michelin. Its significant advantage over pneumatic manufacturing process. However, they are still subjected to tires is that the Tweel does not use a bladder full adverse problems that could compromise the road safety and of compressed air, and therefore it cannot burst, leak lead to accidents of different severities. Vinay T V, pressure, or become flat. Instead, the Tweel assembly's inner Kuriakose J Marattukalam, Sachu Zachariah Varghese, hub connects to flexible polyurethane spokes which are used Shibin Samuel, Sooraj Sreekumar [2], a pneumatic tyre is to support an outer rim and these engineered compliant made of an airtight inner core filled with pressurized air. components assume the shock-absorbing role provided by Pneumatic tyres have been dominant in the world market due the compressed air in a traditional tire. Sometimes, we get so to many advantages like low mass design, low vertical used to a certain product that no true changes are ever really stiffness and low contact pressure. Rutika Gotad, Sukanya made for years, decades even. So begins an article discussing Yadav , Aarti Dung [3], the paper introduces the new the development of airless tires, something that has become advanced developing tire technology which is used mainly in more prevalent in the past few years. A few tire companies automobile industry. As we come across different types of have started experimenting with designs for non pneumatic accidents in our day to day life so in order to avoid such tires including Michelin and Bridgestone, but neither design accidents, we had developed new technology as tweel tyre. has made it to mass production. Creating a new non Raymond R. Ma, Joseph T. Belter, Aaron M. Dollar [4], this pneumatic design for tires has more positive implications paper describes a novel fabrication technique called hybrid than one might think. For one thing, there are huge safety deposition manufacturing (HDM), which combines additive benefits. Having an airless tire means there is no possibility manufacturing (AM) processes such as fused deposition of a blowout, which, in turn, means the number of highway manufacturing (FDM) with material deposition and accidents will but cut significantly. Even for situations such embedded components to produce multi material parts and as Humvees in the military, utilizing non pneumatic tires has systems for robotics, mechatronics, and articulated a great positive impact on safety. Tires are the weak point in mechanism applications. Rathindra Nath Biswas, Mohit military vehicles and are often targeted with explosives. If Ojha and Arijeet Bhadra [5], a lot of new challenges are these vehicles used airless tires, this would no longer be a being posed in front of the automobile industry by the concern. There is also an environmental benefit to using this growing customer demands. Tire puncture is a common type of tire. Since they never go flat and can be retreaded, problem in Automotive Vehicles. We are thinking of a tire Copyright @ 2016 IJATIR. All rights reserved. S. SHASHAVALI, C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY, GANESH KUMAR YADIKI which is airless. It is made up of a combination of different impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen types of rubber. K.Periasamya, S.Vijayan [6], In this work, matrix and reinforcement materials. models of air-less tire is constructs to simulate the loading condition. The driver mind-stress may reduce by using air- C. Polyethylene less tire in automobile field by avoiding air related problems This Polyolefin is readily formed by polymerizing in the tire. Mean while uniform traction and wear as possible propylene with suitable catalysts, generally aluminum alkyl to use air-less tire. Air-less tire, air-tire are modeled by and titanium tetrachloride. Polypropylene properties vary SOLID-WORKS modeling software. John Gordon, BS, according to molecular weight, method of production, and James J. Kaualarich, PhD, and John G. Thacker, PhD [13], the the copolymers involved. Generally polypropylene has performance characteristics of four 24 inch wheelchair tires demonstrated certain advantages in improved strength, are considered; one pneumatic and three airless. Specifically, stiffness and higher temperature capability over two new airless polyurethane foam tires (circular and tapered polyethylene. Polypropylene has been very successfully cross-section) were compared to both a molded poly applied to the forming of fibers due to its good specific isoprene tire and a rubber pneumatic tire. strength which is why it is the single largest use of polyethylene. Polyethylene also happens to be one of III. MATERIALS lightest plastics available with a density of 0.905 g/cm2. A. Introduction A composite material is usually made up of at least two 1. Advantages materials out of which one is the binding material, also  Homo polymer called matrix and the other is the reinforcement material. By  Process ability, Good definition, composite materials consist of two or more  Food Contact Acceptable constituents with physically separable phases. Composites  Stiffness, Good are materials that comprise strong load carrying material  Impact Resistance, Good (known as reinforcement) imbedded in weaker material  Copolymer (known as matrix). Reinforcement provides strength and  Flow, High rigidity, helping to support structural load. The matrix or  Impact Resistance, High binder maintains the position and orientation of the  Chemically Coupled reinforcement. Significantly, constituents of the composites retain their individual, physical and chemical properties yet together they produce a combination of qualities which 2. Disadvantages and Limitations individual constituents would be incapable of producing  Degraded by UV alone. The reinforcement may be platelets, particles or fibers  Flammable, but retarded grades available and are usually added to improve mechanical properties such  Attacked by chlorinated solvents and aromatics as stiffness, strength and toughness of the matrix material.  Difficult to bond  Several metals accelerate oxidative degrading B. Overview of Composite Materials  Low temperature impact strength is poor Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two main categories of 3. Typical Applications constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one  Automotive Applications portion of each type is required. The matrix material  Household Goods surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by  Film maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements  Containers impart their special mechanical and physical properties to  Appliances enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces  Packaging material properties unavailable from the individual  Electrical/Electronic Applications constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix and  Industrial Applications strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or  General Purpose structure to choose an optimum combination. Engineered TABLE I composite materials must be formed to shape. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mould cavity or onto the mould surface. The matrix material experiences a melding event, after which the part shape is essentially set. Depending upon the nature of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways such as chemical polymerization or solidification from the melted IV. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN state. A variety of molding methods can be used according to A. Computer Aided Design (CAD) the end-item design requirements. The principal factors Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of wide range of computer based tools that assist engineering, architects International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 Design and Analysis of Four Wheeler Airless Tire and other design professionals in their design activities. It is all kind of companies along the supply chains. PRO-E is also the main geometry authoring tool within the product life the perfect solution for the manufacturing enterprise, with cycle management process and involves both software and associative applications, robust responsiveness and web sometimes special purpose hardware. Current packages connectivity that make it the ideal flexible engineering range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solution to accelerate innovations. PRO-E provides easy to parametric surface and solid design models. use solution tailored to the needs of small medium sized enterprises as well as large industrial corporations in all B. Introduction industries, consumer goods, fabrications and assembly. CAD is used to design and develop products, which can Electrical and electronics goods, automotive, aerospace, be goods used by end consumers or intermediate goods used shipbuilding and plant design. It is user friendly solid and in other products. CAD is also extensively used in the design surface modeling can be done easily. of tools and machinery used in the manufacturer of components. CAD is also used in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (house) to the largest commercial and industrial types. CAD is used thought the engineering process from the conceptual design and layout, through detailed engineering and analysis of components to definition of manufacturing methods. AutoCAD is commercial software for 2D and 3D computer- aided design (CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desk top application and since 2010 as a mobile web and cloud based app marketed as AutoCAD 360. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., AutoCAD was first released in December 1982, running on micro computers with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran on main frame computers or mini computers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal. AutoCAD is Fig.2. Detail View of Outer Rubber Portion (Tire) used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, designers, and other professionals. It is V. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD / ANALYSIS supported by 750 training centers worldwide as of 1994. (FEM/A) A. Introduction C. Introduction to PRO-E The finite element method is numerical analysis technique for obtaining approximate solutions to a wide variety of engineering problems. Because of its diversity and flexibility as an analysis tool, it is receiving much attention in almost every industry. In more and more engineering situations today, we find that it is necessary to obtain approximate solutions to problem rather than exact closed form solution. It is not possible to obtain analytical mathematical solutions for many engineering problems. The finite element method has become a powerful tool for the numerical solutions of a wide range of engineering problems. It has been developed simultaneously with the increasing use of the high- speed electronic digital computers and with the growing emphasis on numerical methods for engineering analysis. This method started as a generalization of the structural idea to some problems of elastic continuum problem, started in terms of different equations. The basic idea in the Finite Element is to

Fig.1. Outer Rubber Portion (Tire). find the solution of complicated problem with relatively easy way. The Finite Element Method has been a powerful tool PRO-E is the industry‟s de facto standard 3D mechanical for the numerical solution of a wide range of engineering design suit. It is the world‟s leading CAD/CAM /CAE problems. Applications range from deformation and stress software, gives a broad range of integrated solutions to cover analysis of automotive, aircraft, building, defense, and all aspects of product design and manufacturing. Much of its missile and bridge structures to the field of analysis of success can be attributed to its technology which spurs its dynamics, stability, fracture mechanics, heat flux, fluid flow, customer‟s to more quickly and consistently innovate a new magnetic flux, seepage and other flow problems. With the robust, parametric, feature based model. Because that PRO-E advances in computer technology and CAD systems, is unmatched in this field, in all processes, in all countries, in complex problems can be modeled with relative ease. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 S. SHASHAVALI, C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY, GANESH KUMAR YADIKI Several alternate configurations can be tried out on a Method - Tetrahedrons computer before the first prototype is built. The basics in Algorithm - Patch Conforming engineering field are must to idealize the given structure for Element Mid side Nodes – Kept the required behavior. The proven knowledge in the typical problem area, modeling techniques, data transfer and 3. Meshing the Model integration, computational aspects of the Finite Element To perform the meshing of the model these steps are to be Method is essential. In the Finite Element Method the followed, Chose the main menu click on mesh- right click- solution region is considered as built up many small, insert sizing and then select geometry enter element size and interconnected sub regions called finite elements. Most often click on edge behavior curvy proximity refinement it is not possible to ascertain the behavior of complex continuous systems without some sort of approximations. For simple members like uniform beams, plates etc., classical solutions like machine tool frames, pressure vessels, automobile bodies, ships, air craft structures, domes etc., need some approximate treatment to arrive at their behavior, be it static deformation, dynamic properties or heat conducting property. Indeed these are continuous systems with their mass and elasticity being continuously distributed. To overcome this, engineers and mathematicians have from time to time proposed complex structure is defined using a finite number of well defined components. Such systems are then regarded as discrete systems. The discretization method could be finite difference approximation, various residual procedures etc. Fig.4. Meshing

B. Importing the Model 4. Fixed Supports In this step the PRO/E model is to be imported into ANSYS workbench as follows, In utility menu file option and selecting import external geometry and open file and click on generate. To enter into simulation module click on project tab and click on new simulation.

Fig.5. Fixed Supports

5. Acceleration Application

Fig.3. Imported from Pro-E

1. Defining Material Properties To define material properties for the analysis, following steps are used. The main menu is chosen select model and click on corresponding bodies in tree and then create new material enter the values again select simulation tab and select material. 2. Defining Element Type To define type of element for the analysis, these steps are to be followed, Chose the main menu select type of contacts and then click on mesh-right click-insert method Fig.6. Acceleration Application International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 Design and Analysis of Four Wheeler Airless Tire 6. Force Application

Fig.7. Force Application Fig.10. Equivalent Stress of Nylon 4-6

7. Rotational Velocity 9. Modal Analysis of Nylon 4-6

Fig.8. Rotational Velocity

Fig.11. Total Deformation at Mode-1 of Nylon 4-6 8. Static Structural Analysis of Nylon 4-6

Fig.9. Total Deformation of Nylon 4-6 Fig.12. Total Deformation at Mode-2 of Nylon 4-6

International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 S. SHASHAVALI, C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY, GANESH KUMAR YADIKI

Fig.13. Total Deformation at Mode-3 of Nylon 4-6 Fig.16. Total Deformation at Mode-6 of Nylon 4-6.

10. Thermal Analysis of Nylon 4-6

Fig.14. Total Deformation at Mode-4 of Nylon 4-6 Fig.17. Out Put Tempereture of Nylon 4-6

Fig.15. Total Deformation at Mode-5 of Nylon 4-6 Fig.18. Total Heat Flux of Nylon 4-6 International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 Design and Analysis of Four Wheeler Airless Tire VI. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering The results from analysis can be replaced the air tire by Vol.31, issue 2. Air-less tire. Air eliminated in the tire that provides good [3]y. Li, university of missouri-rolla w.y. Liu, Washington traction, cushion effect. The air less tire is analyzed by the University in st. Louis s. Frimpong, university of missouri- FEA with two materials like Nitrile Rubber and Nylon 4-6. rolla. „Effect of ambient temperature on stress, deformation Analysis parameters of Air-less-tire are and temperature of dump truck tire‟ TABLE II [4]T. Yamanishi, K. Matsuda the ohtsu tire & rubber co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan „Integrated tire analysis and simulation‟ [5]Nicholas D. Smith, Colorado state university, 2004 formula SAE platform. „Understanding parameters influencing tire modeling‟ [6]Dr. Hani Aziz ameen, (March 2008) „Mechanical properties of composite material using natural rubber with From the above table II concluded that, the material Nylon epoxy resin‟ Vol.26, issue 2. 4-6 is preferable one, by comparing to Nitrile Rubber. From [7]J.M. Krodkiewski (2008) „Mechanical vibrations‟ static structural, modal and thermal analysis, the material [8]Jani k. Ojala nokian tyre plc., R&D/tire construction Nylon 4-6 is preferable one, because the material Nylon 4-6 (2005) „Using abaqus in tire development process‟ is got less deformation as 0.03509 mm and stress 66.678 [9]Anrdeamordini, Anfredstrauss, (October 2008) „An MPa from static structural analysis and less heat flux as innovative earth quick isolation system using fiber reinforce 123.46 W/mm2 and high temperature 440 0C and less rubber‟ deformation at high frequency and high temperature with [10]Olivier Le maitre and Manfred sussner, Ceser Zarak less heat flux by comparing to Nitrile rubber. ,Michelin Americas R&D Corp (1998) „Evaluation of tire Heat flux or thermal flux is the rate of heat energy transfer wear performance‟ through a given surface per unit time. The SI derived unit [11]Alfredo RV. Airless tire. US patent, US 3,329192; 1967. of heat rate is joule per second, or watt. Heat flux density is [12]Palinkas RL, Page GJ. Non-pneumatic tire with the heat rate per unit area. supporting and cushioning members. US patent, US 4832,098; 1989. VII. CONCLUSION [13]Zevenhoven, R., Treatment and disposal of polyurethane Design and development of air-less tire eliminates air in wastes: options for recovery and recycling. 2004: Helsinki the tire. Air-less tire can provide uniform traction and University of Technology. uniform wear while absence of air. The 4 side honey comb [14]Liu, H., J. Mead, and R. Stacer, Environmental effects of design satisfies the main functions of the tire. Air-less tire recycled rubber in light-fill applications. Rubber Chemistry has two components that are outer band and flexible inner and Technology, 2000. 73(3): p. 551-564. band. In the air-less tire design manufacturing point of view, [15]S. K. Jha, “Characteristics and sources of noise and material saving is obtained by replacing outer band only vibration and their control in motor cars”, J. Sound and after tread wear. The flexible inner band repeated use Vibrat., vol. 47, pp. 543–558, 1976. obtained green engineering and also reduce the [16]R. F. Kuns, Automotive Essentials. New York: Bruce environmental pollution. The driver mind-stress may reduce Publisher, 1973. by using air-less tire in automobile by avoiding air related [17]A. Manesh, M. Tercha, O. Ayodeji, B. Anderson, B. J. problems in the tire. In this thesis Nitrile rubber and Nylon Meliska, and F. Ceranski, “Tension- based non-pneumatic 4-6 materials are used, among these two materials Nylon 4-6 tire”, US Patent 0241062 A1, 2012. is preferable. From static structural, modal and thermal [18]D. Y. Mun, H. J. Kim, and S. J. Choi, “Airless tire”, US analysis, I concluded that, the material Nylon 4-6 is Patent 0060991 A1, 2012. preferable one, because the material Nylon 4-6 is got less [19]K. K. Manga, “Computational methods for solving deformation as 0.03509 mm and stress 66.678 MPa from spoke dynamics on high speed rolling Twheel TM”, Master static structural analysis and less heat flux as 123.46 W/mm2 Thesis, Clemson University, USA, 2008. and high temperature 440 0C and less deformation at high [20]W. Wang et al., “Structure Analysis and Ride Comfort frequency and high temperature with less heat flux by of Vehicle on New Mechanical Elastic Tire”, FISITA, vol. 7, comparing to Nitrile rubber. pp. 199–209, 2012. [21]C. V. Suciu, “Evaluation of the energy harvestable from VIII. FUTURE WORK an airless tire equipped with piezoelectric bimorph”, in Future work in this direction will analyze other materials JSME, Kagoshima Seminar, USB-memory, pp. 141–142, selections and to be analyze vibration behaviour and can be 2012 (in Japanese). design modifications. [22]F. Mancosu, B. Rampana, F. Mariani, and A. Calatroni, “Method and System for Generating Electrical Energy IX. REFERENCES within a Vehicle Tire”, US Patent 7,415,874 B2, 2008. [1]Barum (2011-2012) Technical data book of Car tires. [23]Technical Handbook of Piezo-Ceramics, Fuji Ceramics [2]U. Suripa a, a. Chaikittiratana b, (December 2008) „Finite Ltd., pp. 1–29, 2012 (in Japanese). element stress and strain analysis of a solid tire‟ Journal of International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305 S. SHASHAVALI, C. RAGHUNATHA REDDY, GANESH KUMAR YADIKI [24]Masters IG and Evans KE, “Models for the elastic deformation of honeycombs”, Compos Struct, Vol. 35, 1996, pp. 403–22. [25]Tonuk E and Unlusoy YS, “Prediction of automobile tire cornering force characteristics by finite element modeling and analysis”, Comput Struct, Vol. 79, 2001, pp. 1219–32. [26]Balawi S and Abot JL., “A refined model for the effective in-plane elastic moduli of hexagonal honeycombs”, Compos Struct, Vol. 84, 2008, pp. 25-42. [27]Gonella S and Ruzzene M, “Homogenization and equivalent in-plane properties of two dimensional periodic lattices”, Int J Solid Struct, Vol. 45, 2008, pp. 2897–915. [28]Jaehyung Ju and Joshua D. Summers, “Design of Honeycombs for Modulus and Yield Strain in Shear”, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol. 134, 2012, pp. 110-126. [29]Bekker M.G. The development of a Moon rover. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 38: 537–543; 1985. [30]Gordon J, Kauzlarich JJ, Thacker JG . Tests of two new polyurethane foam wheelchair tires. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1989;26(1):33–46. [PMID: 2918486]

International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 08, IssueNo.22, December-2016, Pages: 4298-4305