The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation Jeremy Tanner Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521846145 - The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation Jeremy Tanner Index More information

INDEX

Aelius Aristeides 52, 88–9 Apelles 5, 173, 174, 211, 212, 215, 231, 241, 244, Aeschines 122, 129, 158, 210 247, 258, 262, 275 aesthetic ethos, and high culture 211, 252, 272 Aphrodite 45, 48, 51 ancient Greek 30, 209, 246, 260, Daphni, figure 2.18 76, 85 261–4, 265 Fre´jus, figure 2.15 75, 84, 91, 291 modern western 9, 10, 272–5 iconography in archaic period 35, 72 see also high culture iconography in classical period 35, 74–7, 84 aesthetic judgement 94, 114, 116–34, 202, 222, 251, Knidos, by Praxiteles 172, 256, 257, 289 261, 262 Sikyon, by Kanachos 45 aesthetic pleasure 9, 20, 91, 162, 176–9, 191, 197, Apollo 43, 151 198, 202, 257–8, 261–4, 272 Belvedere, figure 1.3 6 aesthetic vocabulary Daphnephoros, cult at Thebes 58 and cult statues 48–53 Ismenian, at Thebes, by Kanachos, figure 2.9 and portraits 121–2, 126 58, 60 and specifically aesthetic discourse 14, 173, 180, as kouros 31, 60 209, 213, 232, 248 at Miletus, by Kanachos 58 see also artist and art writing Patroos, by Euphranor, figure 2.3 31, 85 aesthetics, eighteenth-century 8–9 Piraeus, figure 2.2 31, 58 affect, art and the communication of 20, 21, 55, 70, Sauroktonos, see Praxiteles 71, 85, 96, 134, 140, 144 see also Delphi agalma 55–7, 62–7, 105 Apollodoros 214, 225, 241 Agatharchos 169, 191 Aratos 203, 221 agency, concept of 144–5, 298 Areopagos 54, 93, 131 see also artist Argos 42, 43, 63, 137 Aiakides 41, 65 aristocrats 23, 98, 128, 135, 156 Aiakos 41, 65 and art, in archaic Greece 55–67, 84, 135, 138 Aigina 41, 65, 222 use of cult statues, in archaic Greece 55–60 akribeia 169, 179, 208, 209, 232, 241 see also kaloikagathoi, kouroi, Alexander the Great 43, 111, 220, 245, 247, 266 Aristogeiton, see Tyrannicides Alexandria 213, 216–17, 219, 231 Aristophanes, Lysistrata 187 library 217, 220 Aristotle 214, 216, 219 mouseion 217, 220 on aesthetic judgement 126, 202 see also collecting on Nature 195–6, 198 Alkamenes 33, 49, 151, 289 on techne¯ 195–6, 198, 203, 281 Alkibiades 128 on tragedy 176, 198–200, 243, 295 portrait of 114, 115 on visual arts 176, 195–6, 198–201, 219, 257 Alma-Tadema, Lawrence 1–3, 14 Poetics 198–200, 218, 243 Pheidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 107–8 his Friends, figure 1.1 1 art 20 Un Amateur Romain, figure 1.2 3 autonomy of 8, 21, 30, 38, 159, 160, 177, 184, Amazons, series of statues by Kresilas, Polykleitos 191, 195, 197, 199, 201, 204, 211, 246; and Pheidias 188 in Hellenistic Greece 220, 228, 232, 233, 280 Anaxagoras 170, 191 commodification of 172; see also patronage Antigonos I, portrait of 112 and the art market Antigonos of Karystos 49, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, differentiation of, see differentiation 228, 240, 242, 245 and illusion 176–8, 181, 194

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© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521846145 - The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation Jeremy Tanner Index More information

INDEX

art (cont.) Astylos of Kroton, portrait of 112, 115 as material culture 16, 71, 96, Athena 49, 151–3, 174, 180, 192, 273 158, 168 Alea, by Endoios, figure 2.4 32 sociological concept of 20–1 iconography in archaic period 35, 62 see also affect, collecting, design practices, iconography in classical period 35 expressive symbolism, institution of art, love Parthenos, by Pheidias, figure 5.8 52, 54, 85, 88, of art, patronage 93, 226, 228, 248 Artemis 71 Polias 93 of Versailles, figure 2.17 76 Velletri, by Alkamenes, figure 2.6–7 33, 151 from Gabii, figure 2.13 75 Athens Euronyme, at Phigaleia 45 agora 100, 112, 122, 136, 158 iconography in archaic period 62, 73 Akropolis 41, 114, 155 iconography in classical period 74–7, 91 Hephaisteion (temple of Hephaistos) 33, 93, Laphria, from Kalydon, by Menaichmos and 151, 184; frieze, figure 4.7 Soidas, figure 2.8a 44 Parapet at temple of Athena Nike 178 large Piraeus Artemis 75 Parthenon 170; frieze 1, 35, 117, 157, 228 small Piraeus Artemis, figure 2.14 75, 84 Piraeus 112 on votive relief from Brauron, figure 2.16 75 Propylaia 170 art history writing Stoa Poikile 136, 151, 158, 185, 187, in Hellenistic Greece 174, 288; chararacter of 210, 297 210, 213, 214, 215–19, 217, 218, 235–6, 239–46, Temple of Athena Nike, south frieze 295; origins of 212–34; see also Antigonos, 185, 297 Duris, high culture, Juba, Pliny the Elder, Theatre of Dionysos 112 Xenokrates Theseion 137, 187 in modern Europe 3, 243–4, 252 athletes and athletics 124–6, 135, 156, 183, 206 artisan, see craftsman Attalos I 220, 222, 226, 228, 233 artist Attalos II 222 agency of 145, 145–9, 279; in archaic Greece 161; in classical Greece 48, 94–6, 158, 160, 161, 164, Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb 8, 9 168, 182–90, 201, 204; in Hellenistic-Roman beauty competitions 94 world 277, 279, 282–301; see also design for men 124 practices for women 91 in ancient Egypt 145 Biton, see Kleobis and art writing 161, 169, 173–5, 191, 201, 203, Boupalos of Chios 49, 225 212, 213, 214, 215, 215–17; see also Bourdieu, Pierre 209, 250–1, 265 Polykleitos, canon attitudes of philosophers towards 151, 160 Chabrias, portrait of, figure 3.6 100, 113, 122 autonomy of 14, 85, 141, 145, 153, 172, 191, 283 Chairedemos and Lykeas, stele from Salamis, as creator 1–3, 141, 195, 243, 283, 285, 287, 300; figure 3.8 117, 126 allegedly in ancient Greek world 13, 141, 143, Christianity, see Judaeo-Christian 146, 151, 159, 195, 259, 277–8; concept in Cicero, attitudes to art and art collecting 14, 234, modern West 8, 49, 147, 152, 219, 242, 252 253, 255, 257, 273 education and training of 156, 174, 180, 195, 215, citizen, ideal of 23, 125, 157 216, 281, 282, 283 see also hoplites professionalisation 180 classicism, in Greek art and culture 218, 295, 300 representations of 155; in myth 86, 151–3; in vase classics 1 paintings 86, 152, 156, 157 and classical art history 11, 12–19 role of 21, 144, 145–7; in archaic Greece 182;in collecting 3, 203, 211, 213, 219–33, 248, 267, 273, classical Greece 141, 159, 171–82, 191–6, 201, 275, 276 204; in Hellenistic-Roman world 243, 277, in Attalid Pergamon 222–31, 233 279–83, 288, 297 in Ptolemaic Alexandria 220–2 signatures 153, 174, 206 by Roman emperors 234, 256 status of 144, 145–7; in archaic Greece 155–7;in connoisseurship 3, 14, 30, 203, 210, 211, 235, 247, classical Greece 141, 149–50, 151–3, 153–8, 248, 250, 252, 289, 292 171–82, 191–6, 203; in Hellenistic-Roman see also high culture, intellegere world 206, 219, 277, 279–83, 287 contexts of communication 53, 122, 146, 150, 164, votives dedicated by 155 191, 201, 203, 210, 216 see also craftsman contrapposto 14, 31, 117–21, 139, 161, 165 Asklepios 52, 88, 231 see also ponderation

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copies and copying 205, 226, 233, 234, 248, 253, Eleusis relief, figure 2.19 79, 92 269–70, 273, 278, 288–94, 295, 296 Empedokles 175, 176 craft 8, 142 Encolpius 258–9, 260 see also techne¯ Epidauros 42 craftsman 49, 126, 141, 146, 149, 151–3, 192, 193 epiphanies 51–3, 88–9, 228 cult statues 38, 151 Eumenes II 226, 228 and civic religion 41–96 Euphranor 76, 170, 173, 212 dreams, of gods and their cult statues 88–9 see also Apollo Patroos iconography of 49, 85 eutaxia 121, 124, 127 ritual and 18, 39, 45–8, 93; see also religion – explanation, causal, of artistic change 5, 16, 19, 30, philosophical criticism of 39, 40, 68, 92, 134, 148 as symbol of sovereignty 41–4 expressive symbolism temples and 46–8 Parsons’ (Talcott) concept of 20–1, 85, 109 culture, see high culture, rationalisation, viewers and viewing Fehr, Burkhard, on movement in Greek sculpture 121, 124 Damophon of Messene 281 funerary Daochos monument 187, 190 epigrams 66 Delphi, oracle of Apollo 24, 42, 56, 57, 93 monuments: archaic period 60, 66–7, 94, 136; Demades, portrait of 111, 113 classical period 130, 157, 172; Roman period, Demeter 48, 52, 78–83 see sarcophagi iconography in archaic period 35, 79 iconography in classical period 35, 79–83, 91 Galen 215, 282 Demetrios of Phaleron, portraits of 115 Gelon, portrait of 113 Demetrios Poliorketes, portrait of 112 gene 57, 92 Demochares, portrait of 113 geometry, influence on the development of Greek Democracy 5 art 166, 170, 174, 197 development of 13, 24, 92, 98, 127, 135, Gombrich, Ernst 106 137, 157 on naturalism 38 see also patronage – democratic see also Greek revolution Demokritos 169, 191 Gorgias 175 Demosthenes 122, 129, 140, 158 on painting 176, 177 design practices Greek revolution 31–96, 70, 97, 147, 148, 155, 158, architectural 167 161, 174 artistic 145, 146; in archaic Greece 164, 165;in Gombrich on 14, 108 classical Greece 158, 160, 161–70, 171, 203;in the Hellenistic-Roman world 282, 288–300 Hageladas 58 differentiation Harmodios, see Tyrannicides of art 21, 39, 70, 96, 184, 211, 228, 232, 279, 301 Hartford general, figure 3.9 117, 126 of cultural systems 54, 176, 216, 219, 239 Hellenism, as guiding ideology in classical studies of social systems 21, 216, 239 13–16, 19 Dio Chrysostom, on Pheidias’ Zeus at Olympia Hephaistos 49, 151–3, 156, 171–82, 286–7 180, 192 Dionysos of Methymna, figure 2.8b 55, 56 statue by Alkamenes, figure 2.6 151–2 Duris of Samos 212, 214, 240, 244 Hera 42, 43, 48, 63, 71 Herakleitos 53 education Herakles 97, 183 literate 26, 27, 121, 200 of Erythrai 55, 56 oral 25, 121, 175 Hermes sophists and 26, 175 of Aenos 55, 56 see also artists – education and training of, at Pharai, oracular statue 46 literacy, paideia of Tanagra, statue by Kalamis, figure 2.8d 60 eidolon 106, 193 Herodas, Mimes 231 eidos 49, 193, 195, 198 Herodotus 50, 107 see also Plato – theory of Forms high culture 211–12 eikon 104, 106–8, 136 in the Hellenistic-Roman world 205–76; and the see also portraits display of art 205, 213, 219–33, 249, 258, 264–75, ekphrasis (descriptions of works of art) 6, 233–4, see also picture-galleries, sculpture gardens; 245, 252, 253–4, 261–4, 272, 286, 287 and status marking 3, 30, 211, 233, 246–64, 275

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high culture (cont.) Kalamis 60, 252, 289 in modern Europe 3, 209, 211, 251, 252 Kallimachos (Athenian polemarch) 185, 210, 297 see also aesthetic ethos, art history writing, Kallimachos (Hellenistic poet) 217 Bourdieu, museums, paideia, viewers and kallos kai megethos 51–3, 88 viewing kaloikagathoi 63, 106, 156 Homer 50, 51, 107 see also aristocrats portrait of 97, 100 Kanachos 58 hoplites, and military culture 23, 24, 26, 124–6, 129, Kant, Immanuel 8, 9, 251 136, 149, 157, 183 Kephisodotos, the elder see also citizen statue of Ploutos and Eirene 172, 180 Kephisodotos, the younger 173, 226 icon, as mode of sign functioning 69, 75, 90, 100 kings, as patrons of art and culture in Hellenistic iconography 16, 70 period 172, 213, 216, 217, 233 and naturalism 70–84 Kleisthenes 92, 94, 135 religious 50, 51, 94, 248 Kleobis and Biton, figure 2.11 63, 104, 105 as a system 71–89 Konon, portrait of, figure 3.5 100, 112 see also cult statues, portraits korai 62, 85, 161 index, as mode of sign-functioning 69, 70, 74, 75, Antenor’s kore, figure 2.5 62, 156 84, 90, 138 as representations of goddesses 33, 35, 62, 72 innovation 49, 144, 147–9, 218–19 Kore, see Persephone in classical art 94, 141, 142, 146, 148, 151, 160, kosmiotes¯ 24, 27, 121 182–4, 188–90, 298 kouroi 31, 60–7, 85, 94, 104, 105, 138, 156, 161 in Egyptian art 147 Anavyssos (Kroisos) 66 in Hellenistic and Roman art 148, 277–8, and aristocratic ideology 60, 135 288–301 compared with classical statuary 97, 165 see also tradition see also Apollo, Milon inscriptions Kresilas 100 archaic funerary 66 see also Perikles on statue bases, figures 3.10, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, Kritian boy 94 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 122, 153, 178, 206, 228, 234 Kritios and Nesiotes, see Tyrannicides see also statue bases institution of art, and its social functions 19–21 literacy 53 in archaic Greece 55–67 see also education attempted redefinition of the classical Greek literary criticism 199, 219 institution of art 171, 173, 176, 191, 195, 197, logos (reason) 24, 26–9, 194, 197, 253, 260, 201–4, 219, 276 272, 302 in classical Greece 30, 41, 43, 53–4, 89–96, 108, and cultural rationalisation 24, 284 126–7, 134, 136, 140, 159, 160, 164, 176, 182, see also Plato – concept of Reason 184, 187–90, 210, 298 love of art 14, 211–12, 255 in Hellenistic-Roman world 219, 226–33, 240, modern discourse of 3, 9–10, 254, 255 276, 277, 288, 298–302 Graeco-Roman accounts of 246, 255–61 in modern world 20, 211 Lucian 179, 205, 208, 289 intellegere (connoisseurship) 248, 250, 258, 260, Lykourgos 110, 111, 112 279, 296 portrait of 110, 122 interpretant, concept in semiotics 40 Lysippos 5, 141, 147, 153, 182, 191, 197, 213, 241, inventiones (discoveries) 239, 241 266, 277, 292 Iphikrates, portrait of 111 Apoxyomenos 256 Herakles Epitrapezios 234, 247 Juba of Mauretania 215 Kairos, figure 4.5 180, 280 Judaeo-Christian concept of God as creator 193 mathematics, in Greek art 117, 165, 168, 169, 170, influence on modern western aesthetic ethos 174, 176, 182, 194, 201 8–10, 212, 252 see also geometry, number influence on western concepts of art 49, 218, measurement, in Greek art 117, 164–8, 194 242, 244 medical thought, influence on development of see also pietism Greek art 118, 127, 161–4, 168, 176, 182, 184, 201, 203 kairos 167, 179, 180 megethos, see kallos kai megethos see also Lysippos metis 49, 152

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INDEX

metriotes¯ 24, 27, 127, 129, 137 painting 136, 151, 158, 169, 170, 176–8, 214, 221–2, Melanthios 173, 174, 203, 214, 222 240–1 Mikon 151, 187, 201 light and shade 170, 179, 198, 210, 214 military culture, see hoplites scene-painting 169, 191, 194, 199 Milon of Croton 62, 104, 135 see also Agatharchos, Gorgias, Mikon, Miltiades 210 perspective, Plato, Polygnotos, Athens Stoa mimesis 8, 285, 286 Poikile Plato’s concept of 39, 192–5, 200, 261, 263, Pamphilos of Sikyon 173, 174, 195, 204, 222 288, 298 Panofsky, Erwin – on iconography 39, 71 pre-Platonic concept and practice 124, 135, 183, Parrhasios 50, 153, 170, 175, 182, 191, 212, 241, 184–7, 219, 297 244, 256 modernisers 12–15, 19, 100, 141–4, 168 Parsons, Talcott 20, 39, 69, 109 see also primitivists Pasiteles 215, 242, 289 Moritz, Karl Philipp 8, 9, 11 patronage 7, 172, 216, 301 Moschophoros, statue from the Akropolis, and the art market 160, 171–3, 201 Athens, figure 2.10 60, 62 and the social production of art 92–6, 143, 144, Muses 151, 152 150–1, 172, 182, 278, 279, 296–7 museums 1, 10, 11, 13, 226, 265, 266 democratic 93–5, 113, 136 Myron 205, 211, 218, 223, 234, 241, 245, 247, 253, state dominance of 66, 94, 150–1, 172, 190 262, 275, 288 Pausanias 49 myth 25, 41, 49, 51, 55, 151, 183, 187, 194, 200, 297 on viewing cult statues 45–6 Peirce, Charles Sanders 21, 39, 69 naturalism 13, 14, 31–40, 67–92, 160, 161–70, see also semiotics 182–4, 201, 241, 242, 250, 258, 262 Pella, Stag Hunt mosaic, figure 4.4 170 behavioural bases of 69, 70, 74–7, 79–84, 90, 138, Pergamon 213, 214, 216–17, 219, 248 182, 298 library, figure 5.7 217, 220, 228 Bryson (Norman) on 68, 90, 243 sanctuary of Athena Nikephoros, figures 5.6, 5.7 concept of 39, 67–70 226–31 conventional character of 67–9 see also collecting Gombrich (Ernst) on 67 Perikles 128 in portrait statues 138–9; see also portraits – portrait of, by Kresilas, figure 3.4 100, 104, 116 realism in Persephone 78–83 and presentational style 31–5, 39, 84–9, 91, 94 iconography in archaic period 79 and religious iconography 35, 39, 70 iconography in classical period 79–83 social bases of 74–83, 90, 91 perspective 151, 169, 191, 194, 201 see also Greek revolution Petronius, Satyricon 249–50, 258–9 Nature, see Aristotle, Plato, Stoics – concept of phantasia 253 Nature and artistic design in Hellenistic-Roman period Nearchos 156 285–95 Nike 18, 155, 178, 182 Stoic concept of 259–60, 283–5 Nikias 203, 233, 270 Pheidias 1, 174, 196, 210, 218, 241, 247, 252, 274, painting of Perseus and Andromeda 234, 253 275, 280, 285, 286–7 Nikomachos 177 see also Athena, Zeus number, importance in Greek art 117, 164–70 Philip of Macedon 111, 129 portrait of, figure 3.11 130 Olympia, temple of Zeus 137, 166, 183 Philochares 158 Onatas 50, 222, 233 Philosophers 25, 175, 196 optics 170, 176 attitudes towards art and artists 180, order, concepts of 124, 125, 126, 162, 188, 257, 299 191–201, 203 see also eutaxia, kosmiotes¯ , metriotes¯ , sophrosune¯ philosophy, Greek 18, 24, 27, 29, 49, 215, 233 paideia 26–8 influence on art 117, 134, 160, 161, 165, 169, 184, concept of in Hellenistic-Roman culture 27, 299; 265, 281, 286 knowledge of art and cultivated viewing 208, see also religion 209, 247, 257 Philostratos, Life of Apollonios of Tyana 285–6 traditional, in classical Greece 25–6, 121, 124, physiognomics 107–8, 131 125–7, 137, 139, 160, 183, 187, 190, 192, 200, picture-galleries 170, 240, 258, 266, 267–72 201, 248, 299 pietism 6, 8–9 see also education pinakothekai, see picture-galleries

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Pindar 45, 65, 114 Praxiteles 5, 141, 172, 182, 187, 191, 197, 206, 218, portrait of, figure 3.2 97, 104, 113 219, 223, 231, 242, 247, 288 Plato 22, 107, 121, 173, 175, 257 Aphrodite of Knidos 172, 234 concept of God 193 Apollo Sauroktonos, figure 4.8 188, 190, 289 concept of Nature 193 Eros of Thespiai 178, 234, 280 concept of Reason 192–4 Resting Satyr 188, 190 portrait of, figure 3.12 131 statue base signed by, figure 4.2 153 theory of Forms 25, 192–4, 197 primitivists 15, 19, 141–4, 168, 297 on visual art 176, 177, 192–5, 197, 203, 219, 261 see also modernizers see also mimesis professionalisation 176, 282 Pliny the Elder 3, 14, 215 see also artist art history 36, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 222, Proklos 58 235–46, 253, 280, 281; and natural history 209, Protogenes 173, 241, 245, 258 236–9; role of animals in 235, 240, 244–6 Ptolemy Philadelphos 220, 220–2, 232, 233 Stoic influences in 236, 242–6 Pythias of Aigina 65 Plutarch, on art and aesthetic experience 261 Pythokles, figures 4.1, 5.3 206 poetry role in Greek education 25–6, 51, 152, 175, 192 rationalisation 11, 21–30, 23–4, 171 see also Aristotle, education, paideia artistic 22, 159, 160–1, 161–70, 171, 174, 176–82, polis 23, 26 190, 191, 197, 201–4, 213, 215, 279, 282, 301 Pollius Felix 275, 301 cultural 23–30, 152, 158–61, 175, 201, 203, 211 Polygnotos 158, 182, 183, 202, 226, 234, 241, see also Weber, Max 248, 281 reason Polykleitos 22, 117, 153, 160, 171, 174, 203, 206, concepts and character of in Greek world 24 241, 247, 252, 253, 257, 275, 288 world-immanent 28, 193, 196, 236, 242, 245, Amazon 165, 188 283, 286 canon 117–21, 148, 164–9, 165, 215 see also logos, Plato – concept of Reason, and contrapposto 117–21, 241 Stoics – and human rationality Diadoumenos 117, 164, 165, 167, 187, 205, 297 religion 23, 40, 155, 190 Doryphoros, figure 4.3 117, 137, 162, 164–9, Greek civic religion as archaic 41, 192 188, 273, 289, 296 philosophical criticism of traditional religion 18, statue base signed by, figure 4.1 153, 206 25, 53, 96 Westmacott athlete, figure 3.7 117, 165, Renaissance, Italian 5, 8, 13, 71, 142, 202, 204, 218, 187, 289 252, 286 ponderation 167, 188–90, 201 reward symbolism, and portraits 109, 140 see also contrapposto rhetoric 26, 27, 29, 169, 215, 233, 249, 271 portraits 97–140, 183, 206, 210, 274, 275 and art criticism 235, 240, 245, 246, 250–4, the body in 113–14, 116–28 265, 287 character in 103, 116, 121, 133, 139 and structure of artistic agency in Hellenistic- concept of: ancient Greek 104–8, see also eikon; Roman art 286, 287, 292–5 modern western 98–104 see also ekphrasis, synkrisis the face in 116, 128–34, 138, 183 Roberston, Martin 13 generals 100, 104, 116, 117, 129 Rome 206, 222 honorific 64, 99, 108, 109–40, 136, 137, 140, Ara Pacis 296, 299 223, 226; placement of 100, 112, 122 Villa Farnesina, figure 5.9 268 iconography of 103–4, 113–14, 126, 131, Palazzo Spada reliefs 296 137, 140 political abuse of 112, 115 San Ildefonso statue group, figure 6.1 289–92, private 137, 172 296, 299 realism in 97–104, 105, 138–9; conventional sarcophagi 186, 292–5, 296 character of 100, 139; see also naturalism Schiller, Friedrich 9, 11 style 126, 129, 137, 140 scientific thought, influence on the development of see also Chabrias, Homer, Konon, Perikles, Greek art 160, 161, 169 Philip, physiognomics, Pindar, Plato, see also medicine, optics Themistokles, Tyrannicides, viewers sculpture gardens 240, 266, 273–5 and viewing semiotics 21, 69–70, 84 post-structuralism, see structuralism see also icon, index, interpretant, symbol praotes¯ 128 Sikyon 180, 221–2, 240 Praxiergidai 93 Simonides 176

330

INDEX

Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, frieze 35 Thucydides 107 Skopas 141, 292, 296 Tiberius, emperor and art-lover 256, 257 social production of art, see patronage Timarchos 122 sociology of art 19–21, 144, 211, Timomachos, painting of Medea by 211, 234, 261, 246, 264 263–4, 265 Sokrates 162, 191 tradition 144, 145, 147–9, 218–19, 279 Solon 57, 63, 152, 218 in classical art 141, 142, 160, 182, 184–8, portrait of 122 190, 297 sophia (wisdom) 26, 192, 196, 232, 233, in Hellenistic-Roman art 277–8, 262, 264 288–301 sophists and the sophistic movement 22, 25, 164, see also innovation 175, 194 tragedy 25, 121, 176, 183, 194 influence on the development of Greek art 160, see also Aristotle – on tragedy 175–82, 191 Trimalchio 249–50 see also education, Gorgias Tyrannicides (Harmodios and Aristogeiton), by sophrosune¯ 121, 122 Kritios and Nesiotes Stag Hunt mosaic, see Pella portraits of, figure 3.3 100, 104, 112, 114, 126, Statius, on the Villa of Pollius Felix at 136, 205, 226, 248 Surrentum 275 iconographic recycling of 137, 184–7, statue bases, figures 3.10, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 190, 297 5.4, 5.5 122, 206–8, 222 see also inscriptions viewers and viewing 65–7, 87, 124, 183, 187, 190, Steiner, Deborah 17–18, 39 191, 197–201, 265 Stilpon 53 of cult statues, rituals of viewing 40, 45–8, 48–54, Stoics 28–9, 259 63, 88, 90–2, 228, 263, 267, 271 and human rationality 28–9, 236–8, 257, and high culture 206–12, 226–33, 233–4, 240, 259–60, 261 246–64, 253, 265–75 concept of Nature 28–9, 236–8, 242, of portraits 114, 116–34, 140, 263 283, 286 Villa dei Papiri, Herculaneum 273–4 concept of God 28, 29, 237 Vindex, Novius 247 see also phantasia, reason Vitruvius 46, 215, 267, 281 structuralism and post-structuralism 15, 21, 67 votive 60, 62, 226, 231 limits of approaches to art 16–19, 39, 54, 71, reliefs: archaic 85, 87; classical, figures 2.16, 84, 143 2.20, 2.21 70, 85–8, 157 style 4, 70 archaic ‘schematic’ 68, 70, 84, 89, 138, 161 Weber, Max 22, 211 in late fifth-century art 178 and the concept of rationalisation 22 presentational 70, 84–9 see also rationalisation see also naturalism Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 9, 11, 14 symbol, as mode of sign functioning 69, 70, 74, 75, on art and freedom 5, 36, 142 89, 138 and modern art history writing 3–11, see also Peirce, semiotics 12, 13 symmetria 53, 164, 170, 182, 214, 241, and pietism 6 242, 253 wisdom, see sophia synkrisis (comparison) 252–3, 271, 292 Xenokrates 212, 213–14, 215, 223, 228, 240, technique, artistic 95–6, 178 242, 245 in bronze casting 95–6, 166 Xenophanes 53, 135 techne¯ (craft) 18, 26, 133, 164, 169, 179, 182, Xenophon, Memorabilia 162, 177, 191 195–6, 208, 237, 243, 261, 281–2 see also Aristotle – on techne¯, craftsman Zeus 152 Themistokles, portrait of, figure 3.1 97, 136 as child, by Hageladas, at Aigion, figure 2.8c 58 Theokritos, Idyll 15 231–3 as child, by Hageladas, at Ithome 58 Theseus statue by Pheidias at Olympia 50, 53, 285, in friezes of the Hephaisteion, figure 4.7 184 286–7 iconography of 137 Zeuxis 153, 170, 172, 175, 182, 191, 197, 214, 241, on red-figure cup by the Codros painter, 244, 258, 270, 277 figure 4.6 184 Centaurs 178, 179, 280 see also Athens – Theseion Helen 177

331