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Tesis 1478.Pdf Naturalis Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de La Plata http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Diversidad de entomonemátodos asociados a insectos ortópteros plaga del suelo (Gryllidae y Gryllotalpidae) en el Gran La Plata Rusconi, José Matías Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Dirección: Camino, Nora Beatriz Co-dirección: Achinelly, María Fernanda Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo 2017 Acceso en: http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/id/20170410001508 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) José Matías Rusconi 2017 22 1 José Matías Rusconi 2017 A Enzo 2 José Matías Rusconi 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar agradezco a mi familia por todo lo que me ha apoyado, a mis padres por darme la posibilidad de estudiar y por hacer un esfuerzo para que pueda terminar la carrera. Por bancarme siempre, a pesar de los contratiempos que se presentaron. A mis hermanos Juan y Guido por su buena predisposición siempre que los necesité. A mi directora Nora Camino por su conducción y dirección en este trabajo, por sus correcciones apropiadas y buena voluntad. A mi co-directora Fernanda Achinelly por su dedicación y compromiso con la labor científica; por su profesionalismo y gentileza. Al Doctor Eliseo Chaves por abrirme las puertas de su casa, por su amabilidad y colaboración. A mis amigos del CEPAVE, especialmente a Daiana Eliceche, Augusto Salas y Matías Rosales por su buena onda y sentido del humor. Por ayudarme cada vez que tuve dudas en lo concerniente a los nematodos, por su tiempo, amabilidad y por apoyarme en los momentos difíciles. A las autoridades e integrantes del CEPAVE, por estar siempre dispuestos a colaborar en lo que necesité. A Patricia Sarmiento por las fotos de M.E.B del Museo de La Plata y a Luis Giambelluca, Profesional de Apoyo CONICET, CEPAVE por las fotos de microscopía óptica. A María Cristina Estivariz y a María Laura Morote, Profesionales de Apoyo CONICET, CEPAVE por la confección de la portada de esta tésis. A Graciela Minardi, Profesional de Apoyo CONICET, CEPAVE por el análisis estadístico. A Diego, Federico, Pablo y Nicolás, por su amistad. A la Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC) y al Consejo Nacional de 3 José Matías Rusconi 2017 Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) por proporcionarme, mediante becas, el sustento necesario para llevar a cabo esta tesis. A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata por darme la posibilidad de realizar este estudio doctoral. 4 José Matías Rusconi 2017 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................. 3 RESUMEN............................................................................................................................ 9 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................. 15 PRINCIPALES CATEGORÍAS DE ENTOMONEMATODOS ........................................................... 16 RELACIONES DE LOS ENTOMONEMATODOS CON SUS HOSPEDADORES ............................... 16 Foresis.................................................................................................................................. 17 Parasitismo facultativo ........................................................................................................ 17 Parasitismo obligado ........................................................................................................... 20 En tracto digestivo y sistema reproductor ...................................................................... 20 En cavidad general del cuerpo ........................................................................................ 21 Asociación con bacterias simbióticas .............................................................................. 22 Parasitoidismo. En cavidad general del cuerpo. ................................................................. 26 CONTROL BIOLÓGICO CON ENTOMONEMATODOS ................................................................ 27 ANTECEDENTES DE LOS ENTOMONEMATODOS EN LA ARGENTINA ....................................... 29 ORTÓPTEROS COMO HOSPEDADORES DE NEMATODOS ........................................................ 32 HIPÓTESIS ......................................................................................................................... 35 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................ 36 Objetivo general ...................................................................................................................... 36 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................... 36 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ................................................................................................... 37 ORTHOPTERA (GRYLLIDAE Y GRYLLOTALPIDAE) COMO INSECTOS PLAGA DEL SUELO. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS HOSPEDADORES .......................................................................... 37 Anurogryllus muticus De Geer, 1773 (Gryllidae) ................................................................. 37 Descripción ...................................................................................................................... 38 Daños ............................................................................................................................... 40 Neocurtilla claraziana Saussure, 1874 (Gryllotalpidae) ..................................................... 41 Descripción ...................................................................................................................... 42 Daños ............................................................................................................................... 43 AREA DE ESTUDIO.................................................................................................................... 44 SITIOS DE MUESTREO .............................................................................................................. 45 RECOLECCIÓN Y PROCESAMIENTO DE LOS ENTOMONEMATODOS ....................................... 52 5 José Matías Rusconi 2017 A PARTIR DE MUESTRAS DE SUELO (ENTOMOPATÓGENOS) .............................................. 52 Tareas de campo ............................................................................................................. 52 Tareas de laboratorio ...................................................................................................... 52 A PARTIR DE INSECTOS ........................................................................................................ 54 RECOLECCIÓN, PROCESAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS HOSPEDADORES ..................... 54 RECOLECCIÓN Y PROCESAMIENTO DE LOS ENTOMONEMATODOS ....................................... 55 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ENTOMONEMATODOS .................................................................... 56 Caracterización morfológica ................................................................................................ 56 Preparación de muestras de nematodos para microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) 57 Determinación de caracteres morfométricos ..................................................................... 57 ECOLOGÍA PARASITARIA .......................................................................................................... 58 MORTALIDAD POR NEMATODOS ENTOMOPATÓGENOS (NEPs) EN ORTÓPTEROS DEL SUELO ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Susceptibilidad de A. muticus al nematodo Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 en el laboratorio ....................................................................................................................... 60 Aplicación por suspensión ............................................................................................... 60 Aplicación utilizando cadáveres de Tenebrio molitor infestados .................................... 60 RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................................... 63 RELEVAMIENTO E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE INSECTOS ORTÓPTEROS (GRYLLIDAE y GRYLLOTALPIDAE) ................................................................................................................... 63 NEMATODOS ASOCIADOS A ORTÓPTEROS PLAGA DEL SUELO (GRYLLIDAE Y GRYLLOTALPIDAE) REGISTRADOS A PARTIR DE LOS................................................................ 64 LOS MUESTREOS...................................................................................................................... 64 DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS NEMATODOS ASOCIADOS A ORTÓPTEROS PLAGA DEL SUELO (GRYLLIDAE Y GRYLLOTALPIDAE) ............................................................................................. 65 Orden Rhabditida ................................................................................................................ 65 Superfamilia Rhabditoidea .............................................................................................
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