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NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2016 — Page 1 of 6 NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2016 — page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule – 2016 Biology: Demonstrate understanding of trends in human evolution (91606) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence ONE Skull A is older, as it has a small sagittal crest compared to Describes four named features and Explains how identified features can Discusses how the changes in the skull Skull B, which has none. The sagittal crest is a site for the location / function of Skull A, and be linked to support evidence of features have acted as selective forces attachment of large jaw muscles, which are required when Skull B, for example: bipedalism and diet: which led to evolutionary trends. the main diet of food is plant based, and is high in cellulose • Skull A, brow ridge is larger and • More central foramen magnum • The centralised foramen magnum and low nutrition, which would mean more time required to is located above the eyes gives better balance for bipedal reduces the amount of energy chew and physically process the food. Because of the large • zygomatic arch is larger in Skull movement by having the head required by large muscles to keep the jaw muscles, the zygomatic arch needs to be large to allow A and indicates muscles for a directly above vertebrae and the head balanced on the neck. This for these jaw muscles to go through. It has a U-shaped dental large jaw hips. energy can be used to run the high arch, which is common amongst earlier hominins The brow • Skull A has a larger brow ridge, energy, larger brain. (2% of the body ridge is pronounced, and is used to dissipate the stress on the • in Skull B, foramen magnum which is used to reinforce weaker mass and uses 20% of the total cranial bones caused by eating hard low nutritious plant more centrally positioned for bones to cope with the pressure on energy.) based food. better balance the cranium caused by powerful • Weakened jaw muscles are related to • sagittal crest in Skull A is There are not many teeth on Skull A, but the molars are chewing two changes in skull structure reduced but present at the top of larger to provide a larger surface area for the grinding of explained, which in turn enabled the skull but is absent in Skull B OR coarse low nutrient plant-based foods. In Skull B the canines bigger cranial vault, which created Skull B, which has a more reduced are reduced showing less need of displays. • Skull A has larger nuchal crest space for brain expansion, (as brow ridge and larger fore brain as The foramen magnum is centralised and situated further for attachment of large neck attachment of larger muscles no large chewing muscles are no forward in Skull B, suggesting Skull A is not as well adapted muscles longer selected for). longer required for the softer diet / to bipedalism as Homo erectus (Skull B) • Skull A has larger molars more nutritious food. • A change in diet (to foods that are Skull A also has a larger nuchal crest that is for the because they ate harder lower easier to chew / softer eg meat) • Smaller zygomatic arch in Skull attachment of strong neck muscles to help keep the head in nutrition value foods provided more energy / protein / B, as they would have had smaller an upright stance compared to the Homo erectus, which has • reduced canines in Skull B not nutrients which led to an increase in jaw muscles, as they ate food with a reduced / no nuchal crest, as its head is more balanced on needed because they used less brain size and cranial capacity. a higher nutrient value / softer the vertebrae (neck), which reduces the need for powerful threat displays food / less energy spent on • Adaptive advantage of increased neck muscles. • reduced frontal lobe and a larger physical digestion OR vice versa cranial capacity eg increased Because Skull A was an earlier hominin, it has a smaller facial angle in Skull A whereas for Skull A. cognitive ability / communication / cranial capacity, 350 cc. It probably ate plant material that is in Skull B increased cranial vault planning / predicting – could be a • V-shaped dental arch / smaller lower in nutrient contents. Hominins that developed from / cranium positive feedback loop. molars in Skull B, as they ate Sahelanthropus tchadensis would have access to better food, • change from U / higher quality foods / food richer in nutrition, providing more energy that a larger brain rectangular(Skull A) to V / softened by cooking and were able required. This larger brain would have given these hominins parabolic(Skull B) dental arch / to process it better before a selective advantage in gathering food, and avoiding teeth pattern / jaw shape. ingestion OR vice versa for Skull predation. The position of the foramen magnum would have A. provided better / more efficient bipedal movement, saving NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2016 — page 2 of 6 energy, allowing greater movement and therefore better access to food resources. The changes to skull structure would have been a reduction in jaw / zygomatic arch size, loss of sagittal crest / reduction in brow ridge, prognathism, and tooth size etc. The weakened muscles would no longer have required a sagittal crest / large jaw for larger muscle attachment and brow ridges to compensate for larger forces from larger jaw muscles. Changes in diet was a selective force that led to weaker muscles, thus seeking nutrients from other sources that were softer, and required less chewing. Not Achieved Achievement Merit Excellence NØ = no response or no N1 = 1 point N2 = 2 points A3 = 3 points A4 = 4 points M5 = 1 point M6 = 2 points E7 = 1 point E8 = 2 points and must relevant evidence have first bullet point NCEA Level 3 Biology (91606) 2016 — page 3 of 6 Q Evidence Achievement Merit Excellence TWO Cultural evolution is the transmission of Defines cultural evolution as: Explain how these different forms of Discuss the advantages and disadvantages that knowledge from generation to generation, not • The transmission of knowledge cultural evolution are adaptive cultural evolution has had on biological passed on by genetics, but by learning. Homo from generation to generation by advantages for the species who evolution. habilis is credited as being one of the first teaching / learning or passing on employ them. • All of the cultural forms of evolution would hominins to use stone tools, called oldowan tools. of information that is not • H. habilis had a small brain and have provided adaptive advantages for the These tools had flakes struck off one side of the genetically derived. were scavengers that were able to hominin species who employed them, allowing pebble. H. habilis had a small brain and were Describes the different forms of use the stone tools to break open them a greater chance at surviving, and being scavengers that were able to use the stone tools to cultural evolution of Homo habilis, bones and exploit the bone marrow, able to reproduce and pass on their break open bones and exploit the bone marrow, Homo erectus and Homo which is rich in protein and fats. favourable alleles / genes to the next which is rich in protein and fats. This would have neanderthalensis. This would have provided a larger generation. provided more energy required to support larger form of energy required to support • (The cost is the time and energy that it takes to brains. As the tools developed for the following Homo habilis larger brains. develop the tool.) The benefits are the hominin species, the ability to access protein and • Idea of simple tool, e.g. Oldowan • Fire used by Homo erectus provided efficiency in using the tools to gain a higher fat rich food resources increased having a positive tools are stone tools that have had adaptive advantage of warmth / nutrient value food, and less time processing feedback on brain development. flakes struck off one side of a social gathering and protection from their food. Homo erectus’s cultural evolution included the pebble. predators at night As the tools developed for the following use of fire which enabled them to cook food and OR OR hominin species, the ability to access protein decreased the risk of food poisoning as well as Tools with flat faces at one end / and fat rich food resources increased having a softening the food allowing for the reduction in the use of fire enabled H. erectus to flakes removed from one side. positive feedback on brain development. size of the molar. To exploit the food that would cook food which decreases the risk Homo erectus encourage the support of a larger brain. of food poisoning and softening the The advantage of using fire allowed the food to • Acheulean tools are stone tools food to increase the access to more be softened and more access to types of food, Fire would have also been able to provide that have had flakes struck off nutrients to support a larger brain. allowing a greater ability to physically digest protection from predators at night which would two sides / tools that are biface foods (mastication). have been another adaptive advantage from the OR with flakes removed from both Homo erectus onwards. fire provides a survival advantage to These provided a selective advantage because it sides. decreased chances of sickness and vulnerability Homo neanderthalensis had a developed H. erectus in making more time • Homo erectus is the first hominin to the environment and predators. language, which is related to the Broca’s and available for e.g. making tools (as that is associated with using fire Wernicke’s area. This would have developed over cooked food provides more energy / • (The cost of speech would have been the time cook food / keep predators away.
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